TED Talks Live
Sam Kass: Want kids to learn well? Feed them well
山姆·卡斯: 想教好孩子们？先把他们喂好
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如果孩子处在饥饿或充满糖分缺少营养的饮食之中时，我们能够期待他们学到什么了？前白宫主厨，食物政策专家山姆·卡斯讨论了学校除了育人头脑之外，在增强学生体魄方面所起到的重要作用。
Sam Kass - Food entrepreneur
Sam Kass's work connects nutrition and education in an effort to make sure future generations thrive. Full bio
Sam Kass's work connects nutrition and education in an effort to make sure future generations thrive. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我是一个大厨，
00:12
I am a chef
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也是一个食物政策专家，
00:14
and a food policy guy,
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但是我来自一个教师家庭。
00:16
but I come from a whole
family of teachers.
family of teachers.
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我的姐姐是芝加哥的
一个特殊教育老师，
一个特殊教育老师，
00:20
My sister is a special ed
teacher in Chicago.
teacher in Chicago.
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我的父亲当了25年的
五年级老师，刚刚退休。
五年级老师，刚刚退休。
00:23
My father just retired
after 25 years teaching fifth grade.
after 25 years teaching fifth grade.
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我的姑姑和叔叔是教授。
00:28
My aunt and uncle were professors.
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我的堂兄妹都是老师。
00:30
My cousins all teach.
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基本上我家里的所有人
除了我都是老师。
除了我都是老师。
00:32
Everybody in my family, basically,
teaches except for me.
teaches except for me.
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他们教会我得到正确答案的唯一方式
00:36
They taught me that the only way
to get the right answers
to get the right answers
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就是问出正确的问题。
00:41
is to ask the right questions.
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所以当谈到
00:45
So what are the right questions
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提高我们孩子的教育水平，
什么才是正确的问题？
什么才是正确的问题？
00:46
when it comes to improving
the educational outcomes for our children?
the educational outcomes for our children?
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00:52
There's obviously
many important questions,
many important questions,
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显而易见有很多重要的问题，
00:54
but I think the following
is a good place to start:
is a good place to start:
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但是我觉得可以从这个问题开始：
00:58
What do we think the connection is
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我们认为孩子发育中的头脑和
01:00
between a child's growing mind
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他们发育中的身体
01:03
and their growing body?
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有什么联系？
01:06
What can we expect our kids to learn
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我们能够期望我们的孩子学到什么，
01:08
if their diets are full of sugar
and empty of nutrients?
and empty of nutrients?
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如果他们的饮食充满糖分却缺少营养？
01:13
What can they possibly learn
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如果他们的身体
01:15
if their bodies
are literally going hungry?
are literally going hungry?
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经常处于饥饿状态，
他们怎么可能学到东西呢？
他们怎么可能学到东西呢？
01:20
And with all the resources
that we are pouring into schools,
that we are pouring into schools,
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我们向学校投入了大量的资源，
01:24
we should stop and ask ourselves:
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但我们应该停下自问：
01:26
Are we really setting our kids
up for success?
up for success?
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“我们真的在为孩子们的成功铺路吗？”
01:30
Now, a few years ago,
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几年前，
01:32
I was a judge on a cooking
competition called "Chopped."
competition called "Chopped."
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我是一个烹饪节目
“厨艺大战（Chopped）”的裁判。
“厨艺大战（Chopped）”的裁判。
01:35
Its four chefs compete
with mystery ingredients
with mystery ingredients
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大厨们用神秘食材比拼，
01:39
to see who can cook the best dishes.
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看谁能煮出最棒的菜肴。
01:42
Except for this episode --
it was a very special one.
it was a very special one.
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除了某一集，这集非常特殊。
01:47
Instead of four overzealous chefs
trying to break into the limelight --
trying to break into the limelight --
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不是四个专业的大厨
尝试得到公众的注意——
尝试得到公众的注意——
01:50
something that I would know
nothing about --
nothing about --
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01:52
(Laughter)
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对这个我不太了解——
01:53
These chefs were school chefs --
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（笑声）
这些大厨是学校厨师；
01:56
you know, the women that you used
to call "lunch ladies,"
to call "lunch ladies,"
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就是那些被你们称为“食堂大婶儿”的人，
01:59
but the ones I insist
we call "school chefs."
we call "school chefs."
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但我坚持叫她们“校园厨师”。
02:03
Now, these women -- God bless
these women --
these women --
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这些女人——她们非常伟大——
02:06
spend their day cooking
for thousands of kids,
for thousands of kids,
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每天为上千个孩子做饭，
02:10
breakfast and lunch,
with only $2.68 per lunch,
with only $2.68 per lunch,
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早餐和午餐，每份午餐
只有2.68美元的预算，
只有2.68美元的预算，
02:13
with only about a dollar of that
actually going to the food.
actually going to the food.
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而其中只有一美元真正花在了食物上。
02:17
Now, in this episode,
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02:19
the main course mystery
ingredient was quinoa.
ingredient was quinoa.
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在这集节目中，
主要的神秘食材是藜麦。
02:22
Now, I know it's been a long time
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02:24
since most of you have had a school lunch,
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我知道距离你们大多数人
02:26
and we've made a lot
of progress on nutrition,
of progress on nutrition,
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上次吃学校午餐已经很久了，
02:28
but quinoa still is not a staple
in most school cafeterias.
in most school cafeterias.
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我们已经在营养上取得了很大进步，
但是藜麦依旧不是学校餐厅的主食。
02:32
(Laughter)
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02:34
So this was a challenge.
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（笑声）
02:36
But the dish that I will never forget
was cooked by a woman
was cooked by a woman
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所以这是一个挑战。
但是我永远不会忘记一个
名叫谢丽尔·巴巴拉的女人
名叫谢丽尔·巴巴拉的女人
02:39
named Cheryl Barbara.
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02:41
Cheryl was the nutrition director
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所煮的菜。
02:43
at High School in the Community
in Connecticut.
in Connecticut.
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谢丽尔是康涅狄格州社区高中的
营养负责人。
02:46
She cooked this delicious pasta.
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她能煮美味的意大利面食。
02:48
It was amazing.
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02:49
It was a pappardelle with Italian sausage,
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非常好吃。
是宽面条配意大利香肠，
02:52
kale, Parmesan cheese.
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甘蓝和帕玛森芝士。
02:54
It was delicious, like,
restaurant-quality good, except --
restaurant-quality good, except --
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非常美味，达到了餐馆水准，
02:57
she basically just threw the quinoa,
pretty much uncooked,
pretty much uncooked,
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除了她基本上只是把没熟的藜麦
03:01
into the dish.
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03:02
It was a strange choice,
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扔进面里。
这是一个奇怪的选择，
03:04
and it was super crunchy.
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而且吃起来非常脆。
03:07
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:09
So I took on the TV accusatory judge thing
that you're supposed to do,
that you're supposed to do,
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所以我做了电视节目裁判应该做的，
03:14
and I asked her why she did that.
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我问她为什么这样做。
03:17
Cheryl responded, "Well, first,
I don't know what quinoa is."
I don't know what quinoa is."
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谢丽尔回答：“好吧，
首先我不知道藜麦是什么。”
首先我不知道藜麦是什么。”
03:20
(Laughter)
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03:21
"But I do know that it's a Monday,
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（笑声）
“但是我知道今天是周一，
03:25
and that in my school,
at High School in the Community,
at High School in the Community,
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在我的社区高中，
03:29
I always cook pasta."
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我总是会煮意大利面。”
03:31
See, Cheryl explained
that for many of her kids,
that for many of her kids,
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谢丽尔解释说，很多她的孩子，
03:34
there were no meals on the weekends.
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在周末没办法吃到饭。
03:39
No meals on Saturday.
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周六没有东西吃。
03:42
No meals on Sunday, either.
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周日也没有。
03:45
So she cooked pasta
because she wanted to make sure
because she wanted to make sure
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所以她煮意大利面，因为她想保证
03:48
she cooked something she knew
her children would eat.
her children would eat.
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煮一些孩子一定会吃的东西。
03:53
Something that would
stick to their ribs, she said.
stick to their ribs, she said.
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一些有足够营养的东西，她说。
03:57
Something that would fill them up.
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一些能够填饱他们的东西。
04:01
By the time Monday came,
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04:04
her kids' hunger pangs were so intense
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谢丽尔还提到，周一来临的时候，
04:06
that they couldn't even begin
to think about learning.
to think about learning.
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她的孩子都感到非常饥饿，
04:10
Food was the only thing on their mind.
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以至于无法专心学习。
孩子们满脑子都只有食物。
04:16
The only thing.
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04:18
And unfortunately, the stats --
they tell the same story.
they tell the same story.
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04:22
So, let's put this
into the context of a child.
into the context of a child.
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只想吃东西。
不幸的是，数据也验证了这一点。
04:26
And we're going to focus on
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让我们举一个孩子的例子，
04:28
the most important meal
of the day, breakfast.
of the day, breakfast.
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04:30
Meet Allison.
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04:31
She's 12 years old,
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我们会着重关注
04:33
she's smart as a whip
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一天中最重要的一餐，早餐。
04:34
and she wants to be a physicist
when she grows up.
when she grows up.
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这是艾莉森。
她12岁，
04:37
If Allison goes to a school
that serves a nutritious breakfast
that serves a nutritious breakfast
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非常聪明，
而且她长大想成为一个物理学家。
04:41
to all of their kids,
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04:43
here's what's going to follow.
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如果艾莉森去一个向所有学生
提供营养丰富的
提供营养丰富的
04:45
Her chances of getting a nutritious meal,
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免费早餐的学校，
04:48
one with fruit and milk,
one lower in sugar and salt,
one lower in sugar and salt,
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接下来会这样。
她能够得到一顿营养餐，
04:51
dramatically increase.
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04:54
Allison will have a lower rate
of obesity than the average kid.
of obesity than the average kid.
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一顿有水果和牛奶，低糖低盐的饭菜的
机会会大幅增加。
04:58
She'll have to visit the nurse less.
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艾莉森患有肥胖的几率会低于平均值。
05:00
She'll have lower levels
of anxiety and depression.
of anxiety and depression.
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她不需要经常去看医生。
05:04
She'll have better behavior.
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不容易焦虑，或者沮丧。
05:05
She'll have better attendance,
and she'll show up on time more often.
and she'll show up on time more often.
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她会有更好的表现，
05:08
Why?
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她会有更好的出席率，
更经常准时上课。
更经常准时上课。
05:10
Well, because there's a good meal
waiting for her at school.
waiting for her at school.
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为什么？
05:13
Overall, Allison is in much better health
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因为有一顿好的早餐在学校等着她。
05:17
than the average school kid.
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总而言之，艾莉森的健康状况
05:19
So what about that kid
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05:21
who doesn't have a nutritious
breakfast waiting for him?
breakfast waiting for him?
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要好于平均水平。
那么那个
05:24
Well, meet Tommy.
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没有营养早餐
等着他的孩子会怎么样？
等着他的孩子会怎么样？
05:26
He's also 12. He's a wonderful kid.
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来看看汤米。
05:28
He wants to be a doctor.
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他也是12岁，一个很棒的孩子。
05:31
By the time Tommy is in kindergarten,
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他想成为一个医生。
05:32
he's already underperforming in math.
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汤米上幼儿园的时候，
数学已经成了他的弱项。
05:36
By the time he's in third grade,
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05:38
he's got lower math and reading scores.
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在三年级的时候，
他在数学和阅读上成绩更低了。
05:42
By the time he's 11,
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05:44
it's more likely that Tommy will have
to have repeated a grade.
to have repeated a grade.
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到他11岁的时候，
汤米很有可能会复读一年。
05:49
Research shows that kids
who do not have consistent nourishment,
who do not have consistent nourishment,
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05:52
particularly at breakfast,
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研究显示，没有持续摄取到营养的孩子，
05:53
have poor cognitive function overall.
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特别是早餐，
学习能力都有所欠缺。
05:59
So how widespread is this problem?
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06:02
Well, unfortunately, it's pervasive.
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那么这个问题有多广泛呢？
06:05
Let me give you two stats
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不幸的是，它到处存在。
06:06
that seem like they're on opposite
ends of the issue,
ends of the issue,
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让我给你们两个数据，
06:09
but are actually two sides
of the same coin.
of the same coin.
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看起来它们和问题表现的相反，
06:12
On the one hand,
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但是其实是一个硬币的两面。
06:14
one in six Americans are food insecure,
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一方面，
06:17
including 16 million children --
almost 20 percent --
almost 20 percent --
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六分之一的美国人的
食物没有保障，
食物没有保障，
包括一千六百万孩子，几乎占到20%，
06:21
are food insecure.
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06:23
In this city alone, in New York City,
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食物没有保障。
06:26
474,000 kids under the age of 18
face hunger every year.
face hunger every year.
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在这个城市，纽约城，
每年有四十七万未成年人食不果腹。
06:33
It's crazy.
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06:34
On the other hand,
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难以置信。
06:36
diet and nutrition is the number one cause
of preventable death and disease
of preventable death and disease
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另一方面，
饮食和营养是可预防死亡
和疾病的首要原因，
和疾病的首要原因，
06:41
in this country, by far.
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06:43
And fully a third of the kids
that we've been talking about tonight
that we've been talking about tonight
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至少在这个国家是这样。
06:46
are on track to have diabetes
in their lifetime.
in their lifetime.
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我们今天讨论的孩子中有三分之一，
都迟早会患上糖尿病。
06:51
Now, what's hard
to put together but is true
to put together but is true
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06:53
is that, many times,
these are the same children.
these are the same children.
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我知道很难把这些联系起来，但是
很多情况下，这都是同一群孩子。
06:57
So they fill up on the unhealthy
and cheap calories
and cheap calories
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07:00
that surround them in their communities
and that their families can afford.
and that their families can afford.
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他们生活的社区里充斥着
粗制滥造的廉价食物，
粗制滥造的廉价食物，
价格仅限在他们的家庭
能承受的范围之内。
能承受的范围之内。
07:04
But then by the end of the month,
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07:07
food stamps run out
or hours get cut at work,
or hours get cut at work,
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但是在每个月末，
07:11
and they don't have the money
to cover the basic cost of food.
to cover the basic cost of food.
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食物补贴券用尽，
或者工作时间被迫减少，
或者工作时间被迫减少，
他们就没有足够钱来
支付基本的食物了。
支付基本的食物了。
07:16
But we should be able
to solve this problem, right?
to solve this problem, right?
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07:19
We know what the answers are.
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但是我们应该
有能力解决这个问题，对吗？
有能力解决这个问题，对吗？
07:22
As part of my work at the White House,
we instituted a program
we instituted a program
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我们知道答案是什么。
作为我在白宫工作的一部分，
我们开始了一个项目，
我们开始了一个项目，
07:26
that for all schools that had
40 percent more low-income kids,
40 percent more low-income kids,
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07:29
we could serve breakfast and lunch
to every kid in that school
to every kid in that school
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给所有低收入孩子占人数40%的
学校中的每个孩子提供早餐和午餐。
07:34
for free.
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07:35
This program has been
incredibly successful,
incredibly successful,
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07:37
because it helped us overcome
a very difficult barrier
a very difficult barrier
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免费。
这个项目非常成功，
07:41
when it came to getting kids
a nutritious breakfast.
a nutritious breakfast.
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因为它帮助我们扫除了
一个巨大的障碍，
一个巨大的障碍，
07:44
And that was the barrier of stigma.
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帮助孩子们获得一顿营养的早餐，
07:48
See, schools serve
breakfast before school,
breakfast before school,
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然而这就是克服障碍的突破点。
07:53
and it was only available
for the poor kids.
for the poor kids.
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学校会通常在上课前提供早餐，
07:58
So everybody knew who was poor
and who needed government help.
and who needed government help.
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但通常只提供给贫困的孩子。
08:03
Now, all kids, no matter how much
or how little their parents make,
or how little their parents make,
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所以每个人都知道谁家贫困，
谁需要政府的帮助。
谁需要政府的帮助。
08:08
have a lot of pride.
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然而，所有的孩子，
无论家庭收入的多少，
无论家庭收入的多少，
08:10
So what happened?
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08:12
Well, the schools that have
implemented this program
implemented this program
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都有很强的自尊心。
08:15
saw an increase in math and reading
scores by 17.5 percent.
scores by 17.5 percent.
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那么后来怎么样了呢？
实施我们这个项目的学校
08:20
17.5 percent.
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数学和阅读分数提高了17.5%。
08:23
And research shows that when kids
have a consistent, nutritious breakfast,
have a consistent, nutritious breakfast,
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17.5%。
08:29
their chances of graduating
increase by 20 percent.
increase by 20 percent.
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研究表明，当孩子们有了
持续的营养早餐，
持续的营养早餐，
08:33
20 percent.
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他们的毕业率就会提高20%。
08:36
When we give our kids
the nourishment they need,
the nourishment they need,
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08:40
we give them the chance to thrive,
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20%。
当我们给孩子们需要的营养，
08:43
both in the classroom and beyond.
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08:46
Now, you don't have to trust me on this,
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我们就给了他们成功的机会，
不论在校内还是校外。
08:50
but you should talk to Donna Martin.
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08:52
I love Donna Martin.
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你可能并不相信我，
08:54
Donna Martin is the school nutrition
director at Burke County
director at Burke County
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但是你应该和唐纳·马丁谈谈。
08:58
in Waynesboro, Georgia.
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我爱唐纳·马丁这个人。
唐纳·马丁斯是佐治亚州
伯克郡韦恩斯伯勒的
伯克郡韦恩斯伯勒的
09:01
Now, Burke County
is one of the poorest districts
is one of the poorest districts
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09:03
in the fifth-poorest state in the country,
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学校营养负责人。
伯克郡是美国15个最穷的州中
09:07
and about 100 percent of Donna's students
live at or below the poverty line.
live at or below the poverty line.
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最穷的郡之一，
唐纳所有学生的家庭
都处在贫困线或以下。
都处在贫困线或以下。
09:14
A few years ago,
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09:15
Donna decided to get out ahead
of the new standards that were coming,
of the new standards that were coming,
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09:19
and overhaul her nutrition standards.
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几年前，
唐纳决定提前实施即将开始的规定，
09:22
She improved and added
fruit and vegetables and whole grains.
fruit and vegetables and whole grains.
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全面修改她的营养标准。
09:27
She served breakfast in the classroom
to all of her kids.
to all of her kids.
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她提高了蔬果和全麦的供应量和质量，
09:30
And she implemented a dinner program.
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09:32
Why?
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给教室里所有孩子提供免费早餐。
09:34
Well, many of her kids didn't have
dinner when they went home.
dinner when they went home.
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她还开始实施晚餐项目，
为什么呢？
09:38
So how did they respond?
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因为她的很多孩子回到家都没有晚餐。
09:40
Well, the kids loved the food.
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09:43
They loved the better nutrition,
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那么这些孩子对此有什么反应呢？
09:45
and they loved not being hungry.
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事实表明，孩子们喜欢这些食物，
09:49
But Donna's biggest supporter came
from an unexpected place.
from an unexpected place.
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他们喜欢更好的营养，
也喜欢不再饥肠辘辘的感觉。
09:53
His name from Eric Parker,
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但是对唐纳最大的支持
来自一个意想不到的人，
来自一个意想不到的人，
09:55
and he was the head football coach
for the Burke County Bears.
for the Burke County Bears.
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他的名字是埃里克·派克，
10:00
Now, Coach Parker had coached
mediocre teams for years.
mediocre teams for years.
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他是伯克郡灰熊的橄榄球教练。
10:03
The Bears often ended
in the middle of the pack --
in the middle of the pack --
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派克教练教导普通球队很多年了，
10:06
a big disappointment in one
of the most passionate football states
of the most passionate football states
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灰熊队经常在赛季中间被淘汰——
10:09
in the union.
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10:10
But the year Donna changed the menus,
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作为联盟里对橄榄球最有热情的州之一，
这结果太让人失望了。
10:15
the Bears not only won their division,
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但是唐纳改变菜单的那年，
10:19
they went on to win
the state championship,
the state championship,
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灰熊队不仅赢得了他们的分区，
10:21
beating the Peach County Trojans
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10:23
28-14.
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还赢得了州冠军，
10:25
(Laughter)
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打败了桃子郡特洛伊。
10:27
And Coach Parker,
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28比14。
10:30
he credited that championship
to Donna Martin.
to Donna Martin.
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（笑声）
不过教练派克
把那个冠军颁给了唐纳·马丁。
10:35
When we give our kids
the basic nourishment,
the basic nourishment,
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10:38
they're gonna thrive.
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10:41
And it's not just up
to the Cheryl Barbaras
to the Cheryl Barbaras
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当我们给了孩子基本的营养，
他们就会茁壮成长。
10:44
and the Donna Martins of the world.
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而且这不仅是谢丽尔·巴巴拉
10:46
It's on all of us.
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10:48
And feeding our kids the basic nutrition
is just the starting point.
is just the starting point.
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和唐纳·马丁的责任。
这是我们所有人的责任。
给我们的孩子提供
基本的营养还只是开始。
基本的营养还只是开始。
10:54
What I've laid out is really a model
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10:56
for so many of the most pressing
issues that we face.
issues that we face.
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我阐述的真的只是一个模型，
11:00
If we focus on the simple goal
of properly nourishing ourselves,
of properly nourishing ourselves,
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一个关于我们面对的诸多问题的模型。
如果我们注重于像给自己足够的
营养这样简单的目标，
营养这样简单的目标，
11:07
we could see a world
that is more stable and secure;
that is more stable and secure;
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11:11
we could dramatically improve
our economic productivity;
our economic productivity;
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我们就能够见证一个
更稳定安全的世界；
更稳定安全的世界；
11:15
we could transform our health care
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我们能够大程度提高我们的经济效率，
11:19
and we could go a long way
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我们能够改变我们的医疗保健，
11:21
in ensuring that the Earth can provide
for generations to come.
for generations to come.
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11:24
Food is that place
where our collective efforts
where our collective efforts
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我们还能够继续保证
地球上世代的可持续发展。
11:28
can have the greatest impact.
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食物是我们一起努力就能够产生
11:32
So we have to ask ourselves:
What is the right question?
What is the right question?
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巨大影响的一件事。
11:35
What would happen
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11:37
if we fed ourselves more nutritious,
more sustainably grown food?
more sustainably grown food?
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所以我们要自问：
“正确的问题是什么？”
“正确的问题是什么？”
如果我们给自己
更多营养，更可持续生长的
食物，会发生什么？
食物，会发生什么？
11:43
What would be the impact?
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11:45
Cheryl Barbara,
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11:48
Donna Martin,
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这会产生何等的影响？
11:50
Coach Parker and the Burke County Bears --
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谢丽尔·巴巴拉，
11:53
I think they know the answer.
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唐纳·马丁，
11:54
Thank you guys so very much.
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教练派克和伯克郡灰熊——
11:56
(Applause)
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我觉得他们知道答案。
非常感谢你们。
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sam Kass - Food entrepreneurSam Kass's work connects nutrition and education in an effort to make sure future generations thrive.
Why you should listen
Food entrepreneur Sam Kass is a former White House Chef and Senior Policy Advisor for Nutrition. He is the founder of TROVE and a partner in Acre Venture Partners.
Kass joined the White House kitchen staff in 2009 as Assistant Chef and, in 2010, became Food Initiative Coordinator. During his White House tenure, he took on several additional roles including Executive Director of First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let’s Move!" campaign and senior White House Policy Advisor for Nutrition. Kass is the first person in the history of the White House to have a position in the Executive Office of the President and the Residence. As one of the First Lady’s longest-serving advisors, he served as Senior Policy Advisor for Healthy Food Initiatives and he helped the First Lady create the first major vegetable garden at the White House since Eleanor Roosevelt’s victory garden.
In 2011, Fast Company included Sam in their list of "100 Most Creative People," and in 2012, he helped create the American Chef Corps, which is dedicated to promoting diplomacy through culinary initiatives. He is also an MIT Media lab fellow, entrepreneur and advisor.
Sam Kass | Speaker | TED.com