TED2014
Marc Kushner: Why the buildings of the future will be shaped by ... you
马克·库什纳: 为什么建筑的未来由你决定
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“建筑无关乎算数或空间——建筑是关于内心的情感，” 马克·库什纳说道。在一个彻底的——时常是有趣的——演讲中，他贯穿过去三十年建筑史，展示公众是如何成为建筑设计的一个重要组成。借助社交媒体的帮助，在建筑物完工之前，反馈信息就已送达建筑师手中。结果呢？建筑从此为我们带来更多。
Marc Kushner - Architect
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Today I'm going to speak to you
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今天我要跟大家讲述
00:15
about the last 30 years
of architectural history.
of architectural history.
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过去30年的建筑史。
00:19
That's a lot to pack into 18 minutes.
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太多东西要在这18分钟内讲述了。
00:22
It's a complex topic,
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这是一个复杂的题目，
00:23
so we're just going to dive right in
at a complex place:
at a complex place:
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那就让我们从这个复杂的地方开始：
00:28
New Jersey.
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新泽西。
00:29
Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey,
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三十年前，我住新泽西
00:32
and I was six, and I lived there
in my parents' house
in my parents' house
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那时我六岁，我住在父母家
00:36
in a town called Livingston,
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小镇名叫Livingston，
00:38
and this was my childhood bedroom.
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这是我儿时的卧室。
00:41
Around the corner from my bedroom
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在我卧室的角落
00:44
was the bathroom
that I used to share with my sister.
that I used to share with my sister.
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是我和姐姐共用的洗手间。
00:47
And in between my bedroom and the bathroom
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在我的卧室和浴室之间
00:50
was a balcony that overlooked
the family room.
the family room.
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是一个可以看到客厅的阳台。
00:53
And that's where everyone
would hang out and watch TV,
would hang out and watch TV,
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那是家人聚会，看电视的客厅，
00:57
so that every time that I walked
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
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每次我从卧室走去浴室的时候，
01:01
everyone would see me,
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每个人都能看到我，
01:02
and every time I took a shower
and would come back in a towel,
and would come back in a towel,
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每次我洗完澡
裹着浴巾走回卧室，
裹着浴巾走回卧室，
01:06
everyone would see me.
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每个人都能看到我，
01:08
And I looked like this.
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我看起来是这样。
01:10
I was awkward,
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我很尴尬，
01:13
insecure, and I hated it.
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没有安全感，我讨厌我的房间。
01:15
I hated that walk, I hated that balcony,
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我讨厌那段路，我讨厌那个阳台，
01:18
I hated that room, and I hated that house.
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我讨厌那个房间，我讨厌那个房子。
01:22
And that's architecture.
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那就是建筑。
01:24
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:26
Done.
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就这样。
01:28
That feeling, those emotions that I felt,
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那种感觉，那种情绪，
01:31
that's the power of architecture,
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那就是建筑的力量，
01:34
because architecture is not about math
and it's not about zoning,
and it's not about zoning,
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因为建筑并不有关于数学
也不关乎分区规划，
也不关乎分区规划，
01:37
it's about those visceral,
emotional connections
emotional connections
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建筑关乎本能，
以及我们对所占有空间的
以及我们对所占有空间的
01:41
that we feel to the places that we occupy.
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情感连接。
01:44
And it's no surprise
that we feel that way,
that we feel that way,
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也难怪我们有这样的感觉，
01:47
because according to the EPA,
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美国环境保护局的调查表明，
01:49
Americans spend 90 percent
of their time indoors.
of their time indoors.
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美国人90%的时间呆在室内。
01:54
That's 90 percent of our time
surrounded by architecture.
surrounded by architecture.
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也就是说，我们人生中
90%的时间被建筑物围绕着。
90%的时间被建筑物围绕着。
01:59
That's huge.
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真的太久了。
02:00
That means that architecture is shaping us
in ways that we didn't even realize.
in ways that we didn't even realize.
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建筑在我们不曾意识到的
多个方面形塑我们。
多个方面形塑我们。
02:05
That makes us a little bit gullible
and very, very predictable.
and very, very predictable.
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那让我们很容易受骗，
也非常，非常可以预测。
也非常，非常可以预测。
02:11
It means that when I show you
a building like this,
a building like this,
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当我将这个建筑展示给你的时候，
02:14
I know what you think:
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我知道你在想什么：
02:15
You think "power"
and "stability" and "democracy."
and "stability" and "democracy."
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你想到“权力” 和 “稳定”
还有“民主”。
还有“民主”。
02:19
And I know you think that
because it's based on a building
because it's based on a building
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我知道因为这个建筑
02:22
that was build 2,500 years ago
by the Greeks.
by the Greeks.
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是希腊人于2500年前建造的。
02:26
This is a trick.
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这是个骗局。
02:27
This is a trigger that architects use
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也就是说，建筑
02:30
to get you to create
an emotional connection
an emotional connection
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能够让你创造出那些
02:34
to the forms that we build
our buildings out of.
our buildings out of.
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我们想通过建筑物表达含义的
情感连结。
情感连结。
02:37
It's a predictable emotional connection,
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这是个可预测的情感连结，
02:39
and we've been using this trick
for a long, long time.
for a long, long time.
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我们使用这个诡计
很多很多年了。
很多很多年了。
02:43
We used it [200] years ago to build banks.
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我们用这个方法 [200] 年前
建造银行。
建造银行。
02:46
We used it in the 19th century
to build art museums.
to build art museums.
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我们19世纪建造艺术博物馆。
02:50
And in the 20th century in America,
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在20世纪的美洲，
02:52
we used it to build houses.
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我们用它来建筑房屋。
02:54
And look at these solid,
stable little soldiers
stable little soldiers
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看着这些坚固的小士兵
02:56
facing the ocean
and keeping away the elements.
and keeping away the elements.
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面朝大海，挡住这些东西。
03:00
This is really, really useful,
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这真的非常非常有效，
03:02
because building things is terrifying.
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因为建造东西真的很麻烦。
03:06
It's expensive, it takes a long time,
and it's very complicated.
and it's very complicated.
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非常昂贵，耗时，而且很麻烦。
03:10
And the people that build things --
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建筑房屋的人
03:13
developers and governments --
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──发展商和政府──
03:15
they're naturally afraid of innovation,
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他们天生就害怕创新，
03:18
and they'd rather just use those forms
that they know you'll respond to.
that they know you'll respond to.
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他们宁可选用这些你已熟知的风格。
03:23
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
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这就是为什么这样的建筑存在。
03:26
This is a nice building.
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这是个漂亮的建筑物。
03:27
This is the Livingston Public Library
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这是我家乡的Livingston公共图书馆
03:30
that was completed in 2004 in my hometown,
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于2004年完工，
03:33
and, you know, it's got a dome
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你知道的，它有圆形的屋顶
03:34
and it's got this round thing
and columns, red brick,
and columns, red brick,
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有这样的圆形设计和柱子，红色的砖，
03:38
and you can kind of guess what Livingston
is trying to say with this building:
is trying to say with this building:
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你可以由此猜测出Livingston
想要通过这个建筑表达些什么：
想要通过这个建筑表达些什么：
03:43
children, property values and history.
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儿童、财产价值和历史。
03:47
But it doesn't have much to do
with what a library actually does today.
with what a library actually does today.
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但这和现代图书馆的理念不大一样。
03:52
That same year, in 2004,
on the other side of the country,
on the other side of the country,
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同一年，2004年，
这个国家的另一端，
这个国家的另一端，
03:56
another library was completed,
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另一个图书馆完工了，
03:58
and it looks like this.
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就是这样。
03:59
It's in Seattle.
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在西雅图。
04:02
This library is about how
we consume media in a digital age.
we consume media in a digital age.
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这个图书馆关于在数字时代
我们是如何消费媒体的。
我们是如何消费媒体的。
04:07
It's about a new kind
of public amenity for the city,
of public amenity for the city,
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这是城市的一个新型的公众设施，
04:11
a place to gather and read and share.
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一个可以聚会，读书和分享生活的地方。
04:15
So how is it possible
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怎么会这样呢
04:16
that in the same year,
in the same country,
in the same country,
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在同一年，同一个国家，
04:20
two buildings, both called libraries,
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两个建筑物，都是图书馆，
04:22
look so completely different?
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却有着巨大的差别？
04:25
And the answer is that architecture works
on the principle of a pendulum.
on the principle of a pendulum.
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答案就是，建筑风格是摇摆不定的。
04:31
On the one side is innovation,
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一边是创新，
04:34
and architects are constantly pushing,
pushing for new technologies,
pushing for new technologies,
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建筑不断被推进，
加入新的科技元素，
加入新的科技元素，
04:38
new typologies, new solutions
for the way that we live today.
for the way that we live today.
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根据我们现代生活所需
新的类型，新的方案。
新的类型，新的方案。
04:41
And we push and we push and we push
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我们推进、推进、推进，
04:44
until we completely alienate all of you.
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直到我们完全疏远了你们。
04:46
We wear all black, we get very depressed,
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我们穿黑色，我们压力很大，
04:49
you think we're adorable,
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你认为我们很可爱，
04:51
we're dead inside because
we've got no choice.
we've got no choice.
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而我们内心已死，
因为别无选择。
因为别无选择。
04:54
We have to go to the other side
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我们走向另一端
04:56
and reengage those symbols
that we know you love.
that we know you love.
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重新找回那些我们了解到
你们热爱的符号。
你们热爱的符号。
05:00
So we do that, and you're happy,
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我们这样做，你们很开心。
05:02
we feel like sellouts,
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我们感受到客满演出，
05:04
so we start experimenting again
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于是又开始试验
05:06
and we push the pendulum back
and back and forth and back and forth
and back and forth and back and forth
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我们将钟摆推来推去，
推来推去
推来推去
05:09
we've gone for the last 300 years,
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过去的300年里我们这样做，
05:11
and certainly for the last 30 years.
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过去的30年也是如此。
05:14
Okay, 30 years ago
we were coming out of the '70s.
we were coming out of the '70s.
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好的，30年前
我们刚走过70年代。
我们刚走过70年代。
05:18
Architects had been busy experimenting
with something called brutalism.
with something called brutalism.
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建筑师们忙着试验某种叫做
粗野主义的艺术。
粗野主义的艺术。
05:22
It's about concrete.
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它是关于混凝土的艺术...
05:23
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:25
You can guess this.
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你可以想到。
05:26
Small windows, dehumanizing scale.
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小窗户，毫无人性的巨大规模。
05:29
This is really tough stuff.
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这些都很艰难。
05:32
So as we get closer to the '80s,
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然后我们快进入80年代了，
05:35
we start to reengage those symbols.
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我们开始重拾某些符号。
05:37
We push the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
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我们把钟摆推回到另一个方向。
05:40
We take these forms that we know you love
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你们热爱这样的建筑形式，
05:43
and we update them.
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我们就将它们改造升级。
05:45
We add neon
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我们加入霓虹
05:47
and we add pastels
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我们加入柔和的粉蜡色
05:49
and we use new materials.
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我们使用新型材料。
05:51
And you love it.
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人们爱死这样的建筑了。
05:52
And we can't give you enough of it.
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我们不断地建造。
05:54
We take Chippendale armoires
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我们取材自齐本德尔式衣橱
05:56
and we turned those into skyscrapers,
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将它们变成摩天大楼，
05:59
and skyscrapers can be
medieval castles made out of glass.
medieval castles made out of glass.
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这些摩天大楼像是
用玻璃制造的中世纪古堡。
用玻璃制造的中世纪古堡。
06:04
Forms got big,
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这些建筑变得更大，
06:05
forms got bold and colorful.
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设计更大胆，更色彩丰富。
06:08
Dwarves became columns.
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小矮人式的柱子。
06:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:12
Swans grew to the size of buildings.
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天鹅从建筑顶上长出来。
06:14
It was crazy.
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太疯狂了。
06:16
But it's the '80s, it's cool.
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这就是80年代，很酷。
06:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:21
We're all hanging out in malls
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我们在大型商场里游玩，
06:23
and we're all moving to the suburbs,
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我们在郊区生活，
06:26
and out there, out in the suburbs,
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在那里，在郊区，
06:28
we can create our own
architectural fantasies.
architectural fantasies.
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我们可以按自己的幻想
建筑房屋。
建筑房屋。
06:32
And those fantasies,
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这些奇思幻想
06:33
they can be Mediterranean
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可以是地中海风情，
06:35
or French
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或是法式优雅，
06:37
or Italian.
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或是意大利风格。
06:39
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:40
Possibly with endless breadsticks.
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也许源源不绝供应面包条儿。
06:42
This is the thing about postmodernism.
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这就是后现代。
06:44
This is the thing about symbols.
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这就是符号的意义。
06:46
They're easy, they're cheap,
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简单、便宜，
06:49
because instead of making places,
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我们不是建造住所，
06:52
we're making memories of places.
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而是建造记忆中的住所。
06:55
Because I know,
and I know all of you know,
and I know all of you know,
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因为我知道，
我想各位也都知道，
我想各位也都知道，
06:57
this isn't Tuscany.
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这不是意大利托斯卡纳。
07:00
This is Ohio.
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这是俄亥俄州。
07:01
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:02
So architects get frustrated,
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就这样，建筑师感到沮丧了，
07:04
and we start pushing the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
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于是我们把钟摆又推回了另一个方向。
07:08
In the late '80s and early '90s,
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在80年代末，90年代初期，
07:10
we start experimenting with something
called deconstructivism.
called deconstructivism.
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我们开始试验解构主义。
07:14
We throw out historical symbols,
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我们找出历史符号，
07:17
we rely on new, computer-aided
design techniques,
design techniques,
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我们用新的电脑辅助设计技术，
07:21
and we come up with new compositions,
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我们推出新的艺术作品，
07:23
forms crashing into forms.
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各种形式撞击在一起。
07:26
This is academic and heady stuff,
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这太学术太费脑筋了，
07:29
it's super unpopular,
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这样的建筑非常不受欢迎，
07:31
we totally alienate you.
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建筑师们疏远了人群。
07:32
Ordinarily, the pendulum would just
swing back into the other direction.
swing back into the other direction.
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通常来说，钟摆将会摇去另一个方向。
07:37
And then, something amazing happened.
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随后，有意思的事情发生了。
07:40
In 1997, this building opened.
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在1997年，这个建筑投入使用了。
07:43
This is the Guggenheim Bilbao,
by Frank Gehry.
by Frank Gehry.
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这是在西班牙毕尔巴鄂的古根海姆博物馆，
由弗兰克·盖里设计建筑。
由弗兰克·盖里设计建筑。
07:48
And this building
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就是这个建筑
07:49
fundamentally changes
the world's relationship to architecture.
the world's relationship to architecture.
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颠覆了世界与建筑的关系。
07:54
Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao
was one of those rare moments
was one of those rare moments
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保罗·戈德伯格说，毕尔巴鄂的
这个建筑很难得地
这个建筑很难得地
07:58
when critics, academics,
and the general public
and the general public
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获得到批评家、学术界人士，
还有普通民众
还有普通民众
08:01
were completely united around a building.
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的一致好评。
08:05
The New York Times
called this building a miracle.
called this building a miracle.
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纽约时报称这个建筑为
一个奇迹。
一个奇迹。
08:09
Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent
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在这个建筑完工后，
毕尔巴鄂的游客数量
增长了25倍。
增长了25倍。
08:14
after this building was completed.
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08:16
So all of a sudden, everybody
wants one of these buildings:
wants one of these buildings:
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突然间，所有人都想要有这样的建筑：
08:21
L.A.,
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洛杉矶、
08:23
Seattle,
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西雅图、
08:25
Chicago,
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芝加哥、
08:26
New York,
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纽约、
08:28
Cleveland,
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克利夫兰、
08:30
Springfield.
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Springfield
（动画片辛普森的一家所居住的小镇）
（动画片辛普森的一家所居住的小镇）
08:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:32
Everybody wants one,
and Gehry is everywhere.
and Gehry is everywhere.
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每个人都想要这样的建筑，
盖里的设计随处可见。
盖里的设计随处可见。
08:36
He is our very first starchitect.
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他是第一位明星建筑师。
08:39
Now, how is it possible
that these forms --
that these forms --
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这样的建筑设计怎么会
受到热烈欢迎 --
受到热烈欢迎 --
08:44
they're wild and radical --
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它们狂野又激进 --
08:46
how is it possible that they become
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
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全世界范围内怎么会
无所不在呢？
无所不在呢？
08:51
And it happened because media
so successfully galvanized around them
so successfully galvanized around them
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这要归功于媒体成功地包装，
08:56
that they quickly taught us
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
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它们很快速地传递了信号：
这建筑形式有文化内涵，而且可以吸引游客。
这建筑形式有文化内涵，而且可以吸引游客。
09:03
We created an emotional
reaction to these forms.
reaction to these forms.
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人们与这样的建筑形式
建立了情感联系。
建立了情感联系。
09:06
So did every mayor in the world.
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世界上的市长们也是这样想的。
09:08
So every mayor knew
that if they had these forms,
that if they had these forms,
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所有市长都认为
如果所在城市有这样的建筑，
如果所在城市有这样的建筑，
09:11
they had culture and tourism.
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他们就有文化，有游客。
09:15
This phenomenon
at the turn of the new millennium
at the turn of the new millennium
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这样的现象出现在
进入21世纪的那些年
进入21世纪的那些年
09:18
happened to a few other starchitects.
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也捧红了一些其他的明星建筑师。
09:20
It happened to Zaha
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被捧红的还有扎哈
09:22
and it happened to Libeskind,
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还有里伯斯金，
09:25
and what happened
to these elite few architects
to these elite few architects
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发生于这些少数精英建筑师身上的现象
09:29
at the turn of the new millennium
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在千禧年即将到来的时候
09:31
could actually start to happen
to the entire field of architecture,
to the entire field of architecture,
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也在整个建筑界中弥散开来了，
09:35
as digital media starts
to increase the speed
to increase the speed
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因为让我们得以获取信息的数字媒体
09:38
with which we consume information.
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开始加速了。
09:41
Because think about
how you consume architecture.
how you consume architecture.
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想想你是如何消费建筑。
09:44
A thousand years ago,
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一千年前，
09:45
you would have had to have walked to
the village next door to see a building.
the village next door to see a building.
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你需要步行到隔壁村落去看一个建筑。
09:49
Transportation speeds up:
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交通运输业的高速发展：
09:51
You can take a boat, you can take a plane,
you can be a tourist.
you can be a tourist.
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你可以乘船，你可以搭飞机，
你可以当一名游客。
你可以当一名游客。
09:54
Technology speeds up:
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
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科学技术高速发展：
你可以在报纸上、电视上欣赏建筑，
你可以在报纸上、电视上欣赏建筑，
09:57
until finally, we are all
architectural photographers,
architectural photographers,
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最终，我们都成为了建筑摄影师，
10:01
and the building has become
disembodied from the site.
disembodied from the site.
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建筑不再只是实体。
10:06
Architecture is everywhere now,
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现在，建筑无处不在，
10:10
and that means that
the speed of communication
the speed of communication
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这意味着通讯的速度
10:13
has finally caught up
to the speed of architecture.
to the speed of architecture.
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终于赶上了建筑发展的速度。
10:17
Because architecture
actually moves quite quickly.
actually moves quite quickly.
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建筑发展非常迅速。
10:19
It doesn't take long
to think about a building.
to think about a building.
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观赏评论一个建筑不需要很久。
10:22
It takes a long time to build a building,
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但建成一座建筑却要很长时间，
10:24
three or four years,
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三到四年，
10:27
and in the interim, an architect
will design two or eight
will design two or eight
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在这期间，建筑师要设计
2个，8个，或
2个，8个，或
10:30
or a hundred other buildings
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也许是100个其他建筑，
10:33
before they know if that building
that they designed four years ago
that they designed four years ago
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他们甚至不知道自己4年前
10:37
was a success or not.
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设计的建筑成功与否。
10:39
That's because there's never been
a good feedback loop in architecture.
a good feedback loop in architecture.
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因为建筑里没有一个意见反馈处。
10:44
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
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因此我们最终得到这样的建筑。
10:47
Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement,
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粗野主义不是两年的运动，
10:50
it was a 20-year movement.
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而是长达20年的运动。
10:52
For 20 years, we were producing
buildings like this
buildings like this
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长达20年的时间，
我们建造这样的建筑
我们建造这样的建筑
10:56
because we had no idea
how much you hated it.
how much you hated it.
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因为我们并不知道
你们是如此厌恶它们。
你们是如此厌恶它们。
11:00
It's never going to happen again,
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这样的事再也不会发生了，
11:03
I think,
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我想，
11:05
because we are living on the verge
of the greatest revolution in architecture
of the greatest revolution in architecture
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因为我们处在
最伟大的建筑革命的边缘，
最伟大的建筑革命的边缘，
11:11
since the invention of concrete,
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这是继发明混凝土，
11:13
of steel, or of the elevator,
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发明钢铁，或是发明电梯之后的
11:16
and it's a media revolution.
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一次媒体革命。
11:19
So my theory is that when
you apply media to this pendulum,
you apply media to this pendulum,
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我的理论是，当我们将媒体
与这个钟摆结合之后，
与这个钟摆结合之后，
11:23
it starts swinging faster and faster,
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2861
摆动速度加快了，
11:26
until it's at both extremes
nearly simultaneously,
nearly simultaneously,
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直到摇摆
同时达到两边的极限，
同时达到两边的极限，
11:30
and that effectively blurs the difference
between innovation and symbol,
between innovation and symbol,
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这高效地模糊了，
创新和传统符号间的不同，
创新和传统符号间的不同，
11:35
between us, the architects,
and you, the public.
and you, the public.
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我们建筑师和你们公众间的不同。
11:39
Now we can make nearly instantaneous,
emotionally charged symbols
emotionally charged symbols
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现在我们可以用全新的事物创建
11:45
out of something that's brand new.
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瞬间产生的情绪化的符号。
11:48
Let me show you how this plays out
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让我展示这是怎么进行的
11:50
in a project that my firm
recently completed.
recently completed.
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这是我的建筑事务所最近完成的项目。
11:52
We were hired to replace this building,
which burned down.
which burned down.
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我们受雇去重建这座被烧毁的建筑。
11:56
This is the center of a town
called the Pines
called the Pines
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这座建筑位于小镇派恩斯的中心
11:58
in Fire Island in New York State.
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小镇位于纽约州的火烧岛。
12:00
It's a vacation community.
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这是一个度假社区。
12:02
We proposed a building that was audacious,
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3753
我们提出了一个创新大胆的设计建议，
12:06
that was different than any of the forms
that the community was used to,
that the community was used to,
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和这个社区出现过的任何形式的建筑都不同，
12:10
and we were scared
and our client was scared
and our client was scared
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我们担心会吓到客户，
12:14
and the community was scared,
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吓到社区的人们，
12:16
so we created a series
of photorealistic renderings
of photorealistic renderings
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于是我们制作了一系列逼真的视觉图片，
12:20
that we put onto Facebook
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把它们放到Facebook
12:22
and we put onto Instagram,
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和Instagram上，
12:24
and we let people start
to do what they do:
to do what they do:
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让人们去
分享、评论、点赞，或是厌恶它。
12:26
share it, comment, like it, hate it.
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12:30
But that meant that two years
before the building was complete,
before the building was complete,
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这意味着在建筑完工前两年，
12:34
it was already a part of the community,
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它已经是这个社区的一部分了，
12:37
so that when the renderings
looked exactly like the finished product,
looked exactly like the finished product,
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所以当完工的作品和视觉图
看起来一模一样的时候，
看起来一模一样的时候，
12:44
there were no surprises.
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就不会带来惊讶之感。
12:46
This building was already a part
of this community,
of this community,
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这座建筑已经是社区的一个部分，
12:50
and then that first summer,
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第一个夏天，
12:52
when people started arriving
and sharing the building on social media,
and sharing the building on social media,
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人们来到这里，在社交媒体上分享照片，
12:56
the building ceased to be just an edifice
and it became media,
and it became media,
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5487
这个只想成为建筑物的建筑
变成了媒体，
变成了媒体，
13:01
because these, these are not
just pictures of a building,
just pictures of a building,
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3783
因为这，这不仅仅是建筑的照片。
13:05
they're your pictures of a building.
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2387
它们是你拍摄的建筑相片。
13:08
And as you use them to tell your story,
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3287
你通过这样的照片来讲述故事，
13:11
they become part
of your personal narrative,
of your personal narrative,
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建筑成为了你个人叙事的一个部分，
13:14
and what you're doing
is you're short-circuiting
is you're short-circuiting
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你在做的事情，就是短暂回顾
13:18
all of our collective memory,
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我们共同的记忆，
13:20
and you're making these charged symbols
for us to understand.
for us to understand.
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你在创造这些让我们理解的符号，
13:25
That means we don't need
the Greeks anymore
the Greeks anymore
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这意味着我们不再需要希腊
13:27
to tell us what to think
about architecture.
about architecture.
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来告诉我们建筑的意义。
13:30
We can tell each other
what we think about architecture,
what we think about architecture,
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4025
我们可以分享自己有关建筑的想法，
13:34
because digital media hasn't just changed
the relationship between all of us,
the relationship between all of us,
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因为数字媒体不仅改变了
人与人间的关系，
人与人间的关系，
13:39
it's changed the relationship
between us and buildings.
between us and buildings.
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它改变了我们和建筑的关系。
13:44
Think for a second about
those librarians back in Livingston.
those librarians back in Livingston.
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想象那些在Livingston的图书馆员。
13:48
If that building was going
to be built today,
to be built today,
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如果今天我们要新建图书馆，
13:50
the first thing they would do is go online
and search "new libraries."
and search "new libraries."
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4644
他们得知消息后会做的第一件事就是
上网去搜索“新图书馆”。
上网去搜索“新图书馆”。
13:55
They would be bombarded by examples
of experimentation, of innovation,
of experimentation, of innovation,
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他们会被建筑范例信息轰炸，
实验性的、创新型的、
实验性的、创新型的、
14:00
of pushing at the envelope
of what a library can be.
of what a library can be.
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尝试打破常规的图书馆建筑样例。
14:04
That's ammunition.
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1343
这些都是有力的信息冲击。
14:06
That's ammunition
that they can take with them
that they can take with them
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2335
那是人们可以带着的信息冲击，
14:09
to the mayor of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
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3125
给Livingston的市长、群众，
14:12
and say, there's no one answer
to what a library is today.
to what a library is today.
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3959
然后说，现代图书馆没有既定的模式。
14:16
Let's be a part of this.
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1485
让我们成为它的一部分。
14:18
This abundance of experimentation
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丰富的实验过程
14:21
gives them the freedom
to run their own experiment.
to run their own experiment.
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给予他们实验的自主性。
14:26
Everything is different now.
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2212
当今一切都不同了。
14:28
Architects are no longer
these mysterious creatures
these mysterious creatures
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3355
建筑师不再是神奇的生物，
14:32
that use big words
and complicated drawings,
and complicated drawings,
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2495
滥用夸张的术语和繁琐的绘图，
14:34
and you aren't the hapless public,
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2960
你们也不再是倒霉的公众，
14:37
the consumer that won't accept
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
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3535
客户不再接受那些他们没见过的东西。
14:42
Architects can hear you,
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1733
建筑师能与你沟通，
14:44
and you're not intimidated
by architecture.
by architecture.
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2104
你不再为建筑感到不适。
14:47
That means that that pendulum
swinging back and forth
swinging back and forth
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3382
这意味着钟摆来回摆动，
14:51
from style to style,
from movement to movement,
from movement to movement,
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2978
不同的风格、
不同的艺术运动，
不同的艺术运动，
14:54
is irrelevant.
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1281
已无关紧要。
14:55
We can actually move forward
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2600
我们可以向前
寻找有效解决
社会急迫问题的方法。
社会急迫问题的方法。
14:58
and find relevant solutions
to the problems that our society faces.
to the problems that our society faces.
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15:03
This is the end of architectural history,
295
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3442
这是建筑史的终点，
15:07
and it means that
the buildings of tomorrow
the buildings of tomorrow
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2868
它意味着，未来的建筑
15:10
are going to look a lot different
than the buildings of today.
than the buildings of today.
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3163
会与当今的建筑有很大差别。
15:14
It means that a public space
in the ancient city of Seville
in the ancient city of Seville
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4408
这意味着，塞维利亚古老城市的
某块公共空地
某块公共空地
15:18
can be unique and tailored
to the way that a modern city works.
to the way that a modern city works.
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4184
可以是独特的以现代城市功能
打造的区块。
打造的区块。
15:23
It means that a stadium in Brooklyn
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
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这意味建在布鲁克林的体育场
可以是一个属于布鲁克林风格的体育场，
可以是一个属于布鲁克林风格的体育场，
15:28
not some red-brick historical pastiche
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2762
而不是我们脑中体育场该有的
15:31
of what we think a stadium ought to be.
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2480
模仿红砖历史建筑的模样。
15:34
It means that robots are going
to build our buildings,
to build our buildings,
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这意味着机器人可以去建造房屋，
15:37
because we're finally ready for the forms
that they're going to produce.
that they're going to produce.
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3617
因为我们已经能够接受机器建造的房屋。
15:41
And it means that buildings
will twist to the whims of nature
will twist to the whims of nature
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这还意味着，建筑会为了大自然而改变
而不是大自然为了建筑而改变。
15:45
instead of the other way around.
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933717
1803
15:48
It means that a parking garage
in Miami Beach, Florida,
in Miami Beach, Florida,
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3604
这意味着佛罗里达迈阿密海滩的车库，
15:52
can also be a place for sports
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2484
也可以是一个运动场所
15:54
and for yoga
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瑜伽会馆
15:56
and you can even
get married there late at night.
get married there late at night.
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晚上你甚至可以在那里举办结婚。
15:58
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
15:59
It means that three architects
can dream about swimming
can dream about swimming
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这意味着三个建筑师能够梦想
16:04
in the East River of New York,
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1920
在纽约东河游泳，
16:05
and then raise nearly
half a million dollars
half a million dollars
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从围绕在附近的社区客户群
16:08
from a community
that gathered around their cause,
that gathered around their cause,
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3328
募集近50万美元，
16:11
no one client anymore.
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建筑师们的客户不再是单一的。
16:14
It means that no building
is too small for innovation,
is too small for innovation,
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这意味着，再小的建筑也能创新，
16:17
like this little reindeer pavilion
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2198
就像这个驯鹿观赏馆
16:19
that's as muscly and sinewy
as the animals it's designed to observe.
as the animals it's designed to observe.
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5091
如同它要观察的驯鹿般强健有力。
16:25
And it means that a building
doesn't have to be beautiful
doesn't have to be beautiful
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2738
这意味着建筑无需是漂亮的
16:28
to be lovable,
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1293
惹人喜爱的，
16:29
like this ugly little building in Spain,
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3015
就像西班牙这个丑丑的小房子，
16:32
where the architects dug a hole,
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2481
建筑师挖了一个洞，
16:35
packed it with hay,
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1382
用甘草填充，
16:36
and then poured concrete around it,
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2333
注入混凝土，
16:39
and when the concrete dried,
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1640
当混凝土干燥后，
16:40
they invited someone to come
and clean that hay out
and clean that hay out
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3560
他们邀请某位牛来讲甘草清理干净
16:44
so that all that's left when it's done
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2931
所留下的
16:47
is this hideous little room
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2675
就是这个丑陋的小屋子
16:50
that's filled with the imprints
and scratches of how that place was made,
and scratches of how that place was made,
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5954
充满建筑它时留下的痕迹和沧桑，
16:56
and that becomes the most sublime place
to watch a Spanish sunset.
to watch a Spanish sunset.
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4484
这个建筑成了欣赏西班牙日落
最庄严的地方。
最庄严的地方。
17:01
Because it doesn't matter
if a cow builds our buildings
if a cow builds our buildings
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3355
因为真的无关紧要，
无论是牛为我们建造的
无论是牛为我们建造的
17:05
or a robot builds our buildings.
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1810
还是机器人建造的，
17:06
It doesn't matter how we build,
it matters what we build.
it matters what we build.
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3348
也无关于建筑的过程，
重要的是我们的建造了什么。
重要的是我们的建造了什么。
17:10
Architects already know how
to make buildings that are greener
to make buildings that are greener
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3425
建筑师知道如何建造更加绿色、
17:14
and smarter and friendlier.
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2158
更加智能、更加人性化的建筑。
17:16
We've just been waiting
for all of you to want them.
for all of you to want them.
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2574
我们只是等待人们开始想要这样的建筑。
17:20
And finally, we're not
on opposite sides anymore.
on opposite sides anymore.
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3328
最终，我们不再站在对立面。
17:23
Find an architect, hire an architect,
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2972
找一个建筑师、雇一个建筑师，
17:26
work with us to design better buildings,
better cities, and a better world,
better cities, and a better world,
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1034953
5817
与我们一起设计更好的建筑、
更好的城市、更好的世界，
更好的城市、更好的世界，
17:32
because the stakes are high.
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2240
因为赌注很高。
17:35
Buildings don't just reflect our society,
they shape our society
they shape our society
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5190
建筑不只反映了我们的社会，
建筑塑造着社会，
建筑塑造着社会，
17:40
down to the smallest spaces:
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2052
从生活中最小的空间：
17:42
the local libraries,
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2004
地方图书馆，
17:44
the homes where we raise our children,
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2429
我们养育子女的家，
17:47
and the walk that they take
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
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3193
从卧室走向浴室的那条路。
17:51
Thank you.
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1100
谢谢。
17:52
(Applause)
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3000
（鼓掌）
Translated by Zhiting Chen
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Kushner - ArchitectWith Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings.
Why you should listen
Marc Kushner is a practicing architect who splits his time between designing buildings at HWKN, the architecture firm he cofounded, and amassing the world’s architecture on the website he runs, Architizer.com. Both have the same mission: to reconnect the public with architecture.
Kushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
More profile about the speakerKushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
Marc Kushner | Speaker | TED.com