TED2013
Jared Diamond: How societies can grow old better
Džered Dajmond (Jared Diamond): Kako društva mogu bolje da ostare zajedno
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Postoji jedna ironija u današnjim nastojanjima ka produženju ljudskog veka: nije lako biti starija osoba u društvu okrenutom ka mladima. Stariji ljudi mogu ostatiti isključeni, bez značajnog posla i na minimalnim sredstvima. U svom intrigantnom govoru, Džered Dajmond se osvrće na to kako se različita društva odnose prema svojim starijima - neka bolje, neka gore - i predlaže da svi učimo iz ovog iskustva.
Jared Diamond - Civilization scholar
Jared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies. Full bio
Jared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
To give me an idea of how many of you here
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Kako bih stekao utisak
kolikom broju vas ovde
kolikom broju vas ovde
00:14
may find what I'm about to tell you
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ovo što ću vam reći
00:17
of practical value,
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može biti od praktičnog značaja,
00:18
let me ask you please to raise your hands:
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molim vas da podignete ruke:
00:21
Who here is either over 65 years old
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oni ovde koji su stariji
od 65 godina
od 65 godina
00:24
or hopes to live past age 65
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ili se nadaju da će živeti
duže od 65 godina
duže od 65 godina
00:28
or has parents or grandparents who did live
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ili imaju roditelje
ili babu i dedu koji su
ili babu i dedu koji su
00:31
or have lived past 65,
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preživeli duže
od 65. godine?
od 65. godine?
00:33
raise your hands please. (Laughter)
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Molim vas da podignete ruke.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
00:36
Okay. You are the people to whom my talk
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U redu. Vi ste oni
kojima će moj govor
kojima će moj govor
00:38
will be of practical value. (Laughter)
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biti od praktičnog značaja.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
00:40
The rest of you
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Ostalima
00:42
won't find my talk personally relevant,
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moj govor neće biti
lično značajan,
lično značajan,
00:44
but I think that you will still find the subject
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ali mislim da će vam
tema ipak biti
tema ipak biti
00:46
fascinating.
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zapanjujuća.
00:47
I'm going to talk about growing older
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Govoriću vam o starenju
00:49
in traditional societies.
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u tradicionalnim društvima.
00:51
This subject constitutes just one chapter
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Ovo čini
samo jedno poglavlje
samo jedno poglavlje
00:54
of my latest book, which compares
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u mojoj poslednjoj knjizi,
koja poredi
koja poredi
00:57
traditional, small, tribal societies
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mala, tradicionalna,
plemenska društva
plemenska društva
01:00
with our large, modern societies,
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sa našim velikim,
modernim društvima
modernim društvima
01:02
with respect to many topics
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po pitanju mnogih tema
01:04
such as bringing up children,
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kao što su
podizanje dece,
podizanje dece,
01:06
growing older, health, dealing with danger,
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starenje, zdravlje,
nošenje sa opasnošću,
nošenje sa opasnošću,
01:10
settling disputes, religion
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rešavanje konflikata, religija
01:12
and speaking more than one language.
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i znanje više od jednog jezika.
01:15
Those tribal societies, which constituted
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Plemenska društva
koja su činila
koja su činila
01:18
all human societies for most of human history,
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celokupno ljudsko drušvo
u većem delu ljudske istorije
u većem delu ljudske istorije
01:21
are far more diverse than are our modern,
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su mnogo raznolikija
od naših modernih,
od naših modernih,
01:24
recent, big societies.
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savremenih, velikih društava.
01:26
All big societies that have governments,
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Sva velika društva
koja imaju vladu
koja imaju vladu
01:28
and where most people are strangers to each other,
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i gde su većina ljudi
stranci jedni drugima
stranci jedni drugima
01:31
are inevitably similar to each other
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su neizbežno
slična jedna drugima
slična jedna drugima
01:33
and different from tribal societies.
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i različita
od plemenskih zajednica.
od plemenskih zajednica.
01:36
Tribes constitute thousands of natural experiments
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Plemena čine hiljade
prirodnih eksperimenata
prirodnih eksperimenata
01:39
in how to run a human society.
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o tome kako upravljati
ljudskim društvom.
ljudskim društvom.
01:42
They constitute experiments from which we ourselves
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Ona čine eksperimente
iz kojih mi
iz kojih mi
01:45
may be able to learn.
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možemo da učimo.
01:47
Tribal societies shouldn't be scorned
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Plemenska društva
ne treba nipodaštavati
ne treba nipodaštavati
01:49
as primitive and miserable,
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kao primitivne i bedne,
01:51
but also they shouldn't be romanticized
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ali ih ne treba
ni romantizovati
ni romantizovati
01:53
as happy and peaceful.
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kao srećne i miroljubive.
01:55
When we learn of tribal practices,
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Kada otkrivamo
plemenske običaje
plemenske običaje
01:58
some of them will horrify us,
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neka od njih
nas prestrave,
nas prestrave,
01:59
but there are other tribal practices which,
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ali postoje
i drugi plemenski običaji
i drugi plemenski običaji
02:02
when we hear about them,
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kojima, kada čujemo za njih,
02:03
we may admire and envy
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možemo da se
divimo i zavidimo na njima
divimo i zavidimo na njima
02:05
and wonder whether we could adopt those practices
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i da se zapitamo
da li treba i mi
da li treba i mi
02:07
ourselves.
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da ih usvojimo.
02:10
Most old people in the U.S. end up living
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Većina starijih ljudi u SAD živi
02:13
separately from their children
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odvojeno od svoje dece
02:15
and from most of their friends
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i većine svojih prijatelja
02:17
of their earlier years,
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iz ranijih godina
02:18
and often they live in separate
retirements homes for the elderly,
retirements homes for the elderly,
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i često žive odvojeno,
u staračkim domovima,
u staračkim domovima,
02:22
whereas in traditional societies,
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dok u tradicionalnim društvima
02:24
older people instead live out their lives
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umesto toga,
stariji ljudi proživljavaju svoj život
stariji ljudi proživljavaju svoj život
02:27
among their children, their other relatives,
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među svojom decom,
ostalom rodbinom
ostalom rodbinom
02:29
and their lifelong friends.
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i svojim dugogodišnjim prijateljima.
02:32
Nevertheless, the treatment of the elderly
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Ipak, odnos prema starijima
02:34
varies enormously among traditional societies,
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se ogromno razlikuje
među tradicionalnim društvima
među tradicionalnim društvima
02:37
from much worse to much better
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od mnogo gorih
do mnogo boljih
do mnogo boljih
02:39
than in our modern societies.
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nego u našim
modernim društvima.
modernim društvima.
02:42
At the worst extreme, many traditional societies
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U najgorem slučaju,
mnoga tradicionalna društva
mnoga tradicionalna društva
02:45
get rid of their elderly
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se ratosiljaju starijih
02:47
in one of four increasingly direct ways:
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na jedan od četiri
rastući neposrednih načina:
rastući neposrednih načina:
02:50
by neglecting their elderly
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zapostavljanjem starijih
02:52
and not feeding or cleaning them until they die,
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i ukidanjem hrane ili higijene
dok ne umru,
dok ne umru,
02:56
or by abandoning them when the group moves,
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ili njihovim napuštanjem
kada grupa krene dalje,
kada grupa krene dalje,
02:59
or by encouraging older people to commit suicide,
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ili ohrabrivanjem starijih
da izvrše samoubistvo,
da izvrše samoubistvo,
03:02
or by killing older people.
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ili ubijanjem starijih ljudi.
03:05
In which tribal societies do children
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U kojim plemenskim zajednicama deca
03:07
abandon or kill their parents?
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napuštaju ili ubijaju roditelje?
03:10
It happens mainly under two conditions.
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Uglavnom se to dešava
u dve okolnosti.
u dve okolnosti.
03:13
One is in nomadic, hunter-gather societies
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Jedna su nomadske zajednice,
lovci i sakupljači,
lovci i sakupljači,
03:16
that often shift camp
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koje često menjaju mesto
03:18
and that are physically incapable
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i koje su fizički sprečene
03:20
of transporting old people who can't walk
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da prenose starije
koji ne mogu da hodaju,
koji ne mogu da hodaju,
03:23
when the able-bodied younger people already
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jer sposobni mladi
03:25
have to carry their young children
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moraju da nose svoju
malu decu
malu decu
03:27
and all their physical possessions.
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i sva njihova posedstva.
03:30
The other condition is in societies
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Druga okolnost je u društvima
03:32
living in marginal or fluctuating environments,
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koja žive u marginalnim
ili promenljivim uslovima
ili promenljivim uslovima
03:36
such as the Arctic or deserts,
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kao što su Arktik ili pustinje,
03:38
where there are periodic food shortages,
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gde se javljaju periodi
nestašice hrane
nestašice hrane
03:41
and occasionally there just isn't enough food
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i povremeno nema
dovoljno hrane
dovoljno hrane
03:43
to keep everyone alive.
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kako bi svi preživeli.
03:45
Whatever food is available has to be reserved
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Hrana koja je dostupna
mora da se sačuva
mora da se sačuva
03:47
for able-bodied adults and for children.
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za fizički sposobne odrasle
i za decu.
i za decu.
03:52
To us Americans, it sounds horrible
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Nama ovo zvuči užasno,
03:55
to think of abandoning or killing
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zamisliti da napustimo
ili ubijemo
ili ubijemo
03:57
your own sick wife or husband
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našu bolesnu suprugu
ili muža
ili muža
03:59
or elderly mother or father,
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ili ostarelu majku ili oca,
04:01
but what could those traditional societies
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ali šta bi te tradicionalne zajednice
04:05
do differently?
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mogle da urade drugačije?
04:07
They face a cruel situation of no choice.
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Susreću se sa okrutnim situacijama,
bez izbora.
bez izbora.
04:10
Their old people had to do it to their own parents,
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Stariji su morali to da urade
svojim roditeljima
svojim roditeljima
04:13
and the old people know
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i oni znaju
04:15
what now is going to happen to them.
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da će se to sada
njima dogoditi.
njima dogoditi.
04:18
At the opposite extreme
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Suprotna krajnost
04:20
in treatment of the elderly, the happy extreme,
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u odnosu prema starijima,
srećna krajnost,
srećna krajnost,
04:22
are the New Guinea farming societies
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su poljoprivredna društva
Nove Gvineje,
Nove Gvineje,
04:24
where I've been doing my fieldwork
for the past 50 years,
for the past 50 years,
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u kojima sam proteklih 50 godina
radio na terenu,
radio na terenu,
04:27
and most other sedentary traditional societies
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kao i većina drugih
sedelačkih tradicionalnih društava
sedelačkih tradicionalnih društava
04:31
around the world.
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širom sveta.
04:33
In those societies, older people are cared for.
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U tim društvima
se brinu o starijima.
se brinu o starijima.
04:36
They are fed. They remain valuable.
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Hrane ih.
Oni ostaju bitni.
Oni ostaju bitni.
04:38
And they continue to live in the same hut
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Oni nastavljaju da žive
u istoj kolibi sa
u istoj kolibi sa
04:40
or else in a nearby hut near their children,
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ili u nekoj kolibi u blizini
svoje dece,
svoje dece,
04:43
relatives and lifelong friends.
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rodbine i starih prijatelja.
04:47
There are two main sets of reasons for this variation
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Postoje dve velike grupe
uzroka ovih razlika
uzroka ovih razlika
04:49
among societies in their treatment
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između društava
u njihovom odnosu
u njihovom odnosu
04:52
of old people.
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prema starijima.
04:53
The variation depends especially
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Razlika se uglavnom zasniva
04:55
on the usefulness of old people
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na korisnosti starijih
04:57
and on the society's values.
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i na društvenim vrednostima.
05:00
First, as regards usefulness,
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Što se tiče korisnosti,
05:02
older people continue to perform useful services.
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stariji ljudi nastavljaju
da obavljaju korisne radnje.
da obavljaju korisne radnje.
05:05
One use of older people in traditional societies
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Jedna od stvari u kojima su stariji
korisni u tradicionalnim društvima
korisni u tradicionalnim društvima
05:08
is that they often are still effective
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je to što su oni
i dalje efikasni
i dalje efikasni
05:10
at producing food.
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u stvaranju hrane.
05:12
Another traditional usefulness of older people
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Druga tradicionalna
korist od starijih
korist od starijih
05:15
is that they are capable of babysitting
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je njihova sposobnost
da čuvaju decu,
da čuvaju decu,
05:18
their grandchildren,
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njihove unuke,
05:20
thereby freeing up their own adult children,
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čime oslobađaju
svoju odraslu decu,
svoju odraslu decu,
05:23
the parents of those grandchildren,
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roditelje tih unuka,
05:24
to go hunting and gathering
food for the grandchildren.
food for the grandchildren.
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i oni mogu da love i sakupljaju
hranu za te unuke.
hranu za te unuke.
05:28
Still another traditional value of older people
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Još jedna tradicionalna vrednost starijih
05:30
is in making tools, weapons, baskets,
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je pravljenje alata,
oružja, korpi,
oružja, korpi,
05:33
pots and textiles.
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posuđa i tekstila.
05:35
In fact, they're usually the people who are best at it.
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U stvari, oni su uglavnom ti
koji su najbolji u tome.
koji su najbolji u tome.
05:38
Older people usually are the leaders
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Stariji ljudi su uglavnom vođe
05:41
of traditional societies,
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tradicionalnih društava
05:43
and the people most knowledgeable about politics,
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i oni znaju najviše o politici,
05:46
medicine, religion, songs and dances.
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medicini, religiji,
pesmama i plesovima.
pesmama i plesovima.
05:50
Finally, older people in traditional societies
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Stariji ljudi
u tradicionalnim društvima
u tradicionalnim društvima
05:53
have a huge significance that would never occur
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imaju ogromnu važnost
koju mi,
koju mi,
05:56
to us in our modern, literate societies,
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u modernim, pismenim društvima
nikada ne bismo uvideli.
nikada ne bismo uvideli.
06:00
where our sources of information are books
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Naši izvori informacija su knjige
06:03
and the Internet.
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i internet.
06:04
In contrast, in traditional societies without writing,
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Suprotno tome,
u tradicionalnim društvima bez pisma,
u tradicionalnim društvima bez pisma,
06:08
older people are the repositories of information.
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stariji ljudi su skladište informacija.
06:11
It's their knowledge that spells the difference
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Njihovo znanje
određuje razliku
određuje razliku
06:14
between survival and death for their whole society
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između preživljavanja i smrti
njihovog čitavog društva
njihovog čitavog društva
06:18
in a time of crisis caused by rare events
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u vremenima krize
prouzrokovane retkim događajima
prouzrokovane retkim događajima
06:21
for which only the oldest people alive
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koje su samo najstariji živi ljudi
06:23
have had experience.
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već iskusili.
06:26
Those, then, are the ways in which older people
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To su načini
na koje su stariji ljudi
na koje su stariji ljudi
06:28
are useful in traditional societies.
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korisni u tradicionalnim društvima.
06:31
Their usefulness varies and contributes
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Njihova korisnost se razlikuje
i doprinosi
i doprinosi
06:34
to variation in the society's treatment
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razlikama u društvenom odnosu
06:36
of the elderly.
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prema starijima.
06:38
The other set of reasons for variation
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Druga grupa uzroka razlika
06:40
in the treatment of the elderly is
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u odnosu prema starijima
06:42
the society's cultural values.
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su kulturne vrednosti društva.
06:45
For example, there's particular emphasis
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Na primer, u Istočnoj Aziji
06:47
on respect for the elderly in East Asia,
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poseban naglasak je
na poštovanju starijih
na poštovanju starijih
06:50
associated with Confucius' doctrine
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što se povezuje
sa Konfučijevom doktrinom
sa Konfučijevom doktrinom
06:53
of filial piety, which means obedience,
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privrženosti dece,
koja podrazumeva poslušnost,
koja podrazumeva poslušnost,
06:57
respect and support for elderly parents.
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poštovanje i podršku
starijim roditeljima.
starijim roditeljima.
07:01
Cultural values that emphasize
respect for older people
respect for older people
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Kulturne vrednosti koje naglašavaju
poštovanje starijih
poštovanje starijih
07:05
contrast with the low status of the elderly
160
413257
2817
su u kontrastu
sa niskim statusom starijih
sa niskim statusom starijih
07:08
in the U.S.
161
416074
2162
u SAD.
07:10
Older Americans are at a big disadvantage
162
418236
2558
Stariji Amerikanci su podređeniji
07:12
in job applications.
163
420794
2113
pri prijavi za posao.
07:14
They're at a big disadvantage in hospitals.
164
422907
2535
Manje su prioritetni u bolnicama.
07:17
Our hospitals have an explicit policy
165
425442
2623
Američke bolnice imaju
eksplicitnu politiku
eksplicitnu politiku
07:20
called age-based allocation of healthcare resources.
166
428065
4967
nazvanu "raspodela zdravstvenih resursa
na osnovu godina".
na osnovu godina".
07:25
That sinister expression means that
167
433032
2773
Ovaj grešni izraz znači da
07:27
if hospital resources are limited,
168
435805
2206
ako su bolnički resursi ograničeni,
07:30
for example if only one donor heart
169
438011
2050
na primer, ako se javi
samo jedno donorsko srce
samo jedno donorsko srce
07:32
becomes available for transplant,
170
440061
2298
za transplantaciju,
07:34
or if a surgeon has time to operate
171
442359
2102
ili ako hirurg
ima vremena da operiše
ima vremena da operiše
07:36
on only a certain number of patients,
172
444461
2511
samo određeni broj pacijenata,
07:38
American hospitals have an explicit policy
173
446972
2950
američke bolnice
imaju eksplicitnu politiku
imaju eksplicitnu politiku
07:41
of giving preference to younger patients
174
449922
2320
davanja prednosti mlađim
07:44
over older patients
175
452242
1480
naspram starijim pacijentima
07:45
on the grounds that younger patients are considered
176
453722
3244
na osnovu toga što se
mlađi pacijenti smatraju
mlađi pacijenti smatraju
07:48
more valuable to society
177
456966
1817
vrednijim društvu,
07:50
because they have more years of life ahead of them,
178
458783
2645
jer imaju više godina
života pred sobom,
života pred sobom,
07:53
even though the younger patients have fewer years
179
461428
2660
iako mlađi pacijenti
imaju manje godina
imaju manje godina
07:56
of valuable life experience behind them.
180
464088
3982
vrednog životnog iskustva
za sobom.
za sobom.
08:00
There are several reasons for this low status
181
468070
2228
Postoji nekoliko razloga
ovako niskog statusa
ovako niskog statusa
08:02
of the elderly in the U.S.
182
470298
2342
starijih u SAD.
08:04
One is our Protestant work ethic
183
472640
3185
Jedna je
protestantska radna etika,
protestantska radna etika,
08:07
which places high value on work,
184
475825
2313
koja visoko vrednuje rad,
08:10
so older people who are no longer working
185
478138
2223
tako da stariji ljudi
koji više ne rade
koji više ne rade
08:12
aren't respected.
186
480361
1983
ne dobijaju poštovanje.
08:14
Another reason is our American emphasis
187
482344
2857
Još jedan razlog
je američki naglasak
je američki naglasak
08:17
on the virtues of self-reliance and independence,
188
485201
3383
na vrline oslanjanja
na sopstvene snage i nezavisnosti,
na sopstvene snage i nezavisnosti,
08:20
so we instinctively look down on older people
189
488584
3069
tako da mi automatski
podređujemo starije ljude,
podređujemo starije ljude,
08:23
who are no longer self-reliant and independent.
190
491653
3597
koji postaju zavisni
i nisu više samostalni.
i nisu više samostalni.
08:27
Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,
191
495250
4101
Treći razlog je
američki kult mladosti
američki kult mladosti
08:31
which shows up even in our advertisements.
192
499351
2808
koji se javlja
čak i u reklamama.
čak i u reklamama.
08:34
Ads for Coca-Cola and beer always depict
193
502159
3264
Reklame za Koka-kolu i pivo
uvek prikazuju
uvek prikazuju
08:37
smiling young people,
194
505423
1555
nasmejane mlade ljude,
08:38
even though old as well as young people
195
506978
1970
iako stariji, isto kao i mladi,
08:40
buy and drink Coca-Cola and beer.
196
508948
2322
kupuju i piju
Koka-kolu i pivo.
Koka-kolu i pivo.
08:43
Just think, what's the last time you saw
197
511270
2003
Razmislite samo.
Kada ste poslednji put videli
Kada ste poslednji put videli
08:45
a Coke or beer ad depicting smiling people
198
513273
2677
reklamu za Kolu ili pivo
koja prikazuje nasmejane ljude
koja prikazuje nasmejane ljude
08:47
85 years old? Never.
199
515950
2949
u 85. godini?
Nikad.
Nikad.
08:50
Instead, the only American ads
200
518899
1806
Umesto toga,
jedine američke reklame
jedine američke reklame
08:52
featuring white-haired old people
201
520705
2006
koje prikazuju sede starije ljude
08:54
are ads for retirement homes and pension planning.
202
522711
3865
su reklame za staračke domove
i penzioni plan.
i penzioni plan.
08:58
Well, what has changed in the status
203
526576
2050
Šta je ono što se
promenilo u statusu
promenilo u statusu
09:00
of the elderly today
204
528626
1983
starijih danas
09:02
compared to their status in traditional societies?
205
530609
3389
u odnosu na njihov status
u tradicionalnim društvima?
u tradicionalnim društvima?
09:05
There have been a few changes for the better
206
533998
1870
Desilo se nekoliko
promena na bolje
promena na bolje
09:07
and more changes for the worse.
207
535868
2205
i mnogo promena na gore.
09:10
Big changes for the better
208
538073
1601
Velike promene na bolje
09:11
include the fact that today we enjoy
209
539674
2151
uključuju činjenicu
da danas uživamo
da danas uživamo
09:13
much longer lives,
210
541825
1984
u mnogo dužim životima,
09:15
much better health in our old age,
211
543809
2294
mnogo boljem zdravlju
u poznom dobu
u poznom dobu
09:18
and much better recreational opportunities.
212
546103
3638
i mnogo boljim mogućnostima
za rekreaciju.
za rekreaciju.
09:21
Another change for the better is that we now have
213
549741
2270
Još jedna promena na bolje
je da sada imamo
je da sada imamo
09:24
specialized retirement facilities
214
552011
2840
specijalizovane ustanove za starije
09:26
and programs to take care of old people.
215
554851
3351
i programe koji se
brinu za starije ljude.
brinu za starije ljude.
09:30
Changes for the worse begin with the cruel reality
216
558202
2868
Promene na gore počinju
sa surovom stvarnošću
sa surovom stvarnošću
09:33
that we now have
217
561070
1689
sa kojom se sada suočavamo -
09:34
more old people and fewer young people
218
562759
2574
više starijih i manje mladih
09:37
than at any time in the past.
219
565333
2684
nego u bilo kom trenutku u prošlosti.
09:40
That means that all those old people
220
568017
1751
To znači da su svi ti stariji ljudi
09:41
are more of a burden on the few young people,
221
569768
2425
veći teret manjem broju
mladih ljudi
mladih ljudi
09:44
and that each old person has less individual value.
222
572193
4486
i da svaka starija osoba nosi
manju ličnu vrednost.
manju ličnu vrednost.
09:48
Another big change for the worse
in the status of the elderly
in the status of the elderly
223
576679
3184
Još jedna velika promena na gore
u statusu starijih
u statusu starijih
09:51
is the breaking of social ties with age,
224
579863
2677
je prekidanje društvenih veza
s godinama,
s godinama,
09:54
because older people, their children,
225
582540
1844
jer se stariji ljudi, njihova deca
09:56
and their friends,
226
584384
1316
i njihovi prijatelji
09:57
all move and scatter independently of each other
227
585700
2850
svi sele i raspršuju
nezavisno jedni od drugih
nezavisno jedni od drugih
10:00
many times during their lives.
228
588550
2254
mnogo puta tokom njihovih života.
10:02
We Americans move on the average
229
590804
1813
Amerikanci se sele prosečno
10:04
every five years.
230
592617
1953
svakih pet godina.
10:06
Hence our older people are likely
231
594570
2031
Zbog toga će naši stariji
sa velikom verovatnoćom
sa velikom verovatnoćom
10:08
to end up living distant from their children
232
596601
2307
završiti živeći daleko
od svoje dece
od svoje dece
10:10
and the friends of their youth.
233
598908
2803
i prijatelja iz mladosti.
10:13
Yet another change for the worse
in the status of the elderly
in the status of the elderly
234
601711
3162
Još jedna promena na gore
u statusu starijih
u statusu starijih
10:16
is formal retirement from the workforce,
235
604873
3730
je zakonom određeno
penzionisanje
penzionisanje
10:20
carrying with it a loss of work friendships
236
608603
2750
koje sa sobom nosi
gubitak prijateljstava
gubitak prijateljstava
10:23
and a loss of the self-esteem associated with work.
237
611353
4140
i gubitak samopouzdanja
vezanog za rad.
vezanog za rad.
10:27
Perhaps the biggest change for the worse
238
615493
2485
Možda najveća promena na gore
10:29
is that our elderly are objectively
239
617978
2873
je to što su naši stariji objektivno
10:32
less useful than in traditional societies.
240
620851
3162
manje korisni nego
u tradicionalnim društvima.
u tradicionalnim društvima.
10:36
Widespread literacy means that they are no longer
241
624013
2963
Široko rasprostranjena pismenost
znači da oni više nisu
znači da oni više nisu
10:38
useful as repositories of knowledge.
242
626976
2631
korisni kao skladišta znanja.
10:41
When we want some information,
243
629607
1943
Kada želimo neku informaciju,
10:43
we look it up in a book or we Google it
244
631550
2261
potražićemo je u knjizi
ili na Guglu
ili na Guglu
10:45
instead of finding some old person to ask.
245
633811
3470
umesto da potražimo
neku stariju osobu i pitamo je.
neku stariju osobu i pitamo je.
10:49
The slow pace of technological change
246
637281
2087
Spori napredak tehnološkog razvoja
10:51
in traditional societies
247
639368
1822
u tradicionalnim društvima
10:53
means that what someone learns there as a child
248
641190
2850
znači da je ono
što neko nauči kao dete
što neko nauči kao dete
10:56
is still useful when that person is old,
249
644040
2659
i dalje korisno kada ta osoba ostari,
10:58
but the rapid pace of technological change today
250
646699
3603
a brzi tok tehnološkog razvoja danas
11:02
means that what we learn as children
251
650302
2067
znači da ono što naučimo kao deca
11:04
is no longer useful 60 years later.
252
652369
2890
postaje beskorisno 60 godina kasnije.
11:07
And conversely, we older people are not fluent
253
655259
2379
Kao posledica toga mi,
stariji ljudi, ne poznajemo
stariji ljudi, ne poznajemo
11:09
in the technologies essential for surviving
254
657638
3034
tehnologije neophodne
za preživljavanje
za preživljavanje
11:12
in modern society.
255
660672
1971
u modernom društvu.
11:14
For example, as a 15-year-old,
256
662643
2173
Na primer,
kao petnaestogodišnjak
kao petnaestogodišnjak
11:16
I was considered outstandingly
good at multiplying numbers
good at multiplying numbers
257
664816
3590
bio sam izvanredno dobar
u množenju,
u množenju,
11:20
because I had memorized the multiplication tables
258
668406
3195
jer sam zapamtio tablice množenja
11:23
and I know how to use logarithms
259
671601
2145
i znam kako da koristim logaritme
11:25
and I'm quick at manipulating a slide rule.
260
673746
2863
i brz sam u upotrebi logaritmara.
11:28
Today, though, those skills are utterly useless
261
676609
3086
Danas su, pak, te veštine
potpuno nepotrebne,
potpuno nepotrebne,
11:31
because any idiot
262
679695
2371
jer bilo koji idiot
11:34
can now multiply eight-digit numbers
263
682066
2358
može da množi
osmocifrene brojeve
osmocifrene brojeve
11:36
accurately and instantly with a pocket calculator.
264
684424
3187
tačno i trenutno
uz pomoć džepnog digitrona.
uz pomoć džepnog digitrona.
11:39
Conversely, I at age 75
265
687611
2170
Kao posledica toga,
ja sa 75
ja sa 75
11:41
am incompetent at skills
266
689781
2664
sam nekompetentan
u veštinama
u veštinama
11:44
essential for everyday life.
267
692445
2454
potrebnim za svakodnevni život.
11:46
My family's first TV set in 1948
268
694899
2784
Prvi TV moje porodice 1948.
11:49
had only three knobs that I quickly mastered:
269
697683
3053
imao je samo tri dugmeta
11:52
an on-off switch, a volume knob,
270
700736
2750
za uključivanje i isključivanje,
jačinu
jačinu
11:55
and a channel selector knob.
271
703486
2221
i odabir kanala.
11:57
Today, just to watch a program
272
705707
2088
Danas, samo da bih
odgledao program
odgledao program
11:59
on the TV set in my own house,
273
707795
2456
na televizoru u mojoj kući
12:02
I have to operate a 41-button TV remote
274
710251
3717
moram da rukujem
daljinskim sa 41 dugmetom
daljinskim sa 41 dugmetom
12:05
that utterly defeats me.
275
713968
1982
što me potpuno poražava.
12:07
I have to telephone my 25-year-old sons
276
715950
3014
Moram da nazovem
svoje 25-ogodišnje sinove
svoje 25-ogodišnje sinove
12:10
and ask them to talk me through it
277
718964
2197
i zamolim ih mi da mi pomognu
12:13
while I try to push those wretched 41 buttons.
278
721161
4997
dok pokušavam da ispritiskam
tih 41 mizernih dugmića.
tih 41 mizernih dugmića.
12:18
What can we do to improve the lives of the elderly
279
726158
2647
Šta možemo da učinimo
da poboljšamo živote starijih
da poboljšamo živote starijih
12:20
in the U.S., and to make better use of their value?
280
728805
3454
u SAD i bolje iskoristimo
njihove vrednosti?
njihove vrednosti?
12:24
That's a huge problem.
281
732259
1774
To je ogroman problem.
12:26
In my remaining four minutes today,
282
734033
2471
U svoja preostala četiri minuta danas
12:28
I can offer just a few suggestions.
283
736504
2577
mogu da vam ponudim
samo neke predloge.
samo neke predloge.
12:31
One value of older people is that they are
284
739081
1922
Jedna od vrednosti starijih je
12:33
increasingly useful as grandparents
285
741003
3444
da su sve više i više
korisni kao babe i dede
korisni kao babe i dede
12:36
for offering high-quality childcare
286
744447
2507
nudeći visoko kvalitetnu brigu o deci
12:38
to their grandchildren, if they choose to do it,
287
746954
2653
svojim unucima,
ako odaberu to da rade,
ako odaberu to da rade,
12:41
as more young women enter the workforce
288
749607
2849
pošto sve više mladih žena
počinje da radi
počinje da radi
12:44
and as fewer young parents of either gender
289
752456
2334
i sve manje mladih roditelja oba pola
12:46
stay home as full-time caretakers of their children.
290
754790
3660
ostaje kod kuće da se stara
o svojoj deci tokom čitavog dana.
o svojoj deci tokom čitavog dana.
12:50
Compared to the usual alternatives
291
758450
2036
Poređeno sa uobičajenim alternativama
12:52
of paid babysitters and day care centers,
292
760486
3598
plaćanja bejbi-sitera i obdaništa,
12:56
grandparents offer superior, motivated,
293
764084
3127
babe i dede nude bolju, motivisanu
12:59
experienced child care.
294
767211
2688
brigu o deci, sa iskustvom.
13:01
They've already gained experience
from raising their own children.
from raising their own children.
295
769899
3266
Oni su već stekli iskustvo
odgajanjem sopstvene dece.
odgajanjem sopstvene dece.
13:05
They usually love their grandchildren,
296
773165
2344
U većini slučajeva
oni vole svoje unuke
oni vole svoje unuke
13:07
and are eager to spend time with them.
297
775509
2665
i željni su da provode vreme s njima.
13:10
Unlike other caregivers,
298
778174
1901
Za razliku od drugih staratelja,
13:12
grandparents don't quit their job
299
780075
2897
babe i dede ne napuštaju svoj posao,
13:14
because they found another job with higher pay
300
782972
2436
jer su našli bolji,
sa većom platom
sa većom platom
13:17
looking after another baby.
301
785408
3513
čuvajući neko drugo dete.
13:20
A second value of older people is paradoxically
302
788921
2404
Druga vrednost starijih je,
paradoksalno,
paradoksalno,
13:23
related to their loss of value
303
791325
2661
povezana sa gubitkom njihove vrednosti
13:25
as a result of changing world
conditions and technology.
conditions and technology.
304
793986
4073
kao posledica promena
u svetskim uslovima i tehnologiji.
u svetskim uslovima i tehnologiji.
13:30
At the same time, older people have gained
305
798059
2036
Istovremeno, stariji ljudi su dobili
13:32
in value today precisely because
306
800095
2311
na vrednosti danas upravo
13:34
of their unique experience of living conditions
307
802406
3109
zbog njihovog jedinstvenog
iskustva u životnim uslovima
iskustva u životnim uslovima
13:37
that have now become rare
308
805515
1719
koji su sada postali retki
13:39
because of rapid change, but that could come back.
309
807234
3310
zbog brzine promena,
ali koji bi se mogli vratiti.
ali koji bi se mogli vratiti.
13:42
For example, only Americans now in their 70s
310
810544
2954
Na primer, samo Amerikanci
koji su sada u svojim 70-im
koji su sada u svojim 70-im
13:45
or older today can remember
311
813498
2260
ili su stariji
se danas sećaju
se danas sećaju
13:47
the experience of living through a great depression,
312
815758
3328
iskustva življenja
tokom velike depresije,
tokom velike depresije,
13:51
the experience of living through a world war,
313
819086
2638
iskustva života
tokom svetskog rata,
tokom svetskog rata,
13:53
and agonizing whether or not
314
821724
2546
brige da li će ili neće
13:56
dropping atomic bombs would be more horrible
315
824270
3037
atomska bomba biti gora
13:59
than the likely consequences
of not dropping atomic bombs.
of not dropping atomic bombs.
316
827307
4113
nego posledica nebacanja
atomskih bombi.
atomskih bombi.
14:03
Most of our current voters and politicians
317
831420
2276
Većina sadašnjih glasača i političara
14:05
have no personal experience of any of those things,
318
833696
2732
nemaju lično iskustvo u tim stvarima,
14:08
but millions of older Americans do.
319
836428
2695
ali milioni starijih Amerikanaca
ga imaju.
ga imaju.
14:11
Unfortunately, all of those terrible situations
320
839123
2651
Nažalost, sve te užasne situacije
14:13
could come back.
321
841774
1387
bi mogle da se ponove.
14:15
Even if they don't come back,
322
843161
1306
A čak i da se ne ponove,
14:16
we have to be able to plan for them
323
844467
2192
moramo da budemo sposobni
da planiramo za njih
da planiramo za njih
14:18
on the basis of the experience of what they were like.
324
846659
2811
na osnovu iskustva
kakve su nekada bile.
kakve su nekada bile.
14:21
Older people have that experience.
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849470
1834
Stariji ljudi imaju to iskustvo.
14:23
Younger people don't.
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2053
Mlađi ljudi nemaju.
14:25
The remaining value of older people
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853357
1520
Vrednost starijih
14:26
that I'll mention involves recognizing that
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854877
2443
koju ću još spomenuti
uključuje prepoznavanje da
uključuje prepoznavanje da
14:29
while there are many things that older people
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857320
2580
iako postoji mnogo stvari koje stariji
14:31
can no longer do,
330
859900
1606
više ne mogu da rade,
14:33
there are other things that they can do
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861506
1489
postoje druge stvari
koje mogu da rade
koje mogu da rade
14:34
better than younger people.
332
862995
2095
bolje od mladih ljudi.
14:37
A challenge for society is
to make use of those things
to make use of those things
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865090
2896
Izazov za društvo je da iskoristi te stvari
14:39
that older people are better at doing.
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867986
2472
koje stariji bolje rade.
14:42
Some abilities, of course, decrease with age.
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870458
3249
Neke sposobnosti, naravno,
nestaju godinama.
nestaju godinama.
14:45
Those include abilities at tasks
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873707
2638
One uključuju sposobnosti
u zadacima
u zadacima
14:48
requiring physical strength and stamina,
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876345
3571
koji zahtevaju
fizičku snagu i izdržljivost,
fizičku snagu i izdržljivost,
14:51
ambition, and the power of novel reasoning
338
879916
3124
ambiciju i moć inovativnog razmišljanja
14:55
in a circumscribed situation,
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2425
u specifičnim situacijama,
14:57
such as figuring out the structure of DNA,
340
885465
2588
kao što je pronalaženje strukture DNK,
15:00
best left to scientists under the age of 30.
341
888053
3901
što je najbolje prepustiti
naučnicima ispod 30.
naučnicima ispod 30.
15:03
Conversely, valuable attributes
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891954
1649
Kao posledica toga,
vredne osobine
vredne osobine
15:05
that increase with age include experience,
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893603
3546
koje rastu sa godinama
uključuju iskustvo,
uključuju iskustvo,
15:09
understanding of people and human relationships,
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897149
3013
razumevanje ljudi i međuljudskih odnosa,
15:12
ability to help other people
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900162
2291
sposobnost za pomaganje drugima
15:14
without your own ego getting in the way,
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902453
2428
bez uplitanja sopstvenog ega
15:16
and interdisciplinary thinking about large databases,
347
904881
3525
i interdisciplinarno razmišljanje
o velikim bazama podataka
o velikim bazama podataka
15:20
such as economics and comparative history,
348
908406
2825
kao što su ekonomija
i komparativna istorija,
i komparativna istorija,
15:23
best left to scholars over the age of 60.
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911231
3214
što je bolje ostaviti
stručnjacima preko 60.
stručnjacima preko 60.
15:26
Hence older people are
much better than younger people
much better than younger people
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914445
2472
Zbog toga su stariji ljudi
mnogo bolji od mlađih
mnogo bolji od mlađih
15:28
at supervising, administering, advising,
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916917
3971
u nadgledanju, administraciji,
savetovanju,
savetovanju,
15:32
strategizing, teaching, synthesizing,
352
920888
3482
osmišljanju strategija,
podučavanju, sintezi
podučavanju, sintezi
15:36
and devising long-term plans.
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924370
2706
i razvoju dugoročnih planova.
15:39
I've seen this value of older people
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927076
2020
Video sam ovu vrednost starijih ljudi
15:41
with so many of my friends in their 60s,
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929096
2572
u velikom broju svojih prijatelja
u njihovim 60-im
u njihovim 60-im
15:43
70s, 80s and 90s,
356
931668
1990
70-im, 80-im i 90-im
15:45
who are still active as investment managers,
357
933658
3285
koji su i dalje aktivni
kao investicioni menadžeri,
kao investicioni menadžeri,
15:48
farmers, lawyers and doctors.
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936943
3013
poljoprivrednici, advokati i lekari.
15:51
In short, many traditional societies
359
939956
2130
Ukratko, mnoga tradicionalna društva
15:54
make better use of their elderly
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942086
2113
bolje iskorišćavaju starije
15:56
and give their elderly more satisfying lives
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944199
3110
i pružaju im ispunjenije živote
15:59
than we do in modern, big societies.
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947309
2850
nego što to mi činimo u modernim,
velikim društvima.
velikim društvima.
16:02
Paradoxically nowadays,
363
950159
1865
Paradoksalno, danas
16:04
when we have more elderly people than ever before,
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952024
2926
kada imamo više starijih
nego ikada pre
nego ikada pre
16:06
living healthier lives and with better medical care
365
954950
2721
koji žive zdravije živote
sa boljom zdravstvenom negom
sa boljom zdravstvenom negom
16:09
than ever before,
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957671
1486
nego ikada pre
16:11
old age is in some respects more miserable
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959157
2707
starost je u nekim pogledima bednija
16:13
than ever before.
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961864
1767
nego ikada pre.
16:15
The lives of the elderly are widely recognized
369
963631
2422
Životi starijih su naširoko prepoznati
16:18
as constituting a disaster area
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966053
2767
kao područja katastrofe
16:20
of modern American society.
371
968820
2533
u modernom američkom društvu.
16:23
We can surely do better by learning
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971353
1681
Sigurno možemo biti bolji ako učimo
16:25
from the lives of the elderly
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973034
1875
iz života starijih
16:26
in traditional societies.
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974909
2012
u tradicionalnim društvima.
16:28
But what's true of the lives of the elderly
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976921
1942
Ali ono što je istinito za živote starijih
16:30
in traditional societies
376
978863
1464
u tradicionalnim društvima
16:32
is true of many other features
377
980327
1695
je istinito i za druge osobine
16:34
of traditional societies as well.
378
982022
2594
tradicionalnih društava.
16:36
Of course, I'm not advocating that we all give up
379
984616
2589
Naravno, nisam zagovornik napuštanja
16:39
agriculture and metal tools
380
987205
2115
poljoprivrede i metalnih oruđa
16:41
and return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
381
989320
3084
i vraćanja lovu i sakupljanju.
16:44
There are many obvious respects
382
992404
1544
Postoji mnogo očiglednih aspekata
16:45
in which our lives today are far happier
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993948
2479
zbog kojih su naši životi danas
daleko srećniji
daleko srećniji
16:48
than those in small, traditional societies.
384
996427
3062
od onih u malim,
tradicionalnim društvima.
tradicionalnim društvima.
16:51
To mention just a few examples,
385
999489
1706
Napomenuo bih samo neke primere,
16:53
our lives are longer, materially much richer,
386
1001195
2970
naši životi su duži,
materijalno znatno bogatiji
materijalno znatno bogatiji
16:56
and less plagued by violence
387
1004165
2283
i manje mučeni nasiljem
16:58
than are the lives of people in traditional societies.
388
1006448
3228
nego životi ljudi
u tradicionalnim društvima.
u tradicionalnim društvima.
17:01
But there are also things to be admired
389
1009676
2528
Ali postoje i stvari
kojima se treba diviti
kojima se treba diviti
17:04
about people in traditional societies,
390
1012204
2142
kod ljudi u tradicionalnim društvima
17:06
and perhaps to be learned from them.
391
1014346
2319
i možda učiti iz njih.
17:08
Their lives are usually socially much richer
392
1016665
2591
Njihovi životi su uglavnom
značajno društveno bogatiji
značajno društveno bogatiji
17:11
than our lives,
393
1019256
1592
nego naši životi,
17:12
although materially poorer.
394
1020848
2292
iako materijalno siromašniji.
17:15
Their children are more self-confident,
395
1023140
2952
Njihova deca imaju
više samopouzdanja,
više samopouzdanja,
17:18
more independent, and more socially skilled
396
1026092
2594
nezavisnija su i imaju
više socijalnih veština
više socijalnih veština
17:20
than are our children.
397
1028686
2336
nego naša deca.
17:23
They think more realistically
about dangers than we do.
about dangers than we do.
398
1031022
3743
Razmišljaju realističnije
o opasnostima nego mi.
o opasnostima nego mi.
17:26
They almost never die of diabetes, heart disease,
399
1034765
3529
Skoro nikada ne umiru od
dijabetesa, srčanih oboljenja,
dijabetesa, srčanih oboljenja,
17:30
stroke, and the other noncommunicable diseases
400
1038294
3234
šloga ili drugih nezaraznih bolesti,
17:33
that will be the causes of death of almost
401
1041528
2512
koje će biti uzrok smrti
17:36
all of us in this room today.
402
1044040
3086
skoro svih nas u ovoj prostoriji danas.
17:39
Features of the modern lifestyle
predispose us to those diseases,
predispose us to those diseases,
403
1047126
4010
Osobine savremenog života
nas predodređuju tim bolestima,
nas predodređuju tim bolestima,
17:43
and features of the traditional lifestyle
404
1051136
2234
a osobine tradicionalnih društava
17:45
protect us against them.
405
1053370
2507
nas štite od njih.
17:47
Those are just some examples of what we can learn
406
1055877
2159
To su samo neki primeri
toga šta možemo da naučimo
toga šta možemo da naučimo
17:50
from traditional societies.
407
1058036
2288
od tradicionalnih društava.
17:52
I hope that you will find it as fascinating
408
1060324
1887
Nadam se da vam biti
isto toliko zapanjujuće
isto toliko zapanjujuće
17:54
to read about traditional societies
409
1062211
2409
da čitate o tradicionalnim društvima
17:56
as I found it to live in those societies.
410
1064620
2703
kao što je meni bilo
da živim među njima.
da živim među njima.
17:59
Thank you.
411
1067323
2180
Hvala vam.
18:01
(Applause)
412
1069503
4447
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jared Diamond - Civilization scholarJared Diamond investigates why cultures prosper or decline -- and what we can learn by taking a broad look across many kinds of societies.
Why you should listen
In his books Guns, Germs and Steel and Collapse (and the popular PBS and National Geographic documentaries they inspired), big-picture scholar Jared Diamond explores civilizations and why they all seem to fall. Now in his latest book, The World Until Yesterday, Diamond examines small, traditional, tribal societies -- and suggests that modern civilization is only our latest solution to survival.
Diamond’s background in evolutionary biology, geography and physiology informs his integrated vision of human history. He posits that success -- and failure -- depends on how well societies adapt to their changing environment.
Jared Diamond | Speaker | TED.com