TED2013
Jared Diamond: How societies can grow old better
Jared Diamond: Kako društva mogu bolje stariti
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Iza posljednjih napora da se produži ljudski život krije se ironija: nije lako biti starija osoba u društvu okrenutom omladini. Stariji ljudi mogu postati izolirani, bez značajnog posla i sa vrlo malo novčanih sredstava. U ovom intrigantnom govoru, Jared Diamond objašnjava kako mnogo različitih društava tretira njihove starije članove -- neki bolje, neki gore -- i predlaže nam da se svi okoristimo njihovim iskustvom.
Jared Diamond - Civilization scholar
Jared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies. Full bio
Jared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
To give me an idea of how many of you here
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Kako bih stekao utisak za koliko vas ovdje
00:14
may find what I'm about to tell you
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će ovo o čemu ću vam govoriti biti
00:17
of practical value,
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od praktične vrijednosti,
00:18
let me ask you please to raise your hands:
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dozvolite mi da vas zamolim da podigne ruku
00:21
Who here is either over 65 years old
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onaj ko ima više od 65 godina
00:24
or hopes to live past age 65
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ili se nada da će živjeti više od 65
00:28
or has parents or grandparents who did live
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ili ima roditelje ili baku i djeda koji su živjeli
00:31
or have lived past 65,
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tačno ili više od 65,
00:33
raise your hands please. (Laughter)
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podignite ruku, molim. (Smijeh)
00:36
Okay. You are the people to whom my talk
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Uredu. Vi ste ljudi za koje će moj govor
00:38
will be of practical value. (Laughter)
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biti od praktične vrijednosti. (Smijeh)
00:40
The rest of you
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Ostatak prisutnih
00:42
won't find my talk personally relevant,
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neće vidjeti ličnu povezanost sa mojim govorom
00:44
but I think that you will still find the subject
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ali mislim da će vam ova tema ipak biti
00:46
fascinating.
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fascinantna.
00:47
I'm going to talk about growing older
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Govorit ću o starenju
00:49
in traditional societies.
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u tradicionalnim društvima.
00:51
This subject constitutes just one chapter
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Ova tema čini samo jedno poglavlje
00:54
of my latest book, which compares
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moje najnovije knjige, koja upoređuje
00:57
traditional, small, tribal societies
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tradicionalna, mala, plemenska društva
01:00
with our large, modern societies,
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sa našim velikim, modernim društvima
01:02
with respect to many topics
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uključujući mnoge teme
01:04
such as bringing up children,
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poput odgajanja djece,
01:06
growing older, health, dealing with danger,
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starenja, zdravlja, postupanja u slučaju opasnosti
01:10
settling disputes, religion
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rješenja rasprava, religije
01:12
and speaking more than one language.
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i poznavanja više od jednog jezika.
01:15
Those tribal societies, which constituted
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Ta plemenska društva, koja su činila
01:18
all human societies for most of human history,
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sva ljudska društva za većinu ljudske historije,
01:21
are far more diverse than are our modern,
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su mnogo različitija nego naša moderna,
01:24
recent, big societies.
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novija, velika društva.
01:26
All big societies that have governments,
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Sva velika društva koja imaju vlade,
01:28
and where most people are strangers to each other,
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i gdje se većina ljudi međusobno ne poznaje,
01:31
are inevitably similar to each other
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neizbježno su slična jedna drugima
01:33
and different from tribal societies.
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i različita su od plemenskih društava.
01:36
Tribes constitute thousands of natural experiments
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Plemena sačinjavaju na
hiljade prirodnih eksperimenata
hiljade prirodnih eksperimenata
01:39
in how to run a human society.
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o tome kako voditi ljudsko društvo.
01:42
They constitute experiments from which we ourselves
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Oni sačinjavaju eksperimente od kojih mi sami
01:45
may be able to learn.
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možda možemo dosta da naučimo.
01:47
Tribal societies shouldn't be scorned
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Plemenska društva ne bi
trebalo podcjenjivati
trebalo podcjenjivati
01:49
as primitive and miserable,
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i smatrati primitivnim i jadnim,
01:51
but also they shouldn't be romanticized
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ali ona također ne bi trebala biti romantizovana
01:53
as happy and peaceful.
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i smatrana sretnim i mirnim.
01:55
When we learn of tribal practices,
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Kada učimo o plemenskim običajima,
01:58
some of them will horrify us,
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neki od njih nas užasavaju,
01:59
but there are other tribal practices which,
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ali postoje i drugi plemenski običaji kojima se,
02:02
when we hear about them,
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kad čujemo za njih,
02:03
we may admire and envy
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divimo i zavidimo na njima
02:05
and wonder whether we could adopt those practices
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i razmišljamo o tome da li
bismo mogli takve običaje usvojiti
bismo mogli takve običaje usvojiti
02:07
ourselves.
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i mi sami.
02:10
Most old people in the U.S. end up living
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Većina ljudi u SAD-u završe živeći
02:13
separately from their children
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odvojeno od svoje djece
02:15
and from most of their friends
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i većine svojih prijatelja
02:17
of their earlier years,
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iz prijašnjih godina,
02:18
and often they live in separate
retirements homes for the elderly,
retirements homes for the elderly,
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i oni često žive odvojeno u staračkim domovima,
02:22
whereas in traditional societies,
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za razliku od tradicionalnih društava gdje
02:24
older people instead live out their lives
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stariji ljudi žive svoje živote
02:27
among their children, their other relatives,
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među njihovom djecom, njihovom ostalom rodbinom,
02:29
and their lifelong friends.
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i njihovim doživotnim prijateljima.
02:32
Nevertheless, the treatment of the elderly
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Ipak, način ophođenja prema starijim osobama
02:34
varies enormously among traditional societies,
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uveliko se razlikuje među tradicionalnim društvima,
02:37
from much worse to much better
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od mnogo goreg do mnogo boljeg
02:39
than in our modern societies.
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nego u modernim društvima.
02:42
At the worst extreme, many traditional societies
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U najgorem obliku, mnoga tradicionalna društva
02:45
get rid of their elderly
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se rješavaju njihovih starijih
02:47
in one of four increasingly direct ways:
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na jedan od četiri sve češće direktna načina:
02:50
by neglecting their elderly
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zapostavljajući njihove starije
02:52
and not feeding or cleaning them until they die,
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i odbijajući da ih hrane i čiste sve dok ne umru
02:56
or by abandoning them when the group moves,
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ili napuštajući ih kada se grupa odseli
02:59
or by encouraging older people to commit suicide,
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ili podstičući starije osobe da izvrše samoubistvo
03:02
or by killing older people.
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ili ubijajući starije osobe.
03:05
In which tribal societies do children
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U kojim plemenskih društvima djeca
03:07
abandon or kill their parents?
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napuštaju ili ubijaju njihove roditelje?
03:10
It happens mainly under two conditions.
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To se uglavnom dešava u jednom od dva slučaja.
03:13
One is in nomadic, hunter-gather societies
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Jedan pripada nomadskim,
lovačko-sakupljačkim društvima
lovačko-sakupljačkim društvima
03:16
that often shift camp
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koja često pomijeraju svoj kamp
03:18
and that are physically incapable
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i koji su fizički nesposobni
03:20
of transporting old people who can't walk
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da transportuju starije osobe koje ne mogu hodati
03:23
when the able-bodied younger people already
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kada sposobne mlađe osobe već
03:25
have to carry their young children
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moraju da nose svoju mladu djecu
03:27
and all their physical possessions.
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i svu svoju materijalnu imovinu.
03:30
The other condition is in societies
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Drugi slučaj je kada društva
03:32
living in marginal or fluctuating environments,
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žive u marginalnim i promjenjivim okruženjima
03:36
such as the Arctic or deserts,
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kao što su Arktik ili pustinje,
03:38
where there are periodic food shortages,
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gdje dolazi do povremenih nestašica hrane,
03:41
and occasionally there just isn't enough food
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i vrlo često nema dovoljno hrane
03:43
to keep everyone alive.
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da održi sve u životu.
03:45
Whatever food is available has to be reserved
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Sva hrana koja je na
raspolaganju mora biti sačuvana
raspolaganju mora biti sačuvana
03:47
for able-bodied adults and for children.
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za sposobne odrasle osobe i djecu.
03:52
To us Americans, it sounds horrible
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Za nas Amerikance, zvuči užasno
03:55
to think of abandoning or killing
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da pomislimo o napuštanju ili ubijanju
03:57
your own sick wife or husband
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naše vlastite bolesne žene ili muža
03:59
or elderly mother or father,
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ili starije majke ili oca,
04:01
but what could those traditional societies
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ali šta bi ova tradicionalna društva mogla da
04:05
do differently?
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urade drugačije?
04:07
They face a cruel situation of no choice.
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Oni se nalaze u surovim
uslovima gdje nemaju izbora.
uslovima gdje nemaju izbora.
04:10
Their old people had to do it to their own parents,
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Njihovi stariji ljudi su to
morali uraditi svojim roditeljima
morali uraditi svojim roditeljima
04:13
and the old people know
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i stariji ljudi znaju
04:15
what now is going to happen to them.
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šta će se sada dogoditi njima.
04:18
At the opposite extreme
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Potpuno suprotan ekstrem
04:20
in treatment of the elderly, the happy extreme,
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u ophođenju prema
starijim osobama, sretni ekstrem,
starijim osobama, sretni ekstrem,
04:22
are the New Guinea farming societies
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predstavljaju društva farmera u Novoj Gvineji
04:24
where I've been doing my fieldwork
for the past 50 years,
for the past 50 years,
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gdje sam radio terenski posao proteklih 50 godina,
04:27
and most other sedentary traditional societies
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kao i većina drugih
starosjedilačkih tradicionalnih društava
starosjedilačkih tradicionalnih društava
04:31
around the world.
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širom svijeta.
04:33
In those societies, older people are cared for.
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U tim društima, o starijim ljudima se vodi briga.
04:36
They are fed. They remain valuable.
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Nahranjeni su. Zadržavaju vrijednost.
04:38
And they continue to live in the same hut
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I nastavljaju da žive u istim kolibama
04:40
or else in a nearby hut near their children,
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ili u kolibama blizu onih njihove djece,
04:43
relatives and lifelong friends.
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rođaka i doživotnih prijatelja.
04:47
There are two main sets of reasons for this variation
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Postoje dvije glavne skupine razloga za ove razlike
04:49
among societies in their treatment
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među društvima u njihovom odnosu
04:52
of old people.
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prema starijim osobama.
04:53
The variation depends especially
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Razlika ovisi naročito
04:55
on the usefulness of old people
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o korisnosti starijih ljudi
04:57
and on the society's values.
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i o vrijednostima unutar tog društva.
05:00
First, as regards usefulness,
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Prvo, kada govorimo o korisnosti,
05:02
older people continue to perform useful services.
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stariji ljudi nastavljaju da izvršavaju korisne dužnosti.
05:05
One use of older people in traditional societies
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Jedna od upotreba starijih
ljudi u tradicionalnih društvima
ljudi u tradicionalnih društvima
05:08
is that they often are still effective
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jeste ta da su oni često još uvijek efikasni
05:10
at producing food.
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u proizvodnji hrane.
05:12
Another traditional usefulness of older people
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Još jedna tradicionalna korist kod starijih ljudi
05:15
is that they are capable of babysitting
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je ta da su u stanju čuvati djecu,
05:18
their grandchildren,
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svoje unuke,
05:20
thereby freeing up their own adult children,
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čime oslobađaju svoju odraslu djecu,
05:23
the parents of those grandchildren,
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roditelje tih unuka,
05:24
to go hunting and gathering
food for the grandchildren.
food for the grandchildren.
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kako bi išli u lov i sakupljanje hrane za unuke.
05:28
Still another traditional value of older people
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Još jedna tradicionalna vrijednost starijih ljudi
05:30
is in making tools, weapons, baskets,
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jeste u pravljenju alata, oružja, košara,
05:33
pots and textiles.
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posuda i tkanina.
05:35
In fact, they're usually the people who are best at it.
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Zapravo, oni su uglavnom
ljudi koji su u tome najbolji.
ljudi koji su u tome najbolji.
05:38
Older people usually are the leaders
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Stariji ljudi su obično lideri
05:41
of traditional societies,
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u tradicionalnim društvina
05:43
and the people most knowledgeable about politics,
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i ljudi koji imaju najviše znanja o politici,
05:46
medicine, religion, songs and dances.
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medicini, religiji, pjesmama i plesovima.
05:50
Finally, older people in traditional societies
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Na kraju, stariji ljudi u tradicionalnim društvima
05:53
have a huge significance that would never occur
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imaju ogroman značaj koji nikad ne bi bio prisutan
05:56
to us in our modern, literate societies,
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u našim modernim, pismenim društvima,
06:00
where our sources of information are books
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gdje su naši izvori informacija knjige
06:03
and the Internet.
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i internet.
06:04
In contrast, in traditional societies without writing,
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Sa druge strane, kod tradicionalnih
društava koja ne poznaju pisanje,
društava koja ne poznaju pisanje,
06:08
older people are the repositories of information.
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stariji ljudi su skladišta informacija.
06:11
It's their knowledge that spells the difference
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U njihovom znanju leži razlika
06:14
between survival and death for their whole society
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između života i smrti za cijelo njihovo društvo
06:18
in a time of crisis caused by rare events
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u vremenima kriza
prouzrokovanih rijetkim događajima
prouzrokovanih rijetkim događajima
06:21
for which only the oldest people alive
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za koja su jedino najstariji živi ljudi
06:23
have had experience.
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imali određena iskustva.
06:26
Those, then, are the ways in which older people
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To su, onda, načini na koje su stariji ljudi
06:28
are useful in traditional societies.
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korisni u tradicionalnim društvima.
06:31
Their usefulness varies and contributes
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Njihova korisnost varira i doprinosi
06:34
to variation in the society's treatment
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razlikama u odnosu društva
06:36
of the elderly.
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prema starijim osobama.
06:38
The other set of reasons for variation
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Drugu skupinu razloga za varijacije
06:40
in the treatment of the elderly is
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u ophođenju prema odraslima je
06:42
the society's cultural values.
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u kulturnim vrijednostima društva.
06:45
For example, there's particular emphasis
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Naprimjer, poseban naglasak se stavlja
06:47
on respect for the elderly in East Asia,
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na poštovanje prema starijima u istočnoj Aziji
06:50
associated with Confucius' doctrine
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vezano za Konfučijevu doktrinu
06:53
of filial piety, which means obedience,
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dječije pobožnosti, što znači poslušnost,
06:57
respect and support for elderly parents.
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poštovanje i podršku za starije roditelje.
07:01
Cultural values that emphasize
respect for older people
respect for older people
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Kulturne vrijednosti koje
naglašavaju poštovanje prema starijim ljudima
naglašavaju poštovanje prema starijim ljudima
07:05
contrast with the low status of the elderly
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u suprotnosti su sa niskim statusom starijih osoba
07:08
in the U.S.
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u SAD-u.
07:10
Older Americans are at a big disadvantage
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Stariji Amerikanci su izloženi hendikepu
07:12
in job applications.
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prilikom aplikacija za posao.
07:14
They're at a big disadvantage in hospitals.
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Izloženi su velikom hendikepu u bolnicama.
07:17
Our hospitals have an explicit policy
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Naše bolnice imaju eksplicitnu politiku
07:20
called age-based allocation of healthcare resources.
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koju zovu raspodjelom
zdravstvenih resursa na osnovu dobi.
zdravstvenih resursa na osnovu dobi.
07:25
That sinister expression means that
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Ova zlokoban izraz znači da
07:27
if hospital resources are limited,
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ako su resursi neke bolnice ograničeni,
07:30
for example if only one donor heart
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naprimjer, ako je samo jedno srce
07:32
becomes available for transplant,
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spremno za transplantaciju,
07:34
or if a surgeon has time to operate
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ili ako hirurg ima vremena da operiše
07:36
on only a certain number of patients,
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samo određeni broj pacijenata,
07:38
American hospitals have an explicit policy
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američke bolnice imaju izričitu politiku
07:41
of giving preference to younger patients
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2320
kojom se daje prednost mlađim pacijentima
07:44
over older patients
175
452242
1480
nad starijim pacijentima
07:45
on the grounds that younger patients are considered
176
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3244
iz razloga što se mlađi pacijenti smatraju
07:48
more valuable to society
177
456966
1817
vrijednijim za društvo
07:50
because they have more years of life ahead of them,
178
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2645
jer imaju mnogo više godina života pred njima,
07:53
even though the younger patients have fewer years
179
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2660
iako mlađi pacijenti imaju manje godina
07:56
of valuable life experience behind them.
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3982
izuzetno vrijednog iskustva iza njih.
08:00
There are several reasons for this low status
181
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2228
Postoji nekoliko razloga za ovako nizak status
08:02
of the elderly in the U.S.
182
470298
2342
starijih osoba u SAD-u.
08:04
One is our Protestant work ethic
183
472640
3185
Jedan od njih je naša protestantska radna etika
08:07
which places high value on work,
184
475825
2313
koja veliki značaj pridaje radu
08:10
so older people who are no longer working
185
478138
2223
tako da stariji ljudi koji više ne rade
08:12
aren't respected.
186
480361
1983
nisu poštovani.
08:14
Another reason is our American emphasis
187
482344
2857
Drugi razlog je naše američko isticanje
08:17
on the virtues of self-reliance and independence,
188
485201
3383
vrlina poput samooslanjanja i neovisnosti
08:20
so we instinctively look down on older people
189
488584
3069
tako da instinktivno potcjenjujemo starije ljude
08:23
who are no longer self-reliant and independent.
190
491653
3597
koji više nemaju vrline samooslanjanja i neovisnosti.
08:27
Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,
191
495250
4101
Također, treći razlog je naš američki kult mladosti
08:31
which shows up even in our advertisements.
192
499351
2808
koji se pojavljuje čak i u našim reklamama.
08:34
Ads for Coca-Cola and beer always depict
193
502159
3264
Reklame za Coca-Colu i pivo uvijek prikazuju
08:37
smiling young people,
194
505423
1555
nasmijane mlade ljude
08:38
even though old as well as young people
195
506978
1970
iako i stariji poput mlađih ljudi
08:40
buy and drink Coca-Cola and beer.
196
508948
2322
kupuju i piju Coca-Colu i pivo.
08:43
Just think, what's the last time you saw
197
511270
2003
Jednostavno razmislite, kada ste zadnji put vidjeli
08:45
a Coke or beer ad depicting smiling people
198
513273
2677
reklamu za Colu ili pivo
koja prikazuje nasmijane ljude
koja prikazuje nasmijane ljude
08:47
85 years old? Never.
199
515950
2949
od 85 godina? Nikad.
08:50
Instead, the only American ads
200
518899
1806
Umjesto toga, jedine američke reklame
08:52
featuring white-haired old people
201
520705
2006
koje koriste sijede stare ljude
08:54
are ads for retirement homes and pension planning.
202
522711
3865
su reklame za staračke domove i planiranje penzija.
08:58
Well, what has changed in the status
203
526576
2050
Dakle, šta je to promijenilo status
09:00
of the elderly today
204
528626
1983
starijih ljudi danas
09:02
compared to their status in traditional societies?
205
530609
3389
u odnosu na njihov status
u tradicionalnim društvima?
u tradicionalnim društvima?
09:05
There have been a few changes for the better
206
533998
1870
Dogodilo se nekoliko promjena nabolje
09:07
and more changes for the worse.
207
535868
2205
i mnogo više promjena nagore.
09:10
Big changes for the better
208
538073
1601
Velike promjene nabolje
09:11
include the fact that today we enjoy
209
539674
2151
uključuju činjenice da danas uživamo u
09:13
much longer lives,
210
541825
1984
mnogo dužim životima,
09:15
much better health in our old age,
211
543809
2294
mnogo boljem zdravlju u našim starijim godinama
09:18
and much better recreational opportunities.
212
546103
3638
i mnogo boljim rekreacionim mogućnostima.
09:21
Another change for the better is that we now have
213
549741
2270
Još jedna promjena nabolje jeste to da sada imamo
09:24
specialized retirement facilities
214
552011
2840
specijalizirane ustanove za penzionere
09:26
and programs to take care of old people.
215
554851
3351
i programe njege za starije ljude.
09:30
Changes for the worse begin with the cruel reality
216
558202
2868
Promjene nagore počinju sa okrutnom stvarnošću
09:33
that we now have
217
561070
1689
da sada imamo
09:34
more old people and fewer young people
218
562759
2574
više starijih ljudi i manje mlađih ljudi
09:37
than at any time in the past.
219
565333
2684
nego ikada u prošlosti.
09:40
That means that all those old people
220
568017
1751
To znači da svi ti stariji ljudi čine
09:41
are more of a burden on the few young people,
221
569768
2425
veće opterećenje za manji broj mlađih ljudi
09:44
and that each old person has less individual value.
222
572193
4486
i da svaka starija osoba
ima manji individualni značaj.
ima manji individualni značaj.
09:48
Another big change for the worse
in the status of the elderly
in the status of the elderly
223
576679
3184
Još jedna velika promjena nagore u stanju starijih
09:51
is the breaking of social ties with age,
224
579863
2677
je razbijanje socialnih veza sa godinama starosti
09:54
because older people, their children,
225
582540
1844
jer stariji ljudi, njihova djeca
09:56
and their friends,
226
584384
1316
i njihovi prijatelji
09:57
all move and scatter independently of each other
227
585700
2850
se svi sele i rasipaju neovisni jedni od drugih
10:00
many times during their lives.
228
588550
2254
mnogo puta u toku njihovih života.
10:02
We Americans move on the average
229
590804
1813
Mi Amerikanci se selimo u prosjeku
10:04
every five years.
230
592617
1953
svakih pet godina.
10:06
Hence our older people are likely
231
594570
2031
Stoga naši stariji ljudi imaju veću šansu
10:08
to end up living distant from their children
232
596601
2307
da završe živeći daleko od njihove djece
10:10
and the friends of their youth.
233
598908
2803
i prijatelja iz njihove mladosti.
10:13
Yet another change for the worse
in the status of the elderly
in the status of the elderly
234
601711
3162
Još jedna promjena nagore u statusu starijih
10:16
is formal retirement from the workforce,
235
604873
3730
je formalno umirovljenje koje
10:20
carrying with it a loss of work friendships
236
608603
2750
uz sebe nosi i gubitak prijatelja sa posla
10:23
and a loss of the self-esteem associated with work.
237
611353
4140
i gubitak samopouzdanja vezanog uz posao.
10:27
Perhaps the biggest change for the worse
238
615493
2485
Vjerovatno najveća promjena nagore
10:29
is that our elderly are objectively
239
617978
2873
jeste ta da su naši stariji ljudi objektivno
10:32
less useful than in traditional societies.
240
620851
3162
manje korisni nego u tradicionalnim društvima.
10:36
Widespread literacy means that they are no longer
241
624013
2963
Rasprostranjena pismenost znači da oni više
10:38
useful as repositories of knowledge.
242
626976
2631
nisu korisni kao čuvari znanja.
10:41
When we want some information,
243
629607
1943
Kada želimo doći do neke informacije,
10:43
we look it up in a book or we Google it
244
631550
2261
potražimo je u knjizi ili je guglamo
10:45
instead of finding some old person to ask.
245
633811
3470
umjesto da za to
potražimo i pitamo neke starije osobe.
potražimo i pitamo neke starije osobe.
10:49
The slow pace of technological change
246
637281
2087
Spore tehnološke promjene
10:51
in traditional societies
247
639368
1822
u tradicionalnim društvima
10:53
means that what someone learns there as a child
248
641190
2850
znače da ono što neko nauči kao dijete
10:56
is still useful when that person is old,
249
644040
2659
ostaje korisno i kada ta osoba ostari,
10:58
but the rapid pace of technological change today
250
646699
3603
ali izuzetno brzi razvoj tehnologije danas
11:02
means that what we learn as children
251
650302
2067
znači da ono što naučimo kao djeca
11:04
is no longer useful 60 years later.
252
652369
2890
više nije korisno nakon 60 godina.
11:07
And conversely, we older people are not fluent
253
655259
2379
I obrnuto, mi stariji nismo vješti
11:09
in the technologies essential for surviving
254
657638
3034
u tehnologijama neophodnim za preživljavanje
11:12
in modern society.
255
660672
1971
u modernom društvu.
11:14
For example, as a 15-year-old,
256
662643
2173
Naprimjer, kao 15-togodišnjak,
11:16
I was considered outstandingly
good at multiplying numbers
good at multiplying numbers
257
664816
3590
bio sam smatran izuzetno dobrim u množenju brojeva
11:20
because I had memorized the multiplication tables
258
668406
3195
jer sam napamet naučio tablice množenja
11:23
and I know how to use logarithms
259
671601
2145
i znao sam kako da koristim logaritme
11:25
and I'm quick at manipulating a slide rule.
260
673746
2863
i bio sam brz u korištenju računaljke.
11:28
Today, though, those skills are utterly useless
261
676609
3086
Danas, međutim, te vještine
su u potpunosti beskorisne
su u potpunosti beskorisne
11:31
because any idiot
262
679695
2371
jer bilo koji idiot
11:34
can now multiply eight-digit numbers
263
682066
2358
može pomnožiti osmocifrene brojeve
11:36
accurately and instantly with a pocket calculator.
264
684424
3187
precizno i u trenutku koristeći digitron.
11:39
Conversely, I at age 75
265
687611
2170
S druge strane, ja koji imam 75 godina
11:41
am incompetent at skills
266
689781
2664
sam nesposoban u vještinama
11:44
essential for everyday life.
267
692445
2454
neophodnim za svakodnevni život.
11:46
My family's first TV set in 1948
268
694899
2784
Prvi televizor koja je moja porodica imala 1948.
11:49
had only three knobs that I quickly mastered:
269
697683
3053
imao je samo tri prekidača koja sam brzo savladao:
11:52
an on-off switch, a volume knob,
270
700736
2750
prekidač za paljenje i gašenje, prekidač za kontrolu zvuka
11:55
and a channel selector knob.
271
703486
2221
i prekidač za odabir kanala.
11:57
Today, just to watch a program
272
705707
2088
Danas, samo kako bih gledao program
11:59
on the TV set in my own house,
273
707795
2456
na televizoru u vlastitoj kući,
12:02
I have to operate a 41-button TV remote
274
710251
3717
moram da koristim
daljinski upravljač sa 41-om tipkom
daljinski upravljač sa 41-om tipkom
12:05
that utterly defeats me.
275
713968
1982
koji u potpunosti porazi.
12:07
I have to telephone my 25-year-old sons
276
715950
3014
Morao sam telefonirati mojim 25-ogodišnjim sinovima
12:10
and ask them to talk me through it
277
718964
2197
i zamoliti ih da mi pomažu
12:13
while I try to push those wretched 41 buttons.
278
721161
4997
dok pokušavam da pritisnem 41 bijednu tipku.
12:18
What can we do to improve the lives of the elderly
279
726158
2647
Šta možemo učiniti da poboljšamo živote starijih ljudi
12:20
in the U.S., and to make better use of their value?
280
728805
3454
u SAD-u i da bolje iskoristimo njihovu vrijednost?
12:24
That's a huge problem.
281
732259
1774
To je veliki problem.
12:26
In my remaining four minutes today,
282
734033
2471
U moje preostale četiri minute danas,
12:28
I can offer just a few suggestions.
283
736504
2577
mogu ponuditi samo nekoliko prijedloga.
12:31
One value of older people is that they are
284
739081
1922
Jedna od vrijednosti starijih ljudi jeste da su
12:33
increasingly useful as grandparents
285
741003
3444
sve više i više korisni kao djedovi i bake
12:36
for offering high-quality childcare
286
744447
2507
radi pružanja kvalitetne brige o djeci
12:38
to their grandchildren, if they choose to do it,
287
746954
2653
svojim unucima, ako odaberu da to rade,
12:41
as more young women enter the workforce
288
749607
2849
budući da sve više mladih žena ulazi u radni odnos
12:44
and as fewer young parents of either gender
289
752456
2334
i sve manje roditelja oba spola
12:46
stay home as full-time caretakers of their children.
290
754790
3660
ostaje kući kako bi brinulo o svojoj djeci.
12:50
Compared to the usual alternatives
291
758450
2036
U poređenju sa uobičajenim alternativama
12:52
of paid babysitters and day care centers,
292
760486
3598
plaćenih bejbisiterki i dnevnih centara za djecu,
12:56
grandparents offer superior, motivated,
293
764084
3127
djedovi i bake nude nadmoćniju, motiviraniju
12:59
experienced child care.
294
767211
2688
i iskusniju brigu o djeci.
13:01
They've already gained experience
from raising their own children.
from raising their own children.
295
769899
3266
Oni su već stekli dovoljno
iskustva odgajajući vlastitu djecu.
iskustva odgajajući vlastitu djecu.
13:05
They usually love their grandchildren,
296
773165
2344
Oni obično vole svoje unuke
13:07
and are eager to spend time with them.
297
775509
2665
i željni su provesti vrijeme sa nijma.
13:10
Unlike other caregivers,
298
778174
1901
Za razliku od drugih njegovatelja,
13:12
grandparents don't quit their job
299
780075
2897
djedovi i bake ne napuštaju svoj posao
13:14
because they found another job with higher pay
300
782972
2436
jer su pronašli drugi posao sa većom platom
13:17
looking after another baby.
301
785408
3513
za brigu o drugoj bebi.
13:20
A second value of older people is paradoxically
302
788921
2404
Druga vrijednost starijih ljudi je paradoksalno
13:23
related to their loss of value
303
791325
2661
vezana za njihov gubitak vrijednosti
13:25
as a result of changing world
conditions and technology.
conditions and technology.
304
793986
4073
kao ishoda promjenjivih uslova i tehnologija u svijetu.
13:30
At the same time, older people have gained
305
798059
2036
U isto vrijeme, stariji ljudi su dobili
13:32
in value today precisely because
306
800095
2311
na vrijednosti danas konkretno radi
13:34
of their unique experience of living conditions
307
802406
3109
njihovih jedinstvenih iskustava
življenja u različitim uslovima
življenja u različitim uslovima
13:37
that have now become rare
308
805515
1719
koja su danas postala rijetka
13:39
because of rapid change, but that could come back.
309
807234
3310
zbog brzih promjena, ali bi se to moglo ponovo dogoditi.
13:42
For example, only Americans now in their 70s
310
810544
2954
Naprimjer, jedino Amerikanci koji su u njihovim 70-tim
13:45
or older today can remember
311
813498
2260
ili stariji od toga danas se mogu prisjećati
13:47
the experience of living through a great depression,
312
815758
3328
iskustva življenja tokom velike depresije,
13:51
the experience of living through a world war,
313
819086
2638
iskustva življenja tokom svjetskog rata
13:53
and agonizing whether or not
314
821724
2546
i agoniziranja da li bi
13:56
dropping atomic bombs would be more horrible
315
824270
3037
bacanje atomskih bombi bilo gore ili ne
13:59
than the likely consequences
of not dropping atomic bombs.
of not dropping atomic bombs.
316
827307
4113
od mogućih posljedica nebacanja istih.
14:03
Most of our current voters and politicians
317
831420
2276
Većina današnjih glasača i političara
14:05
have no personal experience of any of those things,
318
833696
2732
nemaju lična iskustva u bilo kojim od ovih stvari,
14:08
but millions of older Americans do.
319
836428
2695
ali milioni starijih Amerikanaca imaju.
14:11
Unfortunately, all of those terrible situations
320
839123
2651
Nažalost, sve ove užasne situacije
14:13
could come back.
321
841774
1387
bi se mogle ponovo desiti.
14:15
Even if they don't come back,
322
843161
1306
Čak i ako se ne dese,
14:16
we have to be able to plan for them
323
844467
2192
mi moramo unaprijed praviti planove za njih
14:18
on the basis of the experience of what they were like.
324
846659
2811
na osnovu ranijih iskustava
o tome kako su one izgledale.
o tome kako su one izgledale.
14:21
Older people have that experience.
325
849470
1834
Stariji ljudi imaju to iskustvo.
14:23
Younger people don't.
326
851304
2053
Mlađi ljudi nemaju.
14:25
The remaining value of older people
327
853357
1520
Preostala vrijednost starijh ljudi
14:26
that I'll mention involves recognizing that
328
854877
2443
koju ću spomenuti uključuje shvatanje da
14:29
while there are many things that older people
329
857320
2580
iako postoji mnogo stvari koje stariji ljudi
14:31
can no longer do,
330
859900
1606
više ne mogu raditi,
14:33
there are other things that they can do
331
861506
1489
postoje i druge stvari koje oni mogu raditi
14:34
better than younger people.
332
862995
2095
bolje od mlađih ljudi.
14:37
A challenge for society is
to make use of those things
to make use of those things
333
865090
2896
Izazov za društvo jeste da iskoristi te stvari
14:39
that older people are better at doing.
334
867986
2472
koje stariji ljudi rade bolje.
14:42
Some abilities, of course, decrease with age.
335
870458
3249
Neke vještine, naravno, slabe godinama.
14:45
Those include abilities at tasks
336
873707
2638
To uključuje vještine u poslovima
14:48
requiring physical strength and stamina,
337
876345
3571
koji zahtijevaju fizičku snagu i kondiciju,
14:51
ambition, and the power of novel reasoning
338
879916
3124
ambicije i moć rasuđivanja
14:55
in a circumscribed situation,
339
883040
2425
u ograničenim situacijama
14:57
such as figuring out the structure of DNA,
340
885465
2588
poput otkrivanja strukture DNK
15:00
best left to scientists under the age of 30.
341
888053
3901
koju je najbolje ostaviti
naučnicima u njihovim 30-tim.
naučnicima u njihovim 30-tim.
15:03
Conversely, valuable attributes
342
891954
1649
Sa druge strane, vrijedne osobine
15:05
that increase with age include experience,
343
893603
3546
koje se povećavaju sa godinama uključuju iskustvo,
15:09
understanding of people and human relationships,
344
897149
3013
razumijevanje ljudi i ljudskih odnosa,
15:12
ability to help other people
345
900162
2291
spremnost na pomoć drugim ljudima
15:14
without your own ego getting in the way,
346
902453
2428
bez ometanja od strane vlastitog ega
15:16
and interdisciplinary thinking about large databases,
347
904881
3525
i interdisciplinarno promišljanje
o velikim bazama podataka,
o velikim bazama podataka,
15:20
such as economics and comparative history,
348
908406
2825
poput ekonomije i komparativne historije,
15:23
best left to scholars over the age of 60.
349
911231
3214
koju je najbolje ostaviti učenjacima koji imaju preko 60 godina.
15:26
Hence older people are
much better than younger people
much better than younger people
350
914445
2472
Prema tome, stariji ljudi su mnogo bolji od mlađih
15:28
at supervising, administering, advising,
351
916917
3971
u nadgledanju, upravljanju, savjetovanju,
15:32
strategizing, teaching, synthesizing,
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3482
strategisanju, podučavanju, sinteziranju
15:36
and devising long-term plans.
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2706
i razvijanju dugoročnih planova.
15:39
I've seen this value of older people
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2020
Uočio sam ovu vrijednost starijih ljudi
15:41
with so many of my friends in their 60s,
355
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2572
kod mnogo mojih prijatelja u njihovim 60-tim,
15:43
70s, 80s and 90s,
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931668
1990
70-tim, 80-tim i 90-tim,
15:45
who are still active as investment managers,
357
933658
3285
koji su idalje aktivni kao menadžeri investicija,
15:48
farmers, lawyers and doctors.
358
936943
3013
farmeri, advokati i doktori.
15:51
In short, many traditional societies
359
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2130
Ukratko, mnoga tradicionalna društva
15:54
make better use of their elderly
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2113
bolje koriste svoje starije
15:56
and give their elderly more satisfying lives
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3110
i pružaju svojim starijim mnogo bolje živote
15:59
than we do in modern, big societies.
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2850
nego što to mi radimo u modernim, velikim društvima.
16:02
Paradoxically nowadays,
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1865
Paradoksalno, u današnjem vremenu,
16:04
when we have more elderly people than ever before,
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2926
kada imamo mnogo više starijih ljudi nego ikada prije,
16:06
living healthier lives and with better medical care
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954950
2721
koji žive zdravijim životima i sa
boljom zdravstvenom njegom
boljom zdravstvenom njegom
16:09
than ever before,
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957671
1486
nego ikada ranije,
16:11
old age is in some respects more miserable
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959157
2707
starija dob je u nekim oblicima mnogo jadnija
16:13
than ever before.
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1767
nego ikada ranije.
16:15
The lives of the elderly are widely recognized
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2422
Životi starijih ljudi su nadaleko poznati
16:18
as constituting a disaster area
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2767
kao činioci katastrofalnog područja
16:20
of modern American society.
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2533
modernog američkog društva.
16:23
We can surely do better by learning
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1681
Zasigurno bismo mogli bolje postupiti učeći
16:25
from the lives of the elderly
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1875
iz života starijih ljudi
16:26
in traditional societies.
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974909
2012
u tradicionalnim društvima.
16:28
But what's true of the lives of the elderly
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976921
1942
Ono što je tačno kada je riječ o životima starijih ljudi
16:30
in traditional societies
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1464
u tradicionalnim društvima
16:32
is true of many other features
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980327
1695
tačno je i za mnoge ostale odlike
16:34
of traditional societies as well.
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982022
2594
tradicionalnih društava.
16:36
Of course, I'm not advocating that we all give up
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2589
Naravno, nisam pobornik toga da svi odustanemo
16:39
agriculture and metal tools
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987205
2115
od argokulture i željeznog alata
16:41
and return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
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3084
i vratimo se lovačko-sakupljačkom načinu života.
16:44
There are many obvious respects
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1544
Postoji mnogo očiglednih aspekata
16:45
in which our lives today are far happier
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2479
u kojima su današnji životu mnogo sretniji
16:48
than those in small, traditional societies.
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996427
3062
od onih u malim, tradicionalnim društvima.
16:51
To mention just a few examples,
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999489
1706
Da spomenem samo nekoliko primjera,
16:53
our lives are longer, materially much richer,
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1001195
2970
naši životi su duži, materijalno bogatiji
16:56
and less plagued by violence
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1004165
2283
i manje ugroženi nasiljem
16:58
than are the lives of people in traditional societies.
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1006448
3228
nego životi ljudi u tradicionalnim društvima.
17:01
But there are also things to be admired
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1009676
2528
Međutim, postoje i stvari koje se trebaju cijeniti
17:04
about people in traditional societies,
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1012204
2142
kod ljudi u tradicionalnim društvima
17:06
and perhaps to be learned from them.
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2319
i koje bi vjerovatno trebalo naučiti od njih.
17:08
Their lives are usually socially much richer
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2591
Njihovi životi su uglavnom socijalno mnogo bogatiji
17:11
than our lives,
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1592
od naših života,
17:12
although materially poorer.
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1020848
2292
iako su materijalno siromašniji.
17:15
Their children are more self-confident,
395
1023140
2952
Njihova djeca imaju više samopouzdanja,
17:18
more independent, and more socially skilled
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2594
više neovisnosti i više socijalnih vještina
17:20
than are our children.
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2336
nego naša djeca.
17:23
They think more realistically
about dangers than we do.
about dangers than we do.
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3743
Oni mnogo realnije razmišljaju
o opasnostima nego što to mi radimo.
o opasnostima nego što to mi radimo.
17:26
They almost never die of diabetes, heart disease,
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1034765
3529
Oni gotovo da nikada ne
umiru od dijabetesa, srčanih bolesti,
umiru od dijabetesa, srčanih bolesti,
17:30
stroke, and the other noncommunicable diseases
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1038294
3234
infarkta i drugih bolesti koje nisu zarazne
17:33
that will be the causes of death of almost
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2512
a koje će biti uzrokom smrti gotovo
17:36
all of us in this room today.
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3086
svih nas u ovoj sobi danas.
17:39
Features of the modern lifestyle
predispose us to those diseases,
predispose us to those diseases,
403
1047126
4010
Odlikama modernog načina
života, predodređeni smo za te bolesti,
života, predodređeni smo za te bolesti,
17:43
and features of the traditional lifestyle
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1051136
2234
a odlike tradicionalnog načina života
17:45
protect us against them.
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2507
nas od njih štite.
17:47
Those are just some examples of what we can learn
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2159
To su samo neki od primjera šta možemo da naučimo
17:50
from traditional societies.
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1058036
2288
od tradicionalnih društava.
17:52
I hope that you will find it as fascinating
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1060324
1887
Nadam se da će vam biti fascinantno
17:54
to read about traditional societies
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1062211
2409
čitati o tradicionalnim društvima
17:56
as I found it to live in those societies.
410
1064620
2703
kao što je meni bilo živjeti u njima.
17:59
Thank you.
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1067323
2180
Hvala vam.
18:01
(Applause)
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1069503
4447
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jared Diamond - Civilization scholarJared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies.
Why you should listen
In his books Guns, Germs and Steel and Collapse (and the popular PBS and National Geographic documentaries they inspired), big-picture scholar Jared Diamond explores civilizations and why they all seem to fall. Now in his latest book, The World Until Yesterday, Diamond examines small, traditional, tribal societies -- and suggests that modern civilization is only our latest solution to survival.
Diamond’s background in evolutionary biology, geography and physiology informs his integrated vision of human history. He posits that success -- and failure -- depends on how well societies adapt to their changing environment.
Jared Diamond | Speaker | TED.com