TED2004
Martin Seligman: The new era of positive psychology
Martin Selidžmen o pozitivnoj psihologiji
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Martin Selidžmen govori o psihologiji -- kao oblasti proučavanja i kako funkcioniše rad jedan na jedan sa svakim pacijentom i praktičarem. Kako se udaljava od fokusa bolesti, na koji način nam moderna psihologija može pomoći?
Martin Seligman - Psychologist
Martin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism. Full bio
Martin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was president of the American Psychological Association,
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Kada sam bio predsednik Američke Asocijacije Psihologa
00:15
they tried to media-train me,
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pokušali su da me medijski edukuju
00:17
and an encounter I had with CNN
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i susret koji sam imao sa CNN-om
00:21
summarizes what I'm going to be talking about today,
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sažima ono o čemu ću pričati danas,
00:24
which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.
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a to je "11.ti razlog za optimizam."
00:28
The editor of Discover told us 10 of them,
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Urednik Diskaverija nam je rekao njih deset,
00:34
I'm going to give you the eleventh.
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ja ću vam dati 11.ti.
00:36
So they came to me -- CNN -- and they said, "Professor Seligman,
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Tako su oni došli do mene, CNN, i rekli, "Profesore Selidžmen,
00:40
would you tell us about the state of psychology today?
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možete li nam reći nešto o stanju psihologije danas?
00:45
We'd like to interview you about that." And I said, "Great."
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Želeli bismo da Vas intervjuišemo o tome." Odgovorio sam, "Sjajno."
00:48
And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."
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A ona je rekla, "Ali ovo je CNN, tako da dobijate jako malo vremena."
00:53
So I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"
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Pitao sam, "Pa dobro, koliko ću dobiti reči?"
00:56
And she said, "Well, one."
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Odgovorila je, "Pa, jednu."
00:58
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:59
And cameras rolled, and she said, "Professor Seligman,
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Kamera je krenula i ona je rekla, "Profesore Selidžmen,
01:03
what is the state of psychology today?"
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kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"
01:07
"Good."
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"Dobro."
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:11
"Cut. Cut. That won't do.
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"Rez. Rez. Tako neće ići.
01:14
We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."
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Biće bolje da Vam ipak damo malo više vremena."
01:18
"Well, how many words do I get this time?" "I think, well, you get two.
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"Pa, koliko ću dobiti reči ovoga puta?" "Mislim, pa... Dobićete dve.
01:22
Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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Doktor Selidžmen, kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"
01:28
"Not good."
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"Nije dobro."
01:30
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:39
"Look, Doctor Seligman,
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"Vidite, doktor Selidžmen,
01:41
we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.
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vidimo da Vam baš i ne ide sa ovim medijem.
01:44
We'd better give you a real sound bite.
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Ipak će biti najbolje da Vam damo još više vremena.
01:47
This time you can have three words.
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Ovoga puta imaćete tri reči.
01:50
Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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Profesor Selidžmen, kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"
01:55
"Not good enough." And that's what I'm going to be talking about.
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"Nije dovoljno dobro." I o tome ću govoriti ovde.
02:00
I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good
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Želim da kažem zašto je psihologija bila dobro, zašto nije bila dobro
02:04
and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.
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i kako može postati dovoljno dobra u narednih deset godina.
02:08
And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,
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I kao poređenje, želeo bih da kažem istu stvar i o tehnologiji,
02:13
about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.
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zabavi, dizajnu, zato što mislim da je suština vrlo slična.
02:17
So, why was psychology good?
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Pa zašto je psihologija bila dobro?
02:20
Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.
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Više od 60 godina, psihologija je radila u okvirima bolesničkog modela.
02:25
Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane
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Pre deset godina, prilikom jednog leta
02:27
and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,
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predstavio sam se čoveku koji je sedeo do mene i rekao mu čime se bavim
02:31
they'd move away from me.
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i on se odmakao.
02:33
And because, quite rightly, they were saying
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Potpuno ispravno, jer se govorilo
02:36
psychology is about finding what's wrong with you. Spot the loony.
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da psihologija samo traži ono što nije u redu sa tobom. "Uočite ludaka."
02:40
And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.
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A sada kad kažem ljudima čime se bavim, oni mi prilaze.
02:45
And what was good about psychology,
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Ono što je bilo dobro u vezi sa psihologijom,
02:48
about the 30 billion dollar investment NIMH made,
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u vezi sa 30 milijardi vrednom investicijom NIMH-a (Nacionalni Institut za Mentalno Zdravlje),
02:52
about working in the disease model,
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u vezi postojećeg "modela bolesti",
02:54
about what you mean by psychology,
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u vezi onoga što ja podrazumevam pod psihologijom,
02:56
is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable --
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jeste to da pre 60 godina nijedna od bolesti psihičke prirode nije bila izlečiva --
03:01
it was entirely smoke and mirrors.
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stanje je bilo jako maglovito.
03:03
And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,
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A sada se 14 poremećaja može tretirati,
03:05
two of them actually curable.
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dva su izlečiva.
03:07
And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,
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I druga stvar koja se desila jeste da se nauka razvila,
03:12
a science of mental illness.
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nauka o mentalnim bolestima.
03:14
That we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts -- like depression, alcoholism --
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Uspeli smo da tako nejasne koncepte bolesti kao što su depresija, alkoholizam,
03:22
and measure them with rigor.
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merimo strogom preciznošću.
03:24
That we could create a classification of the mental illnesses.
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Moguće je napraviti klasifikaciju mentalnih poremećaja.
03:28
That we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.
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Moguće je razumeti uzročnike poremećaja.
03:33
We could look across time at the same people --
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Možemo pogledati kroz vreme iste ljude --
03:37
people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --
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ljude, na primer, koji su genetski podložni shizofreniji,
03:41
and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,
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i zapitati se koliki je doprinos sredine, a koliki genetike,
03:45
and we could isolate third variables
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a potom izolovati treću varijablu
03:48
by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.
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eksperimentalnim ispitivanjem mentalnih bolesti.
03:51
And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,
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A najbolje od svega je to što smo uspeli da, u poslednjih 50 godina,
03:55
to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.
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osmislimo medikamentozne i psihološke tretmane,
03:59
And then we were able to test them rigorously,
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i potom smo mogli da ih rigorozno ispitujemo
04:03
in random assignment, placebo controlled designs,
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u nasumično izabranim grupama kontrolisanim placebom --
04:06
throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did.
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izbaciti stvari koje nisu radile, zadržati stvari koje aktivno jesu.
04:10
And the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry, over the last 60 years,
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I zaključak svega toga je to što su psihologija i psihijatrija, u poslednjih 60 godina,
04:17
can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.
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učinile nesrećne ljude manje nesrećnim.
04:23
And I think that's terrific. I'm proud of it.
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Mislim da je to fenomenalno. Jako sam ponosan na to.
04:30
But what was not good, the consequences of that were three things.
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Ali ono što nije dobro, posledice toga, su tri stvari.
04:35
The first was moral,
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Prva je vezana za moral --
04:37
that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers,
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da su psiholozi i psihijatri stali u službu istraživanja žrtava i patologije;
04:41
that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you.
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da je naš pogled na ljudsku prirodu bio takav da ako neko ima problem, to verovatno znači da mu je cigla pala na glavu.
04:46
And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.
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Zaboravili smo da ljudi prave izbore i donose odluke.
04:49
We forgot responsibility. That was the first cost.
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Zaboravili smo na odgovornost. To je bila prva cena.
04:53
The second cost was that we forgot about you people.
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Druga je da smo zaboravili na vas ljudi.
04:57
We forgot about improving normal lives.
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Zaboravili smo na poboljšavanje normalnih života.
05:01
We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,
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Zaboravili smo na misiju da treba da učinimo ljude koji su relativno bez problema srećnijim,
05:07
more fulfilled, more productive. And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.
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ispunjenijim, produktivnijim, a "genijalac", "visoko talentovan", su postale "prljave" reči.
05:13
No one works on that.
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Niko ne radi na tome.
05:15
And the third problem about the disease model is,
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I treći problem u vezi sa tim postojećim modelom "bolesti" jeste da,
05:19
in our rush to do something about people in trouble,
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u našoj trci da učinimo nešto za ljude koji imaju problema,
05:22
in our rush to do something about repairing damage,
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u našoj trci da učinimo nešto kako bi popravljali štete,
05:27
it never occurred to us to develop interventions
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nikada nam nije palo na pamet da razvijemo neke intervencije
05:30
to make people happier, positive interventions.
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kako bismo učinili ljude srećnijim, neke pozitivne intervencije.
05:34
So that was not good.
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Tako da to nije bilo dobro.
05:36
And so, that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,
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I upravo je to navelo ljude kako što su Nensi Etkof, Den Gilbert,
05:41
Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something I call positive psychology,
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Majk Čiksenmaji i mene da počnemo da radimo na nečemu što ja zovem pozitivna psihologija,
05:45
which has three aims.
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koja ima tri cilja.
05:47
The first is that psychology should be just as concerned
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Prvi je da psihologija treba da bude podjednako zabrinuta
05:52
with human strength as it is with weakness.
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za ljudsku čvrstinu koliko i za bolest.
05:56
It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage.
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Podjednako usmerena na izgradnju te čvrstine koliko i na popravljanje štete.
06:03
It should be interested in the best things in life.
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Trebalo bi da bude zainteresovana za one najbolje stvari u životu
06:05
And it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,
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i trebalo bi da radi na onim stvarima koje ljudski život čine ispunjenijim
06:11
and with genius, with nurturing high talent.
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kao i da se bavi genijima i načinima za odgoj visoko talentovanih.
06:16
So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,
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Tako smo u proteklih 10 godina, i nadam se i u budućnosti,
06:20
we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,
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imali prilike da vidimo početke nauke o pozitivnoj psihologiji:
06:24
a science of what makes life worth living.
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nauke o tome šta život čini zbilja vrednim življenja.
06:27
It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.
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Ispostavlja se da možemo meriti različite oblike sreće.
06:31
And any of you, for free, can go to that website
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I svako od vas, besplatno, može otići na taj vebsajt
06:35
and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.
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i uraditi čitav spektar testova koji mere sreću.
06:38
You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,
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Možete proveriti kako stojite sa pozitivnim emocijama, na primer,
06:43
for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?
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kakav je vaš flow (vrsta emocije - vrhunsko zadovoljstvo), u odnosu na desetine hiljada drugih.
06:47
We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:
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Kreirali smo pandan dijagnostičkog priručnika mentalnih bolesti:
06:53
a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,
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klasifikaciju snaga i vrlina u odnosu na to
06:58
how they're defined, how to diagnose them,
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kako su definisane, kako ih dijagnostikovati,
07:00
what builds them and what gets in their way.
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šta ih čini i šta im stoji na putu.
07:05
We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,
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Ustanovili smo da možemo da otkrijemo uzročnike pozitivnih stanja,
07:09
the relationship between left hemispheric activity
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veze između aktivnosti leve hemisfere
07:13
and right hemispheric activity as a cause of happiness.
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i aktivnosti desne kao uzročnike stanja sreće.
07:20
I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,
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Proveo sam život radeći sa ekstremno nesrećnim ljudima,
07:23
and I've asked the question,
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i postavljao sam pitanje,
07:25
how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?
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kako se ekstremno nesrećni ljudi razlikuju od vas?
07:28
And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.
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I počevši od pre šest godina, zapitali smo se oko ekstremno srećnih ljudi,
07:33
And how do they differ from the rest of us?
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na koji način se oni razlikuju od ostalih?
07:35
And it turns out there's one way.
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I ispostavilo se da postoji odgovor.
07:39
They're not more religious, they're not in better shape,
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Oni nisu religiozniji, nisu boljeg zdravstvenog stanja,
07:41
they don't have more money, they're not better looking,
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nemaju više novca, ne izgledaju ništa bolje,
07:44
they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.
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ne dešava im se više dobrih nego loših stvari.
07:47
The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.
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Ali u jednoj stvari se razlikuju: oni su ekstremno socijalni.
07:52
They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.
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Ne sede na seminarima nedeljom ujutro.
07:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:59
They don't spend time alone.
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Ne provode vreme u samoći.
08:01
Each of them is in a romantic relationship
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Svako od njih je u romantičnoj vezi
08:03
and each has a rich repertoire of friends.
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i svako od njih ima puno prijatelja.
08:06
But watch out here. This is merely correlational data, not causal,
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Ali malo opreza ovde. Ovo su samo korelacioni podaci, nisu uzročni,
08:11
and it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense I'm going to talk about:
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i radi se o sreći u holivudskom smislu o kojoj ću govoriti:
08:16
happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.
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stanju razdraganosti i kikotanja i opšte veselosti.
08:20
And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough, in just a moment.
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Ali sugerisaću vam za trenutak da to nije ni približno dovoljno.
08:24
We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,
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Otkrili smo da je moguće početi sa traženjem intervencija tokom vekova,
08:29
from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.
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od Bude do Tonija Robinsa.
08:31
About 120 interventions have been proposed
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Predloženo je oko 120 intervencija
08:34
that allegedly make people happy.
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koje navodno čine ljude srećnijim.
08:37
And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,
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Našli smo da smo u stanju da radimo na mnogima od njih,
08:42
and we actually carry out random assignment
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i izneli smo jedno istraživanje
08:45
efficacy and effectiveness studies.
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efikasnosti i efektivnosti.
08:47
That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?
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A to je, koja od njih čini ljude dugoročno srećnim?
08:51
In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.
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Za nekoliko minuta reći ću vam nešto o tim rezultatima.
08:54
But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,
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Ali ishod ovoga jeste da misija koju ja želim da psihologija ima,
09:01
in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,
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uz svoju misiju vezanu za izlečenje mentalno obolelih,
09:05
and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,
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i uz misiju da učini nesrećne ljude manje nesrećnim,
09:09
is can psychology actually make people happier?
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jeste da li psihologija zbilja može učiniti ljude srećnijim?
09:13
And to ask that question -- happy is not a word I use very much --
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A da bih postavio to pitanje -- sreća nije reč koju tako često koristim --
09:17
we've had to break it down into what I think is askable about happy.
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moramo da je raščlanimo na ono što ja smatram da je moguće da se ispituje kada je sreća u pitanju.
09:21
And I believe there are three different --
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Mislim da postoje tri različita --
09:24
and I call them different because different interventions build them,
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a zovem ih različita zato što ih čine različite intervencije,
09:28
it's possible to have one rather than the other --
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moguće je imati jednu pre nego drugu --
09:31
three different happy lives.
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tri različita srećna načina življenja.
09:33
The first happy life is the pleasant life.
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Prvi srećni oblik života je zadovoljan život.
09:36
This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can,
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To je život u kome imate najviše moguće pozitivnih emocija,
09:41
and the skills to amplify it.
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i sposobnosti koje to pojačavaju.
09:43
The second is a life of engagement --
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Drugi oblik jeste angažovani život:
09:45
a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you.
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život na poslu, roditeljstvo, ljubav, slobodno vreme.
09:53
That's what Aristotle was talking about.
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O tome je Aristotel govorio.
09:55
And third, the meaningful life.
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I treći oblik, život koji je ispunjen smislom.
09:57
So I want to say a little bit about each of those lives
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Želim da pričam po malo o svakom od ovih oblika života
10:00
and what we know about them.
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i šta mi znamo o tome.
10:02
The first life is the pleasant life and it's simply, as best we can find it,
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Prvi oblik je zadovoljan život i najjednostavniji način za njegovo postizanje,
10:07
it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,
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jeste da imate zadovoljstava što je moguće više,
10:09
as much positive emotion as you can,
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što više pozitivnih emocija
10:12
and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,
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i naučenih veština kojima ćete to pojačati
10:18
that stretch them over time and space.
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i razvući to stanje kroz prostor i vreme.
10:21
But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,
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Ali takav život vuče za sobom tri nusprodukta
10:25
and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology and why it doesn't end here.
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i to iz razloga što psihologija nije "srećologija" i zato što se ne završava tu.
10:31
The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life,
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Prva mana je ta što se ispostavlja da je zadovoljstvo životom,
10:34
your experience of positive emotion, is heritable,
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vaš doživljaj pozitivnih emocija, naslednog karaktera,
10:39
about 50 percent heritable, and, in fact, not very modifiable.
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oko 50 procenata je nasledno i u suštini nepromenljivo.
10:45
So the different tricks that Matthieu [Ricard] and I and others know
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Tako da različiti trikovi koje Metju [Ričard], ja i ostali znamo
10:49
about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life
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o povećanju pozitivnih emocija u vašem životu
10:53
are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.
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uzimaju samo 15 do 20 procenata udela.
10:57
Second is that positive emotion habituates. It habituates rapidly, indeed.
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Druga mana je ta da su pozitivne emocije stvar navike. Na njih se brzo navikne.
11:05
It's all like French vanilla ice cream, the first taste is a 100 percent;
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To je nešto nalik francuskom sladoledu, kada ga prvi put probate ukus je 100 procentan;
11:10
by the time you're down to the sixth taste, it's gone.
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do trenutka kada ga probate šesti put, čarolija je nestala.
11:15
And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.
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I, kao što sam spomenuo već, nije previše podložna uticajima.
11:19
And this leads to the second life.
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A to vodi onom drugom obliku života.
11:22
And I have to tell you about my friend, Len,
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Moram vam reći nešto o mom prijatelju, Lenu,
11:24
to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,
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da bih vam objasnio zašto je pozitivna psihologija više od pozitivnih emocija,
11:30
more than building pleasure.
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više od postizanja zadovoljstva.
11:32
In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,
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Na dva od tri bitna aspekta života, kada je Len imao 30 godina,
11:36
Len was enormously successful. The first arena was work.
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Len je bio neverovatno uspešan. Prvi aspekt se ticao posla.
11:42
By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.
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Kada je imao 20, bio je prodavac opcija (finansijskih derivativa).
11:44
By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire
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Kada je imao 25, bio je multimilioner
11:47
and the head of an options trading company.
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i na čelu kompanije koja je trgovala opcijama.
11:50
Second, in play -- he's a national champion bridge player.
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Drugo, u igri: bio je nacionalni šampion u bridžu (igri kartama).
11:56
But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.
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Ali na trećem važnom aspektu života, ljubavi, Len je imao neizmerne promašaje.
12:02
And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.
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A razlog tome je taj što je Len bio hladan kao led.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:10
Len is an introvert.
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Len je introvert.
12:14
American women said to Len, when he dated them,
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Amerikanke sa kojima je Len izlazio su mu govorile,
12:18
"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."
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"Uopšte nisi zabavan. Nemaš pozitivnih emocija. Gubi se."
12:22
And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,
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Len je bio dovoljno imućan da je mogao sebi priuštiti psihoanalitičara sa Park Avenije,
12:28
who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma
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koji je pet godina protraćio pokušavajući da pronađe kakvu seksualnu traumu
12:32
that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.
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koja je nekako zaključala pozitivne emocije unutar njega.
12:35
But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.
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Ali ispostavilo se da nije u pitanju nikakva seksualna trauma.
12:39
It turned out that -- Len grew up in Long Island
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Ispostavilo se da... Len je odrastao na Long Ajlandu
12:43
and he played football and watched football, and played bridge --
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i igrao je i gledao fudbal, igrao je bridž...
12:49
Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.
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Len je u poslednjih pet procenata onoga što zovemo pozitivni afektivitet.
12:54
The question is, is Len unhappy? And I want to say not.
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Pitanje je, da li je Len nesrećan? Želim da kažem ne.
12:58
Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 percent
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Suprotno onome šta nam psihologija govori o donjih 50 procenata
13:02
of the human race in positive affectivity,
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ljudi na lestvici pozitivnog afektiviteta,
13:05
I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.
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mislim da je Len jedan od najsrećnijih osoba koju poznajem.
13:08
He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness
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On nije predodređen paklu nesrećnih
13:11
and that's because Len, like most of you, is enormously capable of flow.
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i to zbog toga što je Len, kao i većina vas, izuzetno sposoban za doživljaj "flow"-a.
13:17
When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange at 9:30 in the morning,
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Kada on stupi na pod American Exchange u 9:30 ujutro,
13:22
time stops for him. And it stops till the closing bell.
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vreme se zaustavlja za njega. I stoji dok god zvonce ne označi kraj.
13:25
When the first card is played,
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Kada se prva karta odigra,
13:27
until 10 days later, the tournament is over, time stops for Len.
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pa do isteka desetog dana, dok se takmičenje ne završi, vreme se zaustavlja za Lena.
13:31
And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi has been talking about,
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A to je upravo ono o čemu je Majk Čiksenmaji govorio,
13:35
about flow. And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way.
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o flow-u i njegovom razlikovanju od običnog zadovoljstva na veoma značajan način.
13:40
Pleasure has raw feels: you know it's happening. It's thought and feeling.
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Zadovoljstvo ima sled osećanja: znate da vam se to dešava. Tu su misli i osećanja.
13:45
But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow, you can't feel anything.
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Ali tokom flow-a, o čemu je Majk juče govorio, ne možete osetiti ništa.
13:54
You're one with the music. Time stops.
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Vi ste jedno sa muzikom. Vreme se zaustavlja.
13:58
You have intense concentration.
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Imate veoma intenzivnu koncentraciju.
14:00
And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.
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I to je karakteristika onoga što mi mislimo da je dobar život.
14:05
And we think there's a recipe for it,
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I smatramo da postoji recept za to,
14:08
and it's knowing what your highest strengths are.
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a to je saznanje o tome koje su tvoje najveće mogućnosti.
14:10
And again, there's a valid test
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I ponovo, postoji validan test
14:12
of what your five highest strengths are.
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o tome koje su tvojih pet najvećih sposobnosti/prednosti.
14:15
And then re-crafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can.
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A potom reorganizujete svoj život da bi to iskoristili najbolje moguće.
14:21
Re-crafting your work, your love,
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Reorganizujete svoj posao, ljubav,
14:24
your play, your friendship, your parenting.
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igre, prijateljstva, roditeljstvo.
14:27
Just one example. One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.
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Samo jedan primer: jedna osoba sa kojom sam radio, radila je kod Genardija.
14:32
Hated the job.
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Mrzela je svoj posao.
14:34
She's working her way through college.
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Radila je tokom celog svog studiranja.
14:37
Her highest strength was social intelligence,
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Njena najveća prednost je bila socijalna inteligencija,
14:40
so she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her
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tako da je reorganizovala svoj posao tako da susreti sa njom
14:45
the social highlight of every customer's day.
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doprinesu ulepšavanju dana mušterijama.
14:47
Now obviously she failed.
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E sada očigledno je da nije uspela.
14:50
But what she did was to take her highest strengths,
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Ali ono što je ona uradila jeste da je upotrebila svoje najveće prednosti,
14:53
and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.
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i reorganizovala posao što je moguće više.
14:57
What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.
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Ono što se dobije iz toga nije više smeha.
14:59
You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.
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Nećete izgledati kao Debi Rejnolds.
15:01
You don't giggle a lot. What you get is more absorption.
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Nećete se mnogo kikotati. Ono što dobijate je veća udubljenost.
15:06
So, that's the second path. The first path, positive emotion.
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To je druga staza. Prva je - pozitivne emocije.
15:10
The second path is eudaimonian flow.
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Druga je eudemonijski (božanstveno blaženi - kod starih Grka) flow.
15:14
And the third path is meaning.
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I treća staza je značenje.
15:16
This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.
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Ovo je, tradicionalno, najvredniji aspekt sreće.
15:20
And meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaimonia --
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A značenje u ovom smislu se sastoji od -- veoma slično eudemoniji,
15:26
it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them
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sastoji se od saznanja o tome koje su vam najveće prednosti i njihove upotrebe
15:32
to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are.
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da bi ste se predali nečemu što je veće od vas samih.
15:39
I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life,
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Spomenuo sam da za sva ova tri oblika života, zadovoljni život,
15:44
the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question,
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dobar život, život ispunjen smislom, ljudi sada naporno rade na pitanju,
15:49
are there things that lastingly change those lives?
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da li postoje stvari koje zauvek menjaju te živote?
15:53
And the answer seems to be yes. And I'll just give you some samples of it.
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A deluje da je odgovor pozitivan. Daću vam neke primere toga.
15:59
It's being done in a rigorous manner.
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Radi se na rigorozan način.
16:01
It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works.
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Radi se na isti način kao što se rade testovi na tabletama da bi se videlo da li zaista rade.
16:06
So we do random assignment, placebo controlled,
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Tako da imamo ispitivanje u kontrolisanim uslovima, placebo kontrolu,
16:11
long-term studies of different interventions.
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dugoročne studije sa različitim intervencijama.
16:14
And just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect,
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I samo da prikažem neke intervencije koje smo pronašli da imaju efekta,
16:18
when we teach people about the pleasant life,
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kada smo podučavali ljude o zadovoljnom životu,
16:22
how to have more pleasure in your life,
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kako da imaju više zadovoljstva u životu,
16:24
one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savoring skills,
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jedan od zadataka jeste da se preduzmu najbolje veštine
16:30
and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.
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i jedan lep dan je osiguran.
16:34
Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,
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Sledeće subote uredite i dizajnirajte jedan lep dan
16:39
and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.
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i upotrebite punoću svog uma i svoje prednosti da povećate zadovoljstvo.
16:43
And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.
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Možemo vam dokazati takvim načinom da je zadovoljan život uvećan.
16:50
Gratitude visit. I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.
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Poseta zahvalnosti. Želim da svi to uradite sada sa mnom.
16:56
Close your eyes.
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Zatvorite oči.
16:58
I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important
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Želim da se setite nekoga ko je uradio nešto izuzetno važno
17:06
that changed your life in a good direction,
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što je promenilo vaš život na bolje
17:10
and who you never properly thanked.
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i kome se nikada niste zahvalili kako treba.
17:13
The person has to be alive. OK.
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Ta osoba treba da bude živa. U redu.
17:16
Now, OK, you can open your eyes.
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Sada možete otvoriti oči.
17:18
I hope all of you have such a person.
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Nadam se da svi imate takvu osobu.
17:20
Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,
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Vaš zadatak kada učite o poseti zahvalnosti
17:24
is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,
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jeste da napišete pismo od 300 reči toj osobi,
17:28
call them on the phone in Phoenix,
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pozovete je,
17:31
ask if you can visit, don't tell them why, show up at their door,
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pitate da li joj možete doći u posetu, ne kažete razlog, pojavite se na vratima,
17:36
you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.
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pročitate pismo -- svi plaču kada se ovo desi --
17:42
And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later,
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i ono šta se dešava jeste da kada testiramo te ljude nedelju dana kasnije, mesec dana kasnije,
17:46
three months later, they're both happier and less depressed.
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tri meseca kasnije, oboje su srećniji i manje depresivni.
17:52
Another example is a strength date, in which we get couples
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Drugi primer je sastanak snaga u kom nalazimo parove
17:56
to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test,
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i navodimo ih da identifikuju svoje najveće snage na testu
17:59
and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths,
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i potom da organizuju veče u kom će oboje koristiti svoje najveće snage,
18:05
and we find this is a strengthener of relationships.
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otkrili smo da je ovo osnaživač veze.
18:08
And fun versus philanthropy.
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I zabava nasuprot filantropije.
18:10
But it's so heartening to be in a group like this,
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Ali vrlo je emotivno biti u grupi kao što je ova,
18:13
in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.
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u kojoj je toliko vas preokrenulo svoje živote u pravcu filantropije.
18:17
Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,
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Moji studenti i ljudi sa kojima radim nisu otkrili ovo,
18:20
so we actually have people do something altruistic
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tako da imamo ljude koji rade nešto altruistično
18:24
and do something fun, and to contrast it.
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i nešto zabavno, kao kontrast tome.
18:27
And what you find is when you do something fun,
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I ono što se otkrije jeste da kada radite nešto zabavno,
18:30
it has a square wave walk set.
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to ima kvadratno talasno kretanje.
18:32
When you do something philanthropic to help another person, it lasts and it lasts.
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Kada uradite nešto filantropski da pomognete drugoj osobi, to traje i traje.
18:38
So those are examples of positive interventions.
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To su bili primeri pozitivnih intervencija.
18:42
So, the next to last thing I want to say is
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Sledeća od poslednjih stvari koje hoću da vam kažem je
18:47
we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.
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da smo mi zainteresovani za to koliko su ljudi zadovoljni životom
18:50
And this is really what you're about. And that's our target variable.
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i to je zapravo ono što vas čini takvima. I to je naša ciljana varijabla.
18:54
And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,
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Postavljamo pitanje koje je funkcija tri različita života,
18:58
how much life satisfaction do you get?
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koliko životnog zadovoljstva dobijate?
19:00
So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people --
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Tako smo pitali -- a to smo uradili sa 15 ponavljanja uključivši hiljade ljudi --
19:06
to what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,
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u kojoj meri potraga za zadovoljstvom,
19:08
the pursuit of positive emotion, the pleasant life,
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potraga za pozitivnim emocijama, zadovoljnim životom,
19:12
the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,
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potraga za obavezivanjem, za momentima u kojim se vreme zaustavlja,
19:15
and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?
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i potraga za smislom, doprinosi opštoj životnoj satisfakciji?
19:19
And our results surprised us, but they were backward of what we thought.
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Rezultati su nas iznenadili, bili su u suprotnosti onome što smo mislili.
19:23
It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction.
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Ispostavilo se da potraga za zadovoljstvima ne doprinosi životnoj satisfakciji.
19:28
The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.
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Potraga za smislom je najjača.
19:31
The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.
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Potraga za obavezivanjem je takođe veoma jaka.
19:35
Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement
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Tamo gde zadovoljstvo ima doprinos, jeste na mestima gde imate prisutno i obavezivanje
19:39
and you have meaning, then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.
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i smisao, tako da je zadovoljstvo onda samo višnja na šlagu torte.
19:43
Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts, if you've got all three.
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Tako da ispunjen život, ukoliko imate sva tri aspekta, veći je od pojedinih elemenata koji ga čine.
19:51
Conversely, if you have none of the three,
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Isto tako, ako nemate nijedan od ova tri,
19:54
the empty life, the sum is less than the parts.
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prazan život, proizvod je manji od njegovih pojedinih delova.
19:56
And what we're asking now is
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Ono što se mi pitamo sada je
19:58
does the very same relationship, physical health, morbidity,
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da li ista veza - fizičko zdravlje, bolest,
20:02
how long you live and productivity, follow the same relationship?
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koliko dugo živite i produktivnost - prati ista povezanost?
20:07
That is, in a corporation,
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To jest,
20:09
is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?
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da li je produktivnost funkcija pozitivnih emocija, obavezivanja i smisla?
20:16
Is health a function of positive engagement,
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Da li je zdravlje funkcija pozitivnog angažovanja,
20:19
of pleasure, and of meaning in life?
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zadovoljstva i smisla u životu?
20:21
And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.
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Tu je i razlog za mišljenje da bi odgovor na to mogao da bude da.
20:28
So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard,
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Kris je rekao da poslednji govornik ima priliku da integriše sve što je čuo,
20:35
and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this.
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tako da je ovo bilo neverovatno za mene. Nikada nisam bio na sličnom skupu.
20:41
I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,
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Nikada nisam video govornike koji se protežu toliko izvan sebe,
20:44
which was one of the remarkable things.
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što je jedna izuzetna stvar.
20:47
But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel
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Ali sam otkrio da je problem psihologije sličan
20:51
to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way.
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problemima tehnologije, zabave i dizajna na sledeći način.
20:56
We all know that technology, entertainment and design
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Svi znamo da tehnologija, zabava i dizajn
21:00
have been and can be used for destructive purposes.
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mogu biti i jesu, upotrebljivani za destruktivne namene.
21:06
We also know that technology, entertainment and design
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Takođe znamo da tehnologija, zabava i dizajn
21:10
can be used to relieve misery.
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mogu biti upotrebljeni da smanje nesreću.
21:13
And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery
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I uzgred, distinkcija između smanjenja nesreće
21:17
and building happiness is extremely important.
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i građenja sreće je izuzetno važna.
21:20
I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,
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Mislio sam, kada sam postao terapeut pre trideset godina,
21:23
that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,
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da ukoliko budem dovoljno dobar da učinim da neko ne bude depresivan,
21:29
not anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy.
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da ne bude anksiozan, da ću ga učiniti srećnim.
21:35
And I never found that. I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero.
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Nikada to nisam otkrio. Otkrio sam da najbolje što ćeš ikada uraditi jeste da to svedeš na nulu.
21:40
But they were empty.
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Ali oni su onda bili prazni.
21:42
And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,
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I ispostavilo se da su sposobnosti za sreću, sposobnosti za zadovoljan život,
21:47
the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,
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za obavezivanje, za smisao,
21:50
are different from the skills of relieving misery.
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drugačije od sposobnosti za oslobađanje od nesreće.
21:54
And so, the parallel thing holds
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Tako se istovetne stvari drže
21:57
with technology, entertainment and design, I believe.
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sa tehnologijom, zabavom i dizajnom, verujem.
22:01
That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world
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Moguće je da se ova tri pokretača našeg sveta
22:08
to increase happiness, to increase positive emotion,
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upotrebe da povećaju sreću, da povećaju pozitivne emocije,
22:14
and that's typically how they've been used.
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i tipično je da se koriste na takav način.
22:16
But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --
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Kada jednom raščlanite sreću na način na koji sam ja to učinio,
22:19
not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --
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ne samo pozitivne emocije -- to nije ni izbliza dovoljno --
22:22
there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.
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postoji flow u životu i postoji smisao.
22:25
As Laura Lee told us,
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Kao što nam je Loreli rekla,
22:27
design, and, I believe, entertainment and technology,
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dizajn, a ja mislim i zabava i tehnologija,
22:31
can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.
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takođe mogu biti upotrebljeni da povećaju smisao i obavezivanje u životu.
22:35
So in conclusion, the eleventh reason for optimism,
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Kao zaključak, 11.ti razlog za optimizam,
22:39
in addition to the space elevator,
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pored svemirskog lifta,
22:43
is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,
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jeste da ja mislim da sa tehnologijom, zabavom i dizajnom,
22:48
we can actually increase the amount of tonnage
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možemo povećati količinu
22:52
of human happiness on the planet.
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ljudske sreće na planeti.
22:54
And if technology can, in the next decade or two, increase the pleasant life,
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I ukoliko tehnologija može u sledećoj dekadi ili dve povećati zadovoljstvo životom,
23:00
the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough.
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dobar život i život ispunjen smislom, to će biti dovoljno dobro.
23:04
If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,
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Ukoliko zabava može biti preusmerena takođe na povećanje pozitivnih emocija,
23:10
meaning, eudaimonia, it will be good enough.
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značenja, eudemonije, to će biti dovoljno dobro.
23:14
And if design can increase positive emotion,
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I ako dizajn može povećati pozitivne emocije,
23:20
eudaimonia, and flow and meaning,
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eudemoniju, i flow, i smisao,
23:23
what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you.
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sve ono što radimo zajedno biće dovoljno dobro. Hvala vam.
23:28
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Seligman - PsychologistMartin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism.
Why you should listen
Martin Seligman founded the field of positive psychology in 2000, and has devoted his career since then to furthering the study of positive emotion, positive character traits, and positive institutions. It's a fascinating field of study that had few empirical, scientific measures -- traditional clinical psychology focusing more on the repair of unhappy states than the propagation and nurturing of happy ones. In his pioneering work, Seligman directs the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania, developing clinical tools and training the next generation of positive psychologists.
His earlier work focused on perhaps the opposite state: learned helplessness, in which a person feels he or she is powerless to change a situation that is, in fact, changeable. Seligman is an often-cited authority in this field as well -- in fact, his is the 13th most likely name to pop up in a general psych textbook. He was the leading consultant on a Consumer Reports study on long-term psychotherapy, and has developed several common pre-employment tests, including the Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire (SASQ).
Martin Seligman | Speaker | TED.com