TEDSalon NY2011
Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom
Barry Schwartz: Te perdorim zgjuarsine praktike
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Ne nje diskutim intim, Barry Schwartz zhbiron ne pyetjen "Si mund te bejme gjene e duhur?" Me ndihme nga kolegu Kenneth Sharpe, ai tregon histori qe ilustrojne diferencen midis te vepruarit sipas rregullave dhe zgjedhjes se vendimeve duke perdorur zgjuarsine.
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:00
The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.
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Se pari, dua t`ju falenderoj te gjitheve.
00:03
The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author
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Se dyti, dua te prezantoj bashkeautorin,
00:06
and dear friend and co-teacher.
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mikun e dashur dhe kolegun tim.
00:08
Ken and I have been working together
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Ken dhe une kemi punuar bashke
00:10
for almost 40 years.
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per pothuajse 40 vjet.
00:12
That's Ken Sharpe over there.
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Para jush Ken Sharpe.
00:14
(Applause)
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(Duartrokitje)
00:16
So there is among many people --
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Shume njerez --
00:19
certainly me and most of the people I talk to --
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nder ta une dhe shumica e njerezve me te cilet flas--
00:21
a kind of collective dissatisfaction
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kane nje fare pakenaqesie kolektive
00:24
with the way things are working,
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per menyren si funksionojne gjerat,
00:26
with the way our institutions run.
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per menyren si funksionojne institucionet tona.
00:29
Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.
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Mesuesit e femijeve tane duket se po i marrin ne qafe ata.
00:33
Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,
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Doktoret tane nuk e dine kush dreqin jemi ne,
00:36
and they don't have enough time for us.
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ata nuk kane mjaft kohe per ne.
00:38
We certainly can't trust the bankers,
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Ne sigurisht nuk mund t`i besojme bankiereve,
00:40
and we certainly can't trust the brokers.
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dhe me siguri nuk mund t`i besojme komisionereve.
00:43
They almost brought the entire financial system down.
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Ata pothuajse e shkaterruan te gjithe sistemin financiar.
00:46
And even as we do our own work,
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Dhe edhe kur ne e bejme punen tone,
00:49
all too often,
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shpesh,
00:51
we find ourselves having to choose
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e gjejme vetem se duhet te zgjedhim
00:54
between doing what we think is the right thing
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midis te berit te asaj qe ne mendojme eshte gjeja e duhur
00:57
and doing the expected thing,
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dhe te berit e asaj qe pritet,
00:59
or the required thing,
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ose ate qe kerkohet,
01:01
or the profitable thing.
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ose ate qe ka fitim.
01:03
So everywhere we look,
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Keshtu qe kudo qe shikojme,
01:05
pretty much across the board,
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praktikisht gjithandej,
01:07
we worry that the people we depend on
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ne shqetesohemi qe njerez nga te cilet varemi
01:10
don't really have our interests at heart.
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nuk i kane interesat tona perzemer.
01:14
Or if they do have our interests at heart,
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Ose nese ata i kane interesat tona perzemer,
01:17
we worry that they don't know us well enough
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ne shqetesohemi qe ata nuk na njohin mire
01:19
to figure out what they need to do
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te kuptojne se cfare duhet te bejne ata
01:21
in order to allow us
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ne menyre qe te na lejojne
01:23
to secure those interests.
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te sigurojme ato interesa.
01:25
They don't understand us.
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Ata nuk na kuptojne.
01:27
They don't have the time to get to know us.
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Ata nuk kane kohe te na njohin.
01:29
There are two kinds of responses
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Ka dy tipe pergjigjesh
01:31
that we make
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qe ne japim
01:33
to this sort of general dissatisfaction.
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per keto pakenaqesira te pergjithshme.
01:37
If things aren't going right,
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Nqse gjerat nuk ecin mire,
01:39
the first response is:
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pergjigja e pare eshte:
01:41
let's make more rules,
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Le te krijojme ca rregulla,
01:43
let's set up a set
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le te krijojme nje set
01:45
of detailed procedures
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me procedura te detajuara
01:47
to make sure that people will do the right thing.
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per t`u siguruar qe njerezit do te bejne gjene e duhur.
01:50
Give teachers scripts
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T`i japim profesoreve nje udhezues
01:52
to follow in the classroom,
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per t`u zbatuar ne klase,
01:54
so even if they don't know what they're doing
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keshtu qe edhe nqs ata nuk e dine cfare bejne
01:56
and don't care about the welfare of our kids,
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dhe nuk jane te interesuar per mireqenien e femijeve tane,
01:59
as long as they follow the scripts,
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per sa kohe ata ndjekin udhezuesin,
02:01
our kids will get educated.
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femijet tane arsimohen.
02:03
Give judges a list of mandatory sentences
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Jepi gjykatesve nje liste me denime te detyruara
02:06
to impose for crimes,
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te vendosin per krimet,
02:08
so that you don't need to rely
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keshtu qe ti nuk ke nevoje te bazohesh
02:10
on judges using their judgment.
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ne gjykimin e gjykatesve.
02:13
Instead, all they have to do
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Ne vend te kesaj, gjithe ajo qe ata kane per te bere
02:15
is look up on the list
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eshte te shikojne ne liste
02:17
what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.
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cfare denimi i perket nje krimi te tille.
02:20
Impose limits
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Vendos limite
02:22
on what credit card companies can charge in interest
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ne interesat qe kompanite e kartave te kreditit mund te kerkojne si interes
02:25
and on what they can charge in fees.
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dhe ne cfare ata mund te bejne te paguash si komision.
02:27
More and more rules
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Gjithmone e me shume rregulla
02:29
to protect us
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te na mbrojne
02:31
against an indifferent, uncaring
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kundra nje grupi institutesh qe jane indiferente dhe nuk duan t`ja dijne
02:33
set of institutions we have to deal with.
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dhe me te cilat duhet te japim e te marrim.
02:36
Or -- or maybe and --
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Ose -- ndoshta dhe ---
02:38
in addition to rules,
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pervec rregullave,
02:40
let's see if we can come up
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le te shikojme nqs mund te nxjerrim
02:42
with some really clever incentives
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ca nxitje vertet inteligjente
02:44
so that, even if the people we deal with
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keshtu qe, edhe nqs njerezit me te cilet kemi te bejme
02:46
don't particularly want to serve our interests,
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nuk duan t`ja dijne ti sherbejne interesave tona,
02:49
it is in their interest
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eshte ne interesin e tyre
02:51
to serve our interest --
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t`i sherbejne interesave tona --
02:53
the magic incentives
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magjia e nxitjeve
02:55
that will get people to do the right thing
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qe do ti beje njerezit te bejne gjene e duhur
02:57
even out of pure selfishness.
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edhe pse kjo ndodh prej nje egoizmi te paster.
03:00
So we offer teachers bonuses
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Keshtu ne i ofrojme bonuse mesuesve
03:02
if the kids they teach
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nqs femijet qe ata mesojne
03:04
score passing grades on these big test scores
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marrin nota te larta ne testet e gjata
03:07
that are used to evaluate
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qe perdoren per te vleresuar
03:09
the quality of school systems.
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cilesine e sistemit shkollor.
03:12
Rules and incentives --
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Rregulla dhe nxitje --
03:14
"sticks" and "carrots."
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"shkopinj" dhe "karrota".
03:16
We passed a bunch of rules
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Ne krijuam shume rregulla
03:18
to regulate the financial industry
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per te kontrolluar industrine financiare
03:20
in response to the recent collapse.
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si pergjigje te deshtimeve te fundit.
03:22
There's the Dodd-Frank Act,
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Akti Dodd-Frank,
03:24
there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency
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Agjencia per Mbrojtjen Financiare te Konsumatoreve
03:27
that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor
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qe eshte perkohesisht e drejtuar per se prapthi
03:30
by Elizabeth Warren.
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nga Elizabeth Warren.
03:32
Maybe these rules
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Ndoshta keto rregulla
03:34
will actually improve
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do te permiresojne ne fakt
03:37
the way these financial services companies behave.
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menyren si sillen keto kompani.
03:41
We'll see.
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Do te shikojme.
03:43
In addition, we are struggling
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Pervec kesaj, ne jemi duke luftuar
03:45
to find some way to create incentives
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te gjejme disa menyra te krijojme nxitje
03:48
for people in the financial services industry
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per njerezit e industrise se sherbimeve financiare
03:51
that will have them more interested
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qe t`i bejme ata me te interesuar
03:53
in serving the long-term interests
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per t`i sherbyer interesave afat-gjate
03:55
even of their own companies,
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te kompanive te tyre,
03:57
rather than securing short-term profits.
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ne vend qe te sigurojne perfitime afat-shkurtera.
04:01
So if we find just the right incentives,
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Keshtu qe nqs gjejme nxitjet e duhura,
04:03
they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,
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ata do te bejne gjene e duhur -- sic e thashe -- ne menyre egoiste,
04:06
and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,
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dhe nqs ne vijme me rregullat e duhura dhe ligjet,
04:09
they won't drive us all over a cliff.
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ata nuk do te na cojne te gjithe ne ne humnere.
04:12
And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know
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Une dhe Ken [Sharpe] e dime
04:15
that you need to reign in the bankers.
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qe ti duhet te mbreterosh mbi bankat.
04:18
If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse
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Nqs eshte nje mesim per t`u mesuar nga kolapsi financiar
04:21
it is that.
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ky eshte ai.
04:23
But what we believe,
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Por cfare besoj,
04:25
and what we argue in the book,
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dhe ai qe bejme fjale ne liber,
04:27
is that there is no set of rules,
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eshte qe nuk ka nje set rregullash,
04:30
no matter how detailed,
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sado i detajuar,
04:32
no matter how specific,
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sado specifik,
04:34
no matter how carefully monitored
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sado i monitoruar ne menyre te kujdesshme
04:36
and enforced,
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dhe i detyruar,
04:38
there is no set of rules
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nuk ka nje set rregullash
04:40
that will get us what we need.
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qe do te na jape ate qe kemi nevoje.
04:42
Why? Because bankers are smart people.
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Pse? Sepse bankieret jane njerez te zgjuar
04:46
And, like water,
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dhe, si uji,
04:48
they will find cracks
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ata gjejne te cara
04:50
in any set of rules.
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ne cdo set rregullash.
04:53
You design a set of rules that will make sure
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Ti dizenjon nje sere rregullash qe do ta bejne te sigurt
04:56
that the particular reason
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qe arsyeja per te cilen
04:58
why the financial system "almost-collapse"
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sistemi financiar pothuajse u shkaterrua
05:00
can't happen again.
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nuk do te ndodhe me.
05:02
It is naive beyond description
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Eshte naive pertej pershkrimit
05:04
to think that having blocked
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te mendosh qe duke e bllokuar kete burim
05:06
this source of financial collapse,
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te nje kolapsi financiar,
05:08
you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.
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i ke bllokuar te gjitha burimet e kolapsit financiar.
05:11
So it's just a question of waiting for the next one
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Keshtu qe kjo eshte vetem nje ceshtje e te priturit te kolapsit tjeter
05:14
and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid
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dhe pastaj te habitemi si mund te ishim aq budallenj
05:17
as not to protect ourselves against that.
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qe nuk arritem dot te mbroheshim ndaj kesaj.
05:20
What we desperately need,
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Ajo qe ne kemi nevoje ne menyre te deshperuar,
05:22
beyond, or along with, better rules
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pertej, ose me mire, bashke me rregulla me te mira
05:25
and reasonably smart incentives,
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dhe nxitje te zgjuara te arsyetueshme
05:27
is we need virtue.
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eshte qe ne kemi nevoje per virtut.
05:30
We need character.
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Ne kemi nevoje per karakter.
05:32
We need people who want to do the right thing.
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Ne kemi nevoje per njerez qe duan te bejne gjene e duhur.
05:35
And in particular,
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Dhe ne vecanti,
05:37
the virtue that we need most of all
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virtuti qe kemi me shume nevoje
05:40
is the virtue that Aristotle called
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eshte virtuti qe Aristoteli e quajti
05:42
"practical wisdom."
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"zgjuarsi praktike".
05:45
Practical wisdom
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Zgjuarsia praktike
05:47
is the moral will
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eshte detyra morale
05:49
to do the right thing
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per te bere gjene e duhur
05:51
and the moral skill
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dhe aftesia morale
05:53
to figure out what the right thing is.
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per ta gjetur cila eshte gjeja e duhur.
05:56
So Aristotle was very interested in watching
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Keshtu, Aristoteli ishte shume i interesuar
05:59
how the craftsmen around him worked.
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si mjeshtrat rreth tij punonin.
06:02
And he was impressed
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Dhe i bente pershtypje
06:04
at how they would improvise
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si ata mund te improvizonin
06:06
novel solutions to novel problems --
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zgjidhje te reja per problemet e reja --
06:08
problems that they hadn't anticipated.
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probleme qe ata nuk i kishin parashikuar.
06:10
So one example is he sees these stonemasons
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Keshtu qe nje shembull eshte qe ai i shikon keta punonjes te gurit
06:12
working on the Isle of Lesbos,
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duke punuar ne ishullin e Lesbos,
06:15
and they need to measure out
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dhe ata duhet te masnin
06:17
round columns.
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kolonat cilindrike.
06:19
Well if you think about it,
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Nqs mendohesh per kete,
06:21
it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.
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eshte shume e veshtire te masesh kolonat cilindrike me vizore.
06:24
So what do they do?
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Keshtu qe cfare bene ata?
06:26
They fashion a novel solution to the problem.
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Ata krijuan nje zgjidhje te re te problemit.
06:29
They created a ruler that bends,
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Ata krijuan nje vizore qe perkulet,
06:32
what we would call these days a tape measure --
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qe sot do ta quanim meter --
06:35
a flexible rule,
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nje rregull fleksibel,
06:37
a rule that bends.
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nje rregull qe perkulet.
06:39
And Aristotle said,
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Dhe Aristoteli tha,
06:41
"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes
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"Ha, ata e kuptuan qe ndonjehere
06:44
to design rounded columns,
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te dizenjosh kolona cilindrike
06:47
you need to bend the rule."
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duhet te perkulesh rregullin."
06:50
And Aristotle said
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Dhe Aristoteli tha
06:52
often in dealing with other people,
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shpesh kur ke te besh me njerez te tjere,
06:55
we need to bend the rules.
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duhet te perkulim rregullat.
06:58
Dealing with other people
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Te kesh te besh me njerez te tjere
07:00
demands a kind of flexibility
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kerkon nje fare fleksibiliteti
07:03
that no set of rules can encompass.
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qe asnje set rregullash mund te perfshije.
07:06
Wise people know when and how
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Njerezit e zgjuar dine kur dhe si
07:08
to bend the rules.
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te perkulin rregullat.
07:10
Wise people know how to improvise.
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Njerezit e zgjuar dine si te improvizojne
07:13
The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,
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Menyra si une dhe bashkautori Ken flasim per te
07:16
they are kind of like jazz musicians.
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ata jane pak a shume si muzikantet jazz
07:18
The rules are like the notes on the page,
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Rregullat jane si notat ne faqe,
07:20
and that gets you started,
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dhe kjo te ben te fillosh,
07:22
but then you dance around the notes on the page,
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por pastaj duhet te vallezosh rreth notave ne faqe,
07:25
coming up with just the right combination
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te krijosh kombinimin e duhur
07:27
for this particular moment
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per kete moment te vecante
07:29
with this particular set of fellow players.
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me kete set te vecante te muzikanteve.
07:32
So for Aristotle,
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Keshtu per Aristotelin
07:34
the kind
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tipi
07:37
of rule-bending,
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i perkuljes se vizores,
07:40
rule exception-finding and improvisation
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i gjetjes se perjashtimeve te rregullave dhe improvizimi
07:43
that you see in skilled craftsmen
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qe shikon ne mjeshtrat
07:45
is exactly what you need
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eshte egzakt cfare mungon
07:47
to be a skilled moral craftsman.
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per te qene nje mjeshter i moralshem
07:50
And in interactions with people,
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Dhe ne veprimet me njerezit,
07:52
almost all the time,
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pothuajse gjithmone,
07:54
it is this kind of flexibility that is required.
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ky tip fleksibiliteti eshte i nevojshem.
07:56
A wise person knows when to bend the rules.
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Nje person i zgjuar di kur te perkule rregullat.
07:59
A wise person knows when to improvise.
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Nje person i zgjuar e di kur duhet te improvizoje.
08:01
And most important,
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Dhe me e rendesishmja,
08:03
a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending
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nje person i zgjuar e ben kete improvizim dhe perkulje te rregullave
08:06
in the service of the right aims.
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ne sherbim te qellimeve te duhura.
08:10
If you are a rule-bender and an improviser
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Nqs ti je nje improvizues i mire dhe dikush qe perthyen rregullat
08:13
mostly to serve yourself,
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per t`i sherbyer vetes,
08:15
what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.
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ajo qe sjell eshte manipulim i paskrupullt i njerezve te tjere.
08:18
So it matters that you do this wise practice
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Keshtu qe ka rendesi qe ti te besh kete praktike te zgjuar
08:20
in the service of others
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ne sherbim te te tjereve
08:22
and not in the service of yourself.
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dhe jo ne sherbim te vetes.
08:24
And so the will to do the right thing
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Keshtu deshira per te bere gjene e duhur
08:27
is just as important as the moral skill
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eshte po aq e rendesishme sa detyra morale
08:29
of improvisation
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per improvizim
08:31
and exception-finding.
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dhe gjetja e nje perjashtimi.
08:33
Together they comprise practical wisdom,
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Bashke ato perbejne zgjuarsine praktike
08:36
which Aristotle thought
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te cilen Aristoteli mendoi
08:38
was the master virtue.
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se ishte virtuti master.
08:40
So I'll give you an example
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Keshtu qe do t`ju jap nje shembull
08:42
of wise practice in action.
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te zgjuarsise praktike ne veprim.
08:44
It's the case of Michael.
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Eshte rasti i Michael.
08:47
Michael's a young guy.
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Michael ishte nje djale i ri.
08:49
He had a pretty low-wage job.
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Ai kishte nje rroge te ulet
08:51
He was supporting his wife and a child,
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Ai mbante gruan dhe nje femije,
08:54
and the child was going to parochial school.
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dhe femija shkonte ne shkollen parokiale.
08:56
Then he lost his job.
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Pastaj ai humbi punen.
08:59
He panicked
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Ai hyri ne panik
09:01
about being able to support his family.
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sepse nuk do te ishte ne gjendje te mbeshteste familjen.
09:04
One night, he drank a little too much,
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Nje nate ai piu shume
09:07
and he robbed a cab driver --
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dhe grabiti nje shofer taksie --
09:09
stole 50 dollars.
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vodhi 50 dollare.
09:11
He robbed him at gunpoint.
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Ai e grabiti me revole.
09:13
It was a toy gun.
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Ishte nje revole loder.
09:16
He got caught. He got tried.
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Ai u kap, u gjykua
09:19
He got convicted.
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dhe u denua
09:21
The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines
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Udhezimet per denimet ne Pensilvani
09:24
required a minimum sentence for a crime like this
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kerkuan nje denim minimal per nje krim te tille
09:27
of two years, 24 months.
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prej 2 vjetesh, 24 muaj.
09:29
The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer
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Gjykatesja e ketij rasti, Lois Forer
09:32
thought that this made no sense.
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mendoi qe kjo nuk kishte kuptim.
09:35
He had never committed a crime before.
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Ai nuk kishte bere kurre nje krim me perpara
09:38
He was a responsible husband and father.
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Ai ishte nje burre i pergjegjshem dhe baba
09:41
He had been faced with desperate circumstances.
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Ai ishte perballur me rrethana te deshperuara
09:43
All this would do is wreck a family.
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Dhe gjithcka qe kjo do te bente ishte te shkaterronte familjen.
09:46
And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,
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Keshtu ajo improvizoi nje denim -- 11 muaj,
09:49
and not only that,
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dhe jo vetem kaq,
09:51
but release every day to go to work.
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por edhe lirine cdo dite per te shkuar ne pune.
09:53
Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.
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Kalo naten ne burg, kalo diten ne pune.
09:56
He did. He served out his sentence.
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Ai e beri. Ai e mbaroi denimin.
09:59
He made restitution
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Ai beri ndryshim
10:01
and found himself a new job.
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dhe gjeti nje pune te re.
10:03
And the family was united.
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Dhe familja u bashkua.
10:06
And it seemed on the road
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Dhe dukej ne rrugen
10:08
to some sort of a decent life --
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e nje fare jete decente --
10:11
a happy ending to a story
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nje histori me fund te lumtur
10:14
involving wise improvisation
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qe perfshin improvizime te zgjuara
10:16
from a wise judge.
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nga nje gjykates i zgjuar.
10:19
But it turned out
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Por doli
10:22
the prosecutor was not happy
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qe prokurori nuk ishte i kenaqur
10:25
that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines
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qe Gjykatesja Forer injoroi udhezimet e denimit
10:28
and sort of invented her own,
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dhe pak a shume shpiku te vetat,
10:30
and so he appealed.
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keshtu qe ai apeloi.
10:33
And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence
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Dhe kerkoi denimin minimal
10:36
for armed robbery.
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per grabitje te armatosur.
10:38
He did after all have a toy gun.
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Ai kishte nje pistolete loder.
10:41
The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery
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Denimi minimal per grabitje te armatosur
10:43
is five years.
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eshte pese vjete.
10:46
He won the appeal.
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Ai e fitoi gjyqin.
10:48
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
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Michael u denua me 5 vjete ne burg.
10:52
Judge Forer had to follow the law.
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Gjykatesja Forer duhej te ndiqte ligjin.
10:56
And by the way, this appeal went through
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Dhe me qe ra fjala, ky gjyq u be
10:58
after he had finished serving his sentence,
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pasi ai kishte mbaruar se sherbyeri denimin
11:00
so he was out and working at a job
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keshtu qe ai kishte dale nga burgu dhe ishte ne pune
11:03
and taking care of his family
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dhe kujdesej per familjen
11:05
and he had to go back into jail.
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dhe ju desh te shkonte mbrapsht ne burg.
11:07
Judge Forer did what she was required to do,
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Gjykatesja Forer beri cfare duhej te bente,
11:10
and then she quit the bench.
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dhe dha doreheqjen.
11:14
And Michael disappeared.
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Dhe Michael u zhduk.
11:18
So that is an example,
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Ky eshte nje shembull,
11:20
both of wisdom in practice
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i te dyjave, zgjuarsi ne praktike
11:22
and the subversion of wisdom
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dhe e kunderta e zgjuarsise
11:24
by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.
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nga rregullat, qe jane krijuar, sigurisht, t`i bejne gjerat me mire.
11:27
Now consider Ms. Dewey.
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Tani konsideroni Ms. Dewey.
11:29
Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.
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Ms. Dewey eshte nje mesuese ne shkollen elementare te Texas.
11:32
She found herself listening to a consultant one day
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Ajo u gjend nje dite duke degjuar nje konsultant
11:35
who was trying to help teachers
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qe po mundohej te ndihmonte mesuesit
11:37
boost the test scores of the kids,
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te rrisnin rezultatet e femijeve,
11:39
so that the school
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qe shkolla te
11:41
would reach the elite category
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mund te arrinte kategorine elite
11:44
in percentage of kids passing big tests.
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ne perqindjen e femijeve qe kalonin teste te medhaja.
11:46
All these schools in Texas compete with one another
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Te gjitha keto shkolla ne Texas konkurrojne me njera tjetren
11:48
to achieve these milestones,
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te arrijne keto pikesynime
11:50
and there are bonuses and various other treats
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dhe ka bonuse dhe benefite te tjera
11:53
that come if you beat the other schools.
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qe vijne nqse ti arrin te mundesh shkollat e tjera.
11:56
So here was the consultant's advice:
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Keshtu, ketu ishte keshilla e konsultantit:
11:59
first, don't waste your time on kids
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e para, mos harxhoni kohen me femijet
12:02
who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.
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qe do te kalojne testet cfare do qe te beni.
12:06
Second, don't waste your time
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E dyta, mos shpenzoni kohen
12:08
on kids who can't pass the test
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me femijet qe nuk mund te kalojne testet
12:11
no matter what you do.
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cfaredo qe te beni ju.
12:13
Third, don't waste your time
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E treta, mos harxhoni kohen
12:15
on kids who moved into the district
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me femijet qe levizen ne kete lagje
12:18
too late for their scores to be counted.
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shume vone qe notat e tyre te numerohen.
12:21
Focus all of your time and attention
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Perqendroheni te gjithe kohen dhe vemendjen
12:24
on the kids who are on the bubble,
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ne femijet qe jane ne fllucke --
12:27
the so-called "bubble kids" --
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ata qe quhen 'femije fllucke'--
12:29
kids where your intervention
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femije per te cilet nderhyrja juaj
12:31
can get them just maybe over the line
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mund t`i beje ata qe te kalojne vetem nje cike kufirin
12:33
from failing to passing.
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nga te deshtuarit ne te kaluar.
12:35
So Ms. Dewey heard this,
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Keshtu Ms. Dewey e degjoi kete,
12:37
and she shook her head in despair
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dhe tundi koken ne deshperim
12:40
while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on
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kurse mesuesit e tjere po gezonin me njeri tjetrin
12:43
and nodding approvingly.
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dhe tunding koken ne aprovim.
12:45
It's like they were about to go play a football game.
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Eshte sikur ata jane duke luajtur nje loje futbolli
12:47
For Ms. Dewey,
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Per Ms. Dewey,
12:49
this isn't why she became a teacher.
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nuk eshte kjo arsyeja qe ajo u be profesore.
12:52
Now Ken and I are not naive,
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Tani Ken dhe une nuk jemi naive,
12:54
and we understand that you need to have rules.
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dhe ne e kuptojme qe ti duhet te kesh rregulla.
12:57
You need to have incentives.
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Duhet te kesh nxitje.
12:59
People have to make a living.
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Njerezit duhet te fitojne per te jetuar.
13:01
But the problem
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Por problemi
13:03
with relying on rules and incentives
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me bazimin mbi rregullat dhe nxitjet
13:05
is that they demoralize
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eshte qe ato demoralizojne
13:08
professional activity,
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aktivitetin profesional
13:10
and they demoralize professional activity
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dhe ato e demoralizojne aktivitetin profesional
13:12
in two senses.
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ne 2 kuptime.
13:14
First, they demoralize the people
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E para, demoralizojne njerezit
13:16
who are engaged in the activity.
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qe jane ne kete aktivitet.
13:18
Judge Forer quits,
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Gjykatesja Forer iku,
13:20
and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.
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dhe Ms. Dewey e ka humbur komplet besimin.
13:22
And second,
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Dhe e dyta,
13:24
they demoralize the activity itself.
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ata demoralizojne aktivitetin vete.
13:26
The very practice is demoralized,
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Praktika vete eshte e demoralizuar,
13:29
and the practitioners are demoralized.
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dhe praktikuesit jane te demoralizuar.
13:31
It creates people --
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Krijon njerez --
13:33
when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --
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kur manipulon nxitjet per t`i bere njerezit te bejne gjene e duhur --
13:36
it creates people
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krijon njerez
13:38
who are addicted to incentives.
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qe jane te varur tek nxitjet.
13:40
That is to say, it creates people
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Kjo per te thene, krijon njerez
13:42
who only do things for incentives.
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qe bejne gjera vetem per nxitjet.
13:44
Now the striking thing about this
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Tani ajo qe te shokon ketu
13:46
is that psychologists have known this
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eshte qe psikologjistet e kane ditur kete
13:48
for 30 years.
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prej 30 vjetesh.
13:50
Psychologists have known
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Psikologjistet i kane ditur
13:52
about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything
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konsekuencat negative te nxitjeve te cdo gjeje
13:55
for 30 years.
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per 30 vjet.
13:57
We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,
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Ne e dime qe nqs i jep dhurata femijeve per vizatimin,
14:00
they stop caring about the drawing
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ata ndalojne te merren me me vizatimin
14:02
and care only about the reward.
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dhe i japin rendesi vetem dhuratave.
14:04
If you reward kids for reading books,
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Nqs i jep dhurata femijeve per te lexuar libra,
14:06
they stop caring about what's in the books
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ata fillojne te pushojne se menduari cfare ka ne libra
14:09
and only care about how long they are.
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dhe t`i japin rendesi sa te gjate jane ata libra.
14:11
If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,
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Nqs kompenson mesuesve per rezultate ne testet e femijeve
14:14
they stop caring about educating
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ata fillojne te pushojne se menduari per arsimimin
14:16
and only care about test preparation.
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dhe i japin rendesi vetem pergatitjes se testeve.
14:18
If you were to reward doctors
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Nqs kompenson doktoret
14:20
for doing more procedures --
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per te bere me shume procedura --
14:22
which is the current system -- they would do more.
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qe eshte sistemi i tashem -- ata do te bejne me shume.
14:24
If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,
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Nqs ne vend te kesaj, ti i kompenson doktoret per te bere me pak procedura,
14:27
they will do fewer.
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ata do te bejne me pak.
14:29
What we want, of course,
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Ajo qe duam eshte sigurisht,
14:31
is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures
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qe doktoret te bejne sasine e duhur te procedurave
14:33
and do the right amount for the right reason --
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dhe te bejne sasine e duhur per arsyen e duhur --
14:36
namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.
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domethene, t`i sherbejne mireqenies se pacienteve.
14:39
Psychologists have known this for decades,
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Psikologet e dine kete prej dekadash
14:41
and it's time for policymakers
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dhe eshte koha per ata qe bejne rregullat
14:44
to start paying attention
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te fillojne te mendojne
14:46
and listen to psychologists a little bit,
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dhe te degjojne nje cike psikologet
14:49
instead of economists.
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ne vend te ekonomisteve,
14:52
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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Dhe nuk duhet te jete ne kete menyre,
14:54
We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.
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Ne besojme, Ken dhe une, qe ka vertet burime shprese
14:57
We identify one set of people
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Ne identifikojme nje set njerezish
14:59
in all of these practices
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ne gjithe keto praktika
15:01
who we call canny outlaws.
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te cilat ne i quajme perjashtime.
15:03
These are people
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Keta jane njerez
15:05
who, being forced to operate
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te cilet, duke u detyruar te bejne punen
15:08
in a system that demands rule-following
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ne nje sistem qe kerkon te zbatohen rregulla
15:10
and creates incentives,
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dhe krijon nxitje,
15:12
find away around the rules,
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gjejne nje menyre te anashkalojne rregullat,
15:14
find a way to subvert the rules.
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gjejne nje menyre te transformojne rregullat.
15:17
So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,
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Keshtu qe ka mesues qe kane udhezues per te ndjekur,
15:19
and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.
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dhe ata e dine qe nqs ndjekin kete udhezues femijet nuk do te mesojne asgje.
15:22
And so what they do is they follow the scripts,
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Dhe ajo qe bejne eshte te ndjekin udhezuesin,
15:25
but they follow the scripts at double-time
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por e ndjekin udhezuesin ne kohe te dyfishte
15:28
and squirrel away little bits of extra time
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dhe mundohen te heqin menjane copeza kohe
15:31
during which they teach in the way
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gjate se cilave mesojne ne menyren
15:33
that they actually know is effective.
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qe ata e dine eshte me efektive.
15:36
So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,
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Keshtu keta jane heronj te vegjel, te zakonshem, te perditshem,
15:39
and they're incredibly admirable,
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dhe jane ne menyre te pabesueshme te admirueshem,
15:41
but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity
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por ata nuk mund ta vazhdojne kete aktivitet
15:44
in the face of a system
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perpara nje sistemi
15:46
that either roots them out
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qe ose i nxjerr nga rrenjet
15:48
or grinds them down.
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ose i bluan.
15:50
So canny outlaws are better than nothing,
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Keshtu perjashtimet nga rregullat jane me mire se asgje,
15:52
but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw
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por eshte e veshtire te imagjinosh qe perjashtimet
15:54
sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.
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mund te jene zgjidhje per kete ne nje periudhe te vazhdueshme.
15:57
More hopeful
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Me shpresedhenes
15:59
are people we call system-changers.
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jane njerezit qe ne i quajme ndryshues te sistemit
16:01
These are people who are looking
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Jane ata njerez qe shikojne
16:03
not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,
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jo te manipulojne sistemin
16:06
but to transform the system,
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por te transformojne sistemin,
16:08
and we talk about several.
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dhe ne flasim per disa.
16:10
One in particular
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Nje ne vecanti
16:12
is a judge named Robert Russell.
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eshte nje gjykates i quajtur Robert Rusell.
16:15
And one day he was faced
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Dhe nje dite ai u perballua
16:17
with the case of Gary Pettengill.
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me nje rast te Gary Pettengill.
16:20
Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet
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Pettengill ishte nje veteriner 23 vjec
16:23
who had planned to make the army a career,
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qe kishte planifikuar te bente nje karriere ne ushtri,
16:25
but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,
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por u plagos keq ne Irak,
16:27
and that forced him to take a medical discharge.
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dhe kjo e detyroi ate te linte sherbimin.
16:30
He was married, he had a third kid on the way,
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Ai ishte i martuar, priste nje femije te trete,
16:33
he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,
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vuante nga PTSD, pervec dhimbjes se mesit,
16:36
and recurrent nightmares,
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dhe anktheve qe riktheheshin,
16:38
and he had started using marijuana
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dhe ai kishte filluar te perdorte marijuana
16:40
to ease some of the symptoms.
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per te lehtesuar disa nga simptomat.
16:43
He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,
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Ai ishte ne gjendje vetem te bente pune part-time per shkak te kurrizit,
16:46
and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table
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dhe keshtu ai nuk ishte ne gjendje te siguronte ushqim te mjaftueshem
16:49
and take care of his family.
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dhe te kujdesej per familjen.
16:51
So he started selling marijuana.
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Keshtu ai filloi te shiste marijuana.
16:53
He was busted in a drug sweep.
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Ai u kap ne nje shitje droge
16:56
His family was kicked out of their apartment,
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dhe familja e tyre u debua nga apartamenti,
16:58
and the welfare system
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dhe sistemi i asistences sociale
17:00
was threatening to take away his kids.
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po i kercenonte per t`i hequr femijet.
17:02
Under normal sentencing procedures,
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Nen proceduren normale te denimit,
17:04
Judge Russell would have had little choice
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Gjykatesi Rusell nuk do te kishte rruge tjeter
17:07
but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time
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por te denonte Pettengill me shume vite burg
17:09
as a drug felon.
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si shperndares droge.
17:12
But Judge Russell did have an alternative.
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Por Gjykatesi Rusell kishte nje alternative.
17:15
And that's because he was in a special court.
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Dhe kjo sepse ai ishte ne nje gjykate speciale.
17:18
He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.
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Ai ishte ne nje gjykate te quajtur Gjykate e Veteraneve.
17:21
In the Veterans' Court --
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Ne Gjykaten e Veteraneve--
17:23
this was the first of its kind in the United States.
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kjo ishte e para e ketij lloji ne SHBA
17:26
Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.
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Gjykatesi Rusell krijoi Gjykaten e veteraneve,
17:28
It was a court only for veterans
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ishte nje gjykate vetem per veteranet
17:30
who had broken the law.
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qe kishin thyer ligjin.
17:33
And he had created it exactly because
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Dhe ai e krijoi egzaktesisht sepse
17:35
mandatory sentencing laws
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denimet e detyrueshme
17:37
were taking the judgment out of judging.
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po merrnin ne dore gjykimin per te gjykuar.
17:40
No one wanted non-violent offenders --
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Asnje nuk donte qe njerezit qe nuk ishin violente--
17:43
and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --
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dhe sidomos veteranet jo-violente--
17:46
to be thrown into prison.
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te perfundonin ne burg.
17:48
They wanted to do something about what we all know,
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Ata donin te benin dicka rreth asaj qe ne e njohim mire,
17:51
namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
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si nje ure ne sistemin gjyqesor te krimeve.
17:54
And what the Veterans' Court did,
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Dhe ajo qe Gjykata e veteraneve beri,
17:56
was it treated each criminal as an individual,
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ishte te trajtonte cdo kriminel si nje individual,
17:59
tried to get inside their problems,
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mundohej te hynte ne problemet e tyre,
18:02
tried to fashion responses to their crimes
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mundohej te gjente pergjigjet per krimet e tyre
18:05
that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,
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qe t`i ndihmonte ata te reabilitoheshin,
18:07
and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.
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dhe nuk i hidhte pas kraheve pasi gjykimi ishte kryer.
18:10
Stayed with them, followed up on them,
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Rrinte me ta, i ndiqte hap pas hapi,
18:13
made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan
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sigurohej qe ata ndiqnin cfaredo plani
18:15
had been jointly developed
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qe kishin zhvilluar se bashku
18:17
to get them over the hump.
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per t`i bere ata te kalonin problemet.
18:19
There are now 22 cities
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Tani kemi 22 qytete
18:21
that have Veterans' Courts like this.
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qe kane Gjykata te veteraneve si kjo.
18:23
Why has the idea spread?
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Pse u shpernda kjo ide?
18:26
Well, one reason is
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Ne fakt, nje arsye eshte
18:28
that Judge Russell
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qe Gjykatesi Rusell
18:30
has now seen 108 vets
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ka pare tani 108 veterane
18:32
in his Veterans' Court
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ne Gjykaten e Veteraneve
18:34
as of February of this year,
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deri ne shkurt te ketij viti,
18:36
and out of 108,
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dhe prej ketyre 108,
18:38
guess how many have gone back through
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gjejeni sa kane shkuar per here te dyte
18:40
the revolving door of justice
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nepermjet dyerve rrethore te drejtesise
18:42
into prison.
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ne burg.
18:44
None. None.
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Asnje. Asnje.
18:46
Anyone would glom onto
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Cdokush do t`i jepte vemendje
18:49
a criminal justice system
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nje sistemi gjyqesor te krimeve
18:51
that has this kind of a record.
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qe ka kete lloj rekordi.
18:53
So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.
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Keshtu, para jush keni nje ndryshues sistemi, dhe duket qe po perhapet.
18:56
There's a banker
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Eshte nje bankier
18:58
who created a for-profit community bank
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qe krijoi nje banke komuniteti
19:00
that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --
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qe inkurajoi bankieret - E di qe kjo eshte veshtire te besohet --
19:03
encouraged bankers who worked there to do well
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inkurajoi bankieret qe punonin atje te vepronin mire
19:06
by doing good for their low-income clients.
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duke bere me te miren per klientet e tyre me te ardhura te vogla.
19:09
The bank helped finance the rebuilding
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Banka ndihmoi ne financimin e rindertimit
19:12
of what was otherwise a dying community.
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te dickaje qe ndryshe ishte nje komunitet ne zhdukje.
19:15
Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,
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Edhe pse klientet e kredive te tyre ishin me rrezik te larte sipas standardeve te zakonshme,
19:18
the default rate was extremely low.
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deshtimet per te paguar kredine ishin jashtezakonisht te uleta.
19:21
The bank was profitable.
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Banka kishte fitim.
19:24
The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.
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Bankieret vazhduan me klientet e tyre te kredive.
19:26
They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.
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Ata nuk bene kredi dhe pastaj te shisnin kredite.
19:28
They serviced the loans.
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Ata i sherbyen kredive.
19:30
They made sure that their loan recipients
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Ata u siguruan qe klientet e tyre te kredive
19:32
were staying up with their payments.
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vazhdonin te paguanin.
19:35
Banking hasn't always been
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Sistemi i bankave nuk ka qene gjithmone
19:38
the way we read about it now in the newspapers.
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ne menyren qe lexojme sot neper gazeta
19:42
Even Goldman Sachs
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Edhe Goldman Sachs
19:44
once used to serve clients,
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dikur i sherbente klienteve,
19:47
before it turned into an institution
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perpara se te kthehej ne nje institut
19:50
that serves only itself.
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qe i sherben vetem vetes se vete.
19:52
Banking wasn't always this way,
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Sistemi i bankave nuk ka qene gjithmone keshtu,
19:54
and it doesn't have to be this way.
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dhe nuk duhet te jete keshtu.
19:59
So there are examples like this in medicine --
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Keshtu ka shembuj te tille ne mjekesi --
20:02
doctors at Harvard
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doktore ne Harvard
20:04
who are trying to transform medical education,
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qe po mundohen te transformojne arsimimin mjekesor,
20:06
so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion
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qe mos te kete nje erozion etike
20:08
and loss of empathy,
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dhe mungese empatie,
20:10
which characterizes most medical students
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qe karakterizon shumicen e studenteve mjeksore
20:12
in the course of their medical training.
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gjate trajnimit te tyre mjeksor.
20:14
And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students
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Dhe menyra per ta bere kete eshte t`i jepet studenteve te vitit te trete
20:17
patients who they follow for an entire year.
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paciente qe ata i ndjekin per nje vit te tere.
20:19
So the patients are not organ systems,
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Keshtu qe pacientet nuk jane sisteme organesh,
20:21
and they're not diseases;
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dhe nuk jane semundje;
20:23
they're people, people with lives.
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ata jane njerez, njerez me jete.
20:25
And in order to be an effective doctor,
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Dhe per te qene nje doktor efektiv,
20:27
you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.
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ti duhet te trajtosh njerez qe kane jete dhe jo vetem semundje.
20:30
In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,
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Pervec kesaj, ka nje sasi e madhe shkembim informacioni
20:33
mentoring of one student by another,
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duke trajnuar nje student nga nje tjeter student,
20:35
of all the students by the doctors,
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sesa te gjithe studenteve nga doktoret,
20:38
and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors
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dhe rezultati eshte nje brez -- shpresojme -- i doktoreve
20:41
who do have time for the people they treat.
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qe kane kohe per njerezit qe kurojne.
20:43
We'll see.
509
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Do te shikojme.
20:45
So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.
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Keshtu ka shume shembuj te tille per te cilet flasim.
20:48
Each of them shows that it is possible
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Secili prej tyre tregon qe eshte e mundur
20:50
to build on and nurture character
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te ndertosh dhe te kujdesesh per karakterin
20:53
and keep a profession
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dhe te mbash nje profesion
20:55
true to its proper mission --
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te vertete ne misionin e tij --
20:57
what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.
515
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ajo qe Aristoteli do ta kishte quajtur telosi i tij.
21:01
And Ken and I believe
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Dhe une me Ken besojme
21:03
that this is what practitioners actually want.
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qe kjo eshte ajo qe praktikuesit ne fakt duan.
21:06
People want to be allowed
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Njerezit duan te lejohen
21:08
to be virtuous.
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per te qene virtuoze.
21:10
They want to have permission to do the right thing.
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Ata duan te kene lejen per te bere gjene e duhur.
21:13
They don't want to feel
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Ata nuk duan te ndihen
21:15
like they need to take a shower
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sikur ata kane nevoje te bejne nje dush
21:17
to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday
523
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per te hequr papastertite morale nga trupat e tyre perdite
21:20
when they come home from work.
524
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kur kthehen nga puna ne shtepi.
21:23
Aristotle thought that practical wisdom
525
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Aristoteli mendonte se zgjuarsia praktike
21:25
was the key to happiness,
526
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ishte celesi per lumturine,
21:27
and he was right.
527
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dhe ai kishte te drejte.
21:30
There's now a lot of research being done in psychology
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Tani ka shume kerkime ne psikologji
21:33
on what makes people happy,
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ne ate qe i ben njerezit te lumtur,
21:35
and the two things that jump out in study after study --
530
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dhe dy gjera qe dalin ne dukje ne studime
21:38
I know this will come as a shock to all of you --
531
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--E di qe kjo do t`ju shokoje --
21:40
the two things that matter most to happiness
532
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dy gjera qe jane me te rendesishme per lumturine
21:43
are love and work.
533
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jane dashuria dhe puna.
21:46
Love: managing successfully
534
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Dashuria: te menaxhosh ne menyre te sukseshme
21:49
relations with the people who are close to you
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lidhjet midis njerezve qe jane afer me ty
21:51
and with the communities of which you are a part.
536
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dhe te komuniteteve qe ben pjese.
21:54
Work: engaging in activities
537
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Puna: te perfshihesh ne aktivitete
21:57
that are meaningful and satisfying.
538
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qe kane kuptim dhe te sjellin kenaqesi.
22:00
If you have that, good close relations with other people,
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Ne qofte se ke kete, lidhje te mira me njerez te tjere,
22:03
work that's meaningful and fulfilling,
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pune qe ka kuptim dhe qe te kenaq,
22:06
you don't much need anything else.
541
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nuk ke nevoje per shume te tjera.
22:09
Well, to love well and to work well,
542
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Ne fakt, te duash mire dhe te punosh mire,
22:12
you need wisdom.
543
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ti ke nevoje per zgjuarsi.
22:14
Rules and incentives don't tell you
544
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Rregullat dhe nxitesat nuk te tregojne
22:16
how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,
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si te jesh nje mik i mire, si te jesh nje pacient i mire,
22:19
how to be a good spouse,
546
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si te jesh nje bashkeshort i mire,
22:21
or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer
547
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ose si te jesh nje doktor i mire ose nje gjykates i mire
22:23
or a good teacher.
548
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ose nje mesues i mire.
22:25
Rules and incentives
549
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Rregullat dhe incentivat
22:27
are no substitutes for wisdom.
550
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nuk zevendesojne zgjuarsine.
22:29
Indeed, we argue,
551
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Ne fakt, ne argumentojme,
22:31
there is no substitute for wisdom.
552
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qe nuk ka zevendesues per zgjuarsine.
22:34
And so practical wisdom
553
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Dhe qe zgjuarsia praktike
22:36
does not require
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nuk kerkon
22:38
heroic acts of self-sacrifice
555
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akte heroike per vete sakrifikim
22:41
on the part of practitioners.
556
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nga ana e praktikuesve.
22:44
In giving us the will and the skill
557
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Duke na dhene ne deshiren dhe aftesite
22:46
to do the right thing -- to do right by others --
558
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per te bere gjene e duhur - per te bere mire nepermjet te tjereve -
22:49
practical wisdom also gives us
559
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zgjuarsia praktike na jep gjithashtu
22:51
the will and the skill
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deshiren dhe aftesite
22:53
to do right by ourselves.
561
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per te bere mire nepermjet vetes tone.
22:56
Thanks.
562
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Ju falemnderit.
22:58
(Applause)
563
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(Duartrokitje)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - PsychologistBarry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.
Why you should listen
In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.
Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.
Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.
Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.
Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work.
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com