TEDxBoston 2011
Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution
Richard Resnick: Ongi etorri iraultza genomikora
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
1,041,798 views
TEDXBoston-en hitzaldi ulergarri honetan, Richard Resnick-ek erakusten du genomaren sekuentziazio azkarra eta merkea osasun-zainketa aldatuko duela goitik-behera, baita aseguruak eta politika ere.
Richard Resnick - Entrepreneur
Richard Resnick is on the front lines of the business of genomes, as CEO of GenomeQuest, a maker of genomic software. Full bio
Richard Resnick is on the front lines of the business of genomes, as CEO of GenomeQuest, a maker of genomic software. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Ladies and gentlemen,
0
0
2000
Jaun-Andreak
00:17
I present to you the human genome.
1
2000
3000
Giza-genoma aurkeztu nahi dizuet
00:20
(Applause)
2
5000
3000
(Txaloak)
00:23
Chromosome one, top left.
3
8000
2000
Lehenengo kromosoma, goiko ezkerraldean
00:25
Bottom right are the sex chromosomes.
4
10000
2000
Beheko eskuinaldean, sexu-kromosomak daude.
00:27
Women have two copies of that big X chromosome;
5
12000
2000
Emakumeek X kromosoma handi horren bi kopia dituzte
00:29
men have the X
6
14000
2000
gizonek X-a daukate
00:31
and, of course, that small copy of the Y.
7
16000
2000
Eta, nola ez, Y kromosomaren kopia txiki hori
00:33
Sorry boys, but it's just a tiny little thing that makes you different.
8
18000
4000
Sentitzen dut, mutilak, baina ezberdin egiten zaituzten bakarra gauza txiki hori da.
00:37
So if you zoom in on this genome,
9
22000
3000
Orduan, genoma hori ikusteko gerturatzen bazara,
00:40
then what you see, of course, is this double helix structure --
10
25000
3000
ikusi ahal duzuena, nola ez, helize-bikoitzaren egitura da.
00:43
the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters,
11
28000
2000
bizi-kodea lau letra biokimiko horiekin idatzita
00:45
or we call them bases, right:
12
30000
2000
edo guk aipatzen ditugun bezala, baseak, ondo:
00:47
A, C, G and T.
13
32000
2000
A, C, G eta T
00:49
How many are there in the human genome? Three billion.
14
34000
2000
Zenbat daude giza-genoman? Hiru mila milioi.
00:51
Is that a big number?
15
36000
2000
Zenbaki handia da, ezta?
00:53
Well, everybody can throw around big numbers.
16
38000
2000
Ondo, edozeinek zenbaki handiak erakuts ditzake
00:55
But in fact, if I were to place one base
17
40000
2000
Baina, egia esanda, nik base bat kokatuko banu
00:57
on each pixel of this 1280 by 800 resolution screen,
18
42000
3000
bereizmen handiko 1280 x 800-ko pantaila honetako pixel bakoitzean
01:00
we would need 3,000 screens to take a look at the genome.
19
45000
3000
3000 pantaila beharko genituzke genoma osoa begiratzeko.
01:03
So it's really quite big.
20
48000
2000
Hots, nahiko handia da.
01:05
And perhaps because of its size,
21
50000
2000
Eta, agian, tamainaren ondorioz,
01:07
a group of people -- all, by the way, with Y chromosomes --
22
52000
3000
pertsona talde batek -- denak Y kromosomadunak, gainera --
01:10
decided they would want to sequence it.
23
55000
2000
berau sekuentziatzea erabaki zuten.
01:12
(Laughter)
24
57000
2000
(Algarak)
01:14
And so 15 years, actually, and about four billion dollars later,
25
59000
3000
Eta 15 urte pasatu eta lau mila miloi dolar gastatu eta gero
01:17
the genome was sequenced and published.
26
62000
2000
genoma sekuentziatu eta lana argitaratu zuten.
01:19
In 2003, the final version was published, and they keep working on it.
27
64000
3000
2003. urtean, azkenengo bertsioa argitaratu zuten eta oraindik lan egiten jarraitzen dute .
01:22
That was all done on a machine that looks like this.
28
67000
2000
Lan hori hau bezalako makina batean egin zen.
01:24
It costs about a dollar for each base --
29
69000
2000
Dolar bat base bakoitzeko --
01:26
a very slow way of doing it.
30
71000
2000
efikazia gutxiko era.
01:28
Well folks, I'm here to tell you
31
73000
2000
Ondo adiskideak, orain kontatuko dizuet
01:30
that the world has completely changed
32
75000
2000
munduak zeharo aldatu da
01:32
and none of you know about it.
33
77000
2000
eta zuetako inor ez da konturatu
01:34
So now what we do is we take a genome,
34
79000
2000
Orain genoma hartzen dugu,
01:36
we make maybe 50 copies of it,
35
81000
2000
50 kopia egiten ditugu agian
01:38
we cut all those copies up into little 50-base reads,
36
83000
3000
kopia horiek berrogeita hamar baseko segmentuetan moztu
01:41
and then we sequence them, massively parallel.
37
86000
2000
eta gero sekuentziatu egiten dugu modu paraleloan.
01:43
And then we bring that into software,
38
88000
2000
Eta gero software batera pasatu
01:45
and we reassemble it and we tell you what the story is.
39
90000
2000
eta gero berregin zuei emaitzak emateko.
01:47
And so just to give you a picture of what this looks like,
40
92000
3000
Eta horrela lortzen ditugu genomaren itxura ikustea.
01:50
the Human Genome Project: 3 gigabases, right.
41
95000
2000
Hau da, Giza-Genomaren Proiektua: 3 gigabase, ondo.
01:52
One run on one of these machines:
42
97000
2000
Makina horietako egite bat:
01:54
200 gigabases in a week.
43
99000
3000
200 gigabase astero.
01:57
And that 200 is going to change to 600 this summer,
44
102000
3000
Eta uda honetan 200-etik 600-era igaroko dugu.
02:00
and there's no sign of this pace slowing.
45
105000
3000
eta badirudi abiadura hori ez dela motelduko.
02:03
So the price of a base, to sequence a base,
46
108000
3000
Orduan, base baten prezioa, base bat sekuentzia egitea,
02:06
has fallen 100 million times.
47
111000
3000
100 milioi aldiz erori da
02:09
That's the equivalent of you filling up your car with gas in 1998,
48
114000
3000
Proportzio bera aplikatuz, 1998. urtean autoa gasolinaz betetzeko behar zen diruarekin
02:12
waiting until 2011,
49
117000
2000
2011. urtean kotxea gasolinaz bete,
02:14
and now you can drive to Jupiter and back twice.
50
119000
2000
eta Jupiterreraino joan-etorria birritan egiteko beste egongo zen.
02:16
(Laughter)
51
121000
5000
(Algarak)
02:21
World population,
52
126000
2000
Mundu-populazioa
02:23
PC placements,
53
128000
2000
Ordenadoreen kopurua,
02:25
the archive of all the medical literature,
54
130000
3000
literatura medikoaren artxibategi guztiak.
02:28
Moore's law,
55
133000
2000
Moore-ren legea,
02:30
the old way of sequencing, and here's all the new stuff.
56
135000
3000
sekuentziatzeko antzinako era, eta hemen gauza berri guzti hori.
02:33
Guys, this is a log scale;
57
138000
2000
Aizue, hau eskala logaritmikoa da, benetan:
02:35
you don't typically see lines that go up like that.
58
140000
3000
zuek ez zaudete prest horrelako lerroak goraka hain zoro ikusteko.
02:38
So the worldwide capacity to sequence human genomes
59
143000
3000
Giza-genomak sekuentziatzeko mundu-ahalmena
02:41
is something like 50,000 to 100,000 human genomes this year.
60
146000
3000
50.000 eta 100.000 genoma urteko dago gaur egun
02:44
And we know this based on the machines that are being placed.
61
149000
3000
Eta jakin badakigu makinen erabilpenean oinarrituta dagoela.
02:47
This is expected to double, triple or maybe quadruple
62
152000
3000
Eta badirudi bikoiztu, hirukoiztu eta, agian, laukoiztu egingo dela
02:50
year over year for the foreseeable future.
63
155000
2000
hurrengo urteetan.
02:52
In fact, there's one lab in particular
64
157000
2000
Egia esanda, laborategi bat badago
02:54
that represents 20 percent of all that capacity.
65
159000
3000
zeinek ahalmen horren %20a bereganatzen duen.
02:57
It's called the Beijing Genomics Institute.
66
162000
3000
Beijing Genomics Institut izena du.
03:00
The Chinese are absolutely winning this race to the new Moon, by the way.
67
165000
4000
Aizue, txinatarrak Ilargi berri honetarako lasterketa irabazten ari dira.
03:04
What does this mean for medicine?
68
169000
2000
Zer adierazten du honek medikuntza esparruan?
03:06
So a woman is age 37.
69
171000
2000
37 urteko emakume batek
03:08
She presents with stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
70
173000
4000
Bigarren etapako estrogenoen hartzaileentzako bularreko minbizia jasaten du.
03:12
She is treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
71
177000
3000
Kirurgia, kimioterapia eta erradiazioaren tratamenduak jartzen dizkiote.
03:15
She goes home.
72
180000
2000
Etxera doa.
03:17
Two years later, she comes back with stage three C ovarian cancer.
73
182000
3000
Bi urte barru, hirugarren etapako obario-minbiziarekin jo medikuarenera.
03:20
Unfortunately, treated again with surgery and chemotherapy.
74
185000
3000
Tamalez, berriro kirurgia eta kimioterapiaren tratamenduak jartzen dizkiote.
03:23
She comes back three years later at age 42
75
188000
2000
Hiru urte beranduago bueltatu, 42 urteekin
03:25
with more ovarian cancer, more chemotherapy.
76
190000
3000
berriro obario-minbiziarekin, kimioterapia gehiago.
03:28
Six months later,
77
193000
2000
Sei hilabete beranduago,
03:30
she comes back with acute myeloid leukemia.
78
195000
3000
leuzemia mieloide akutu batekin jo medikuarenera.
03:34
She goes into respiratory failure and dies eight days later.
79
199000
3000
Arnas gutxiegitasuna jasaten du eta zortzi egun eta gero, hil egiten da.
03:37
So first, the way in which this woman was treated, in as little as 10 years,
80
202000
3000
Orduan, emakume horri jarri zizkioten tratamenduak, 10 urte barru,
03:40
will look like bloodletting.
81
205000
3000
anker eta basatiak irudituko zaizkigu.
03:43
And it's because of people like my colleague, Rick Wilson,
82
208000
2000
Hori dela eta, nire kideak, Rick Wilson-ek,
03:45
at the Genome Institute at Washington University,
83
210000
3000
Washington Univertsity-ko Genome Institute-aren kideak,
03:48
who decided to take a look at this woman postmortem.
84
213000
2000
erabaki zuen emakume horren autopsia egitea.
03:50
And he sequenced, he took skin cells, healthy skin,
85
215000
3000
Eta berak sekuentziatu eta azal osasungarriaren biopsia egin zituen,
03:53
and cancerous bone marrow,
86
218000
2000
baita hezur-muineko minbizidunena.
03:55
and he sequenced the whole genomes of both of them
87
220000
2000
Eta bi genoma horiek sekuentziatu zituen
03:57
in a couple of weeks, no big deal.
88
222000
3000
2 astetan, lan erraza.
04:00
And then he compared those two genomes in software,
89
225000
2000
Eta orduan bi genoma horiek konparatu zituen software horri esker,
04:02
and what he found, among other things,
90
227000
2000
eta gauza batzuk aurkitu zituen, besteak beste,
04:04
was a deletion, a 2,000-base deletion
91
229000
2000
2.000 baseetako ezabatzea
04:06
across three billion bases
92
231000
2000
hiru mila milioi baseen artean
04:08
in a particular gene called TP53.
93
233000
2000
gen zehatz batean, TP53 deritzona.
04:10
If you have this deleterious mutation in this gene,
94
235000
3000
Norbaitek mutazio gaizto hau badu gen horretan
04:13
you're 90 percent likely to get cancer in your life.
95
238000
3000
minbizia jasateko %90a izango du bizitza osoan.
04:16
So unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman,
96
241000
2000
Tamalez, aurkikuntza horrek ez dio emakume horri laguntzen.
04:18
but it does have severe, profound if you will,
97
243000
3000
baina aurkikuntzak oso ondorio sakon batzuk ditu
04:21
implications to her family.
98
246000
2000
bere familian
04:23
I mean, if they have the same mutation,
99
248000
2000
Hots, haiek mutazio bera badute,
04:25
and they get this genetic test, and they understand it,
100
250000
3000
eta froga genetikoa egiten badute, ondorioak ulertuta,
04:28
then they can go and get regular screens, and they can catch cancer early
101
253000
3000
orduan medikuarenera joango dira maiz, minbizia aurrez aldetik identifikatzeko
04:31
and potentially live a significantly longer life.
102
256000
2000
eta askoz luzaroko bizitza gozatzeko aukera izango dute.
04:33
Let me introduce you now to the Beery twins,
103
258000
2000
Orain Beery bikiak aurkeztuko dizkizuet.
04:35
diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of two.
104
260000
2000
garun-perlesiarekin diagnostikatuta bi urteekin.
04:37
Their mom is a very brave woman
105
262000
2000
Euren ama oso emakume ausarta da
04:39
who didn't believe that the symptoms weren't matching up,
106
264000
2000
zeinek sinetsi zuen gaixo horren sintoma medikoak ez zetozela bat
04:41
and through some heroic efforts and a lot of Internet searching,
107
266000
2000
eta ahalegin heroiko batzuei esker eta Internet-en bilaketeei esker
04:43
she was able to convince the medical community
108
268000
3000
elkarte medikoa konbentzitu zuen
04:46
that, in fact, they had something else.
109
271000
2000
bere bikiek beste gaixo mota desberdin bat jasaten ari zirela esanez.
04:48
What they had was dopa-responsive dystonia.
110
273000
3000
Azkenean, dopamina-ra distonia iraunkorra pairatzen zutela jakin zen
04:51
And so they were given L-Dopa,
111
276000
2000
L-Dopa agindu ostean,
04:53
and their symptoms did improve,
112
278000
2000
eta euren sintomak hobetu arren
04:55
but they weren't totally asymptomatic.
113
280000
2000
ez zuten asintomatikotasun osoa lortu
04:57
Significant problems remained.
114
282000
2000
Eta arazo adierazgarriekin geratu ziren
04:59
Turns out the gentleman in this picture is a guy named Joe Beery,
115
284000
2000
Argazki horretako gizona Joe Beery da,
05:01
who was lucky enough to be the CIO
116
286000
2000
zein enpresa baten burua zen
05:03
of a company called Life Technologies.
117
288000
2000
hain zuzen ere, Life Technologies-ena.
05:05
They're one of the two companies
118
290000
2000
Eta enpresa horrek, beste enpresa batekin,
05:07
that makes these massive whole genome sequencing tools.
119
292000
3000
garatzen ditu genoma osoa sekuentziateko tresnak.
05:10
And so what he did was he got his kids sequenced.
120
295000
3000
Orduan bere bi bikien genomak sekuentziatu egin zuen
05:13
And what they found was a series of mutations in a gene called SPR,
121
298000
3000
Eta mutazio batzuk aurkitu zituen gen batean, SPR deritzona.
05:16
which is responsible for producing serotonin, among other things.
122
301000
4000
serotonina ekoizteko gen arduraduna da, besteak beste,
05:20
So on top of L-Dopa, they gave these kids a serotonin precursor drug,
123
305000
3000
Orduan L-Dopa hartzeaz gain, haiek ere serotoninaren aitzindari den droga bat eman zieten.
05:23
and they're effectively normal now.
124
308000
2000
eta orain ondo daude.
05:25
Guys, this would never have happened without whole genome sequencing.
125
310000
3000
Aizue, hau ez litzateke inoiz gertatuko genoma osoa sekuentziatuko ez bagenu.
05:28
And at the time -- this was a few years ago -- it cost $100,000.
126
313000
2000
Eta garai hartan, orain dela urte batzuk, $100.000 balio zuen.
05:30
Today it's $10,000. Next year it's $1,000.
127
315000
2000
Gaur $10.000. Hurrengo urtean $1.000
05:32
The year after it's $100, give or take a year.
128
317000
2000
Eta bi urte barru $100.
05:34
That's how fast this is moving.
129
319000
2000
Hau da dakarren abiadura
05:36
So here's little Nick --
130
321000
2000
Hemen daukazue Nick txikia
05:38
likes Batman and squirt guns.
131
323000
3000
Batman eta ur-pistolak gustatzen zaizkio.
05:41
And it turns out Nick shows up at the children's hospital
132
326000
3000
Eta Nick ospital baten pediatria zerbitzura heltzen da
05:44
with this distended belly like a famine victim.
133
329000
2000
bere urdail handiputzarekin, gosetia izango balitz bezala.
05:46
And it's not that he's not eating,
134
331000
2000
Baina jan egiten du,
05:48
it's that when he eats, his intestine basically opens up
135
333000
2000
Baina janten duenean, bere hesteak zabaldu egiten dira
05:50
and feces spill out into his gut.
136
335000
2000
eta gorozkiak urdailean hedatzen dira.
05:52
So a hundred surgeries later,
137
337000
2000
Orduan hamaika kirurgi-ebakuntza egin ondoren,
05:54
he looks at his mom and says, "Mom,
138
339000
3000
bere amari begiratu eta esan, "Ama,
05:57
please pray for me. I'm in so much pain."
139
342000
3000
mesedez, nitaz otoitz egin, izugarrizko mina daukat eta"
06:00
His pediatrician happens to have a background in clinical genetics
140
345000
3000
Zorionez, bere pediatrak genetika klinikoan eskarmentua zeukan
06:03
and he has no idea what's going on,
141
348000
2000
eta Nick-ri zer gertatzen zitzaion ideiarik ez zeukan arren
06:05
but he says, "Let's get this kid's genome sequenced."
142
350000
2000
esan zuen, "Egin dezagun mutil horren genomaren sekuentziazioa"
06:07
And what they find is a single-point mutation
143
352000
2000
Eta puntu-bakarreko mutazio bat aurkitzen dute
06:09
in a gene responsible for controlling programmed cell death.
144
354000
3000
gen batean, zeinek zelulen antolatutako heriotza kontrolatzen duen.
06:12
So the theory is that he's having some immunological reaction
145
357000
3000
Orduan, erreakzio inmunologikoaren teoria garatzen du
06:15
to what's going on to the food essentially,
146
360000
3000
janariaren inguruan hain zuzen ere.
06:18
and that's a natural reaction, which causes some programmed cell death.
147
363000
3000
eta hori da erreakzio naturala, zeinek zelulen antolatutako heriotza eragin dion.
06:21
But the gene that regulates that down is broken.
148
366000
2000
Erreakzio kontrolatzen duen geneak hondatuta daude.
06:23
And so this informs, among other things, of course,
149
368000
2000
Egokiera horren ondorioz,
06:25
a treatment for bone marrow transplant, which he undertakes.
150
370000
3000
hezur-muineko transplantea egin behar izango diote.
06:28
And after nine months of grueling recovery,
151
373000
2000
Bederatzi hilabetetako berreskuratze handia suertatu ostean
06:30
he's now eating steak with A1 sauce.
152
375000
2000
kalitate handiko txuletak eta saltsak jaten ditu.
06:32
(Laughter)
153
377000
2000
(Algarak)
06:34
The prospect of using the genome
154
379000
2000
Genoma erabiltzeko ahalmena
06:36
as a universal diagnostic
155
381000
2000
diagnosi medikoa egiteko
06:38
is upon us today.
156
383000
2000
posiblea da gaur egun.
06:40
Today, it's here.
157
385000
2000
Gaur, hemen dago
06:42
And what it means for all of us
158
387000
2000
Eta guri esaten digun informazioa da
06:44
is that everybody in this room could live an extra five, 10, 20 years
159
389000
3000
gela honetako guztiak 5, 10 edo 20 urte gehiago bizi ahal izango direla.
06:47
just because of this one thing.
160
392000
2000
genomari esker.
06:49
Which is a fantastic story,
161
394000
2000
Bai berri ona,
06:51
unless you think about humanity's footprint on the planet
162
396000
3000
baldin eta planetaren oinatz ekologikoa kontuan hartzen ez baduzue
06:54
and our ability to keep up food production.
163
399000
2000
eta gure trebetasuna janari ekoizpena mantentzeko
06:56
So it turns out
164
401000
2000
Hau da kontua
06:58
that the very same technology
165
403000
2000
haiek teknologia bera
07:00
is also being used to grow new lines
166
405000
2000
erabiltzen dute aldaera berriak lantzeko
07:02
of corn, wheat, soybean and other crops
167
407000
3000
artoa, garia, soja eta beste aldaera batzuk
07:05
that are highly tolerant of drought, of flood,
168
410000
2000
askoz iraunkorragoak direnak, lehorteetara, uholdeetara
07:07
of pests and pesticides.
169
412000
2000
izurriteetara eta pestizidetara.
07:09
Now look, as long as we continue to increase the population,
170
414000
3000
Baina, munduko populazioak hazten jarraitzen duen bitartean
07:12
we're going to have to continue to grow and eat genetically modified foods,
171
417000
3000
genetikoki modifikatutako jakiak landu eta jan behar izango ditugu
07:15
and that's the only position that I'll take today.
172
420000
3000
eta hau da nik hartutako aukera oraintxe bertan
07:18
Unless there's anybody in the audience
173
423000
2000
Ba ahal dago publikoan
07:20
that would like to volunteer to stop eating?
174
425000
2000
jateari guztiz uzteko prest dagoenik?
07:22
None, not one.
175
427000
2000
Inor ere ez, konforme.
07:24
This is a typewriter,
176
429000
2000
Hau da idazmakina,
07:26
a staple of every desktop for decades.
177
431000
3000
idazmahai guztietan nahitaezkoa urte askotan zehar
07:29
And in fact, the typewriter was essentially deleted by this thing.
178
434000
4000
Baina, gauza honek idazmakina ezabatu zuen.
07:33
And then more general versions of word processors came about.
179
438000
3000
Eta gero, hitz-prozesadoreen bertsio berriek aurrekoa deuseztatu zuten.
07:36
But ultimately, it was a disruption on top of a disruption.
180
441000
3000
Baina azkenean, teknologia disruptiboek haiek ere ezabatu zituzten.
07:39
It was Bob Metcalfe inventing the Ethernet
181
444000
2000
Bob Metcalfe-k, Ethernet asmatu zuenari esker
07:41
and the connection of all these computers
182
446000
2000
eta ekipo guztien loturek
07:43
that fundamentally changed everything.
183
448000
2000
dena aldatu zuten goitik behera
07:45
And suddenly we had Netscape, and we had Yahoo
184
450000
3000
Eta bat-batean Netscape eta Yahoo geneuzkan
07:48
and we had, indeed, the entire dotcom bubble.
185
453000
3000
eta, tamalez, burbuila teknologikoak (.com)
07:51
(Laughter)
186
456000
3000
(Algarak)
07:54
Not to worry though,
187
459000
2000
Baina ez kezkatu
07:56
that was quickly rescued by the iPod, Facebook
188
461000
2000
iPod-ek eta Facebook-ek erreskatatu gintuzten
07:58
and, indeed, angry birds.
189
463000
2000
baita Angry Birds-ek ere
08:00
(Laughter)
190
465000
2000
(Algarak)
08:02
Look, this is where we are today.
191
467000
3000
Aizue, hemen gaude gaur egun
08:05
This is the genomic revolution today. This is where we are.
192
470000
2000
Hau da gaurko genomaren iraultza. Hemen gaude.
08:07
So what I'd like you to consider is:
193
472000
2000
Zuek hau kontuan hartzea gustatuko litzaidake
08:09
What does it mean
194
474000
2000
Zerk adirazi nahi dute
08:11
when these dots don't represent the individual bases of your genome,
195
476000
3000
pantailaren puntu horiek ez dituztenean zuen genomaren baseak irudikatzen soilik,
08:14
but they connect to genomes all across the planet?
196
479000
3000
mundu osoko genomekin dugun konexioa baizik?
08:17
So I just recently had to buy life insurance.
197
482000
2000
Arestian bizitza-asegurua erosi nahi izan nuen.
08:19
And I was required to answer:
198
484000
2000
Eta galdera bat erantzun behar izan nuen
08:21
A. I have never had a genetic test, B. I've had one, here you go,
199
486000
3000
A. Ez dut inoiz egin test genetiko bat. B. Bat egin dut eta hemen dago.
08:24
and C. I've had one and I'm not telling.
200
489000
2000
eta C. Bat egin dut baina ez dizut erakutsi nahi.
08:26
Thankfully, I was able to answer A,
201
491000
2000
Eskerrak A aukera erantzun nuen.
08:28
and I say that honestly in case my life insurance agent is listening.
202
493000
3000
eta zintzo esaten dut, nire aseguru-agenteak entzunez gero
08:31
But what would have happened if I had said C?
203
496000
3000
Zer gertatuko zitzaidan nik C erantzun banu?
08:34
Consumer applications for genomics, they will flourish.
204
499000
2000
Bezeroentzako erabilera genomikoak gora egingo lukete.
08:36
Do you want to see whether you're genetically compatible
205
501000
2000
Zure emaztegaiarekin genetikoki bateragarri zaren ala ez
08:38
with your girlfriend? Sure.
206
503000
2000
jakin nahi duzu? Jakina
08:40
DNA sequencing on your iPhone? There's an app for that.
207
505000
3000
DNA-ren sekuntziazioa zure iPhone-n? Badago erabilera bat prest.
08:43
(Laughter)
208
508000
2000
(Algarak)
08:45
Personalized genomic massage anyone?
209
510000
3000
Nork nahi du masaje genomiko pertsonalizatua?
08:48
There's already a lab today
210
513000
2000
Badago laborategi batek
08:50
that tests for allele 334 of the AVPR1 gene,
211
515000
2000
zeinek frogak egiten dituen AVPR1 genaren 334 aleloa aurkitzeko
08:52
the so-called cheating gene.
212
517000
2000
desleialtasun genea deritzona
08:54
So anybody who's here today with your significant other,
213
519000
4000
Orduan gaur hemen bere bikotearekin dagoena
08:58
just turn over to them and swab their mouth,
214
523000
2000
bakarrik bestearengana hurbildu eta ahoaren lagin bat hartu besterik ez du egin behar
09:00
send it to the lab and you'll know for sure.
215
525000
2000
bidali laborategira eta ziurtatuko zara.
09:02
(Laughter)
216
527000
2000
(Algarak)
09:04
Do you really want to elect a president
217
529000
2000
Presidente berria aukeratuko zenukete
09:06
whose genome suggests cardiomyopathy?
218
531000
2000
bere genomak kardiomiopatia erakutsiko balu?
09:08
Now think of it, it's 2016
219
533000
2000
Demagun 2016. urtean gauden
09:10
and the leading candidate releases
220
535000
1000
eta gogokoen hautagaiak aurkezten du
09:11
not only her four years of back tax returns,
221
536000
2000
bere 4 urtetako zerga-murrizketaren plana ez ezik
09:13
but also her personal genome.
222
538000
2000
baita bere genoma pertsonala ere
09:15
And it looks really good.
223
540000
2000
Oso genoma ona da, benetan
09:17
And then she challenges all of her competitors to do the same.
224
542000
2000
Eta bere lehiakideei desafio egiten die gauza bera egin dezaten
09:19
Do you think that's not going to happen?
225
544000
2000
Zer pentsatzen duzue, hori ez dela inoiz gertatuko?
09:21
Do you think it would have helped John McCain?
226
546000
2000
John McCain-i lagundu zion, ba?
09:23
(Laughter)
227
548000
2000
(Algarak)
09:25
How many people in the audience
228
550000
2000
Zenbat jende dago publikoan
09:27
have the last name Resnick like me? Raise your hand.
229
552000
2000
nire abizen berbera duena, Resnick? Altxatu eskua
09:29
Anybody? Nobody.
230
554000
2000
Norbait? Inor ez.
09:31
Typically, there's one or two.
231
556000
2000
Normalean , badago bat edo bi
09:33
So my father's father was one of 10 Resnick brothers.
232
558000
2000
Nire aitaren aitak 10 Resnick anai zituen
09:35
They all hated each other.
233
560000
2000
Elkarri gorroto egin zioten
09:37
And they all moved to different parts of the planet.
234
562000
2000
Eta munduaren leku desberdinetara mugitu ziren.
09:39
So it's likely
235
564000
2000
Gerta daitekeena
09:41
that I'm related to every Resnick that I ever meet, but I don't know.
236
566000
3000
nik ezagutu ditudan Resnick guztien ahaidea naizela, baina ez nago ziur
09:44
But imagine if my genome were deidentified, sitting in software,
237
569000
3000
Baina demagun nire genoma software batean balego modu ezezagunean,
09:47
and a third cousin's genome was also sitting there,
238
572000
2000
eta hirugarren lehegusuaren genoma baita han balego ere,
09:49
and there was software that could compare these two
239
574000
2000
eta software bat existituko balitz, bi genoma horiek konparatu ahal izango lituzke
09:51
and make these associations.
240
576000
2000
eta elkartu.
09:53
Not hard to imagine. My company has software that does this right now.
241
578000
3000
Ez da ezinezkoa. Nire konpainia hori egiten ari da oraintxe bertan
09:56
And so imagine one more thing:
242
581000
2000
Eta demagun beste gauza bat
09:58
that that software is able to ask both parties for mutual consents,
243
583000
3000
software horrek bi pertsonen onarpena eska dezakeela
10:01
"Would you be willing to meet your third cousin?"
244
586000
2000
Zure hirugarren lehengusua ezagutu nahi izango zenuke?
10:03
And if we both say yes,
245
588000
2000
Eta biok bai erantzuten badugu,
10:05
voila! Welcome to chromosomally LinkedIn.
246
590000
2000
orduan, Ongi etorri Linkedln kromosomatikora.
10:07
(Laughter)
247
592000
4000
(Algarak)
10:11
Now this is probably a good thing, right?
248
596000
2000
Oso gauza ona da, ezta?
10:13
You have bigger clan gatherings and so on.
249
598000
2000
Familia-bilerak askoz handiagoak izango dira, ezta?
10:15
But maybe it's a bad thing as well.
250
600000
2000
Baina, baita gauza okerra ere.
10:17
How many fathers in the room? Raise your hands.
251
602000
2000
Zenbat aita daude hemen? Altxatu eskuak.
10:19
Okay, so experts think that one to three percent of you
252
604000
3000
Ondo, adituek uste dute aita guztien %1etik %3ra
10:22
are not actually the father of your child.
253
607000
2000
ez direla euren seme-alaben aita biologikoak.
10:24
(Laughter)
254
609000
2000
(Algarak)
10:26
Look --
255
611000
2000
Begira --
10:28
(Laughter)
256
613000
4000
(Algarak)
10:32
These genomes, these 23 chromosomes,
257
617000
3000
Genoma hauek, 23 kromosoma hauek
10:35
they don't in any way represent the quality of our relationships
258
620000
3000
ez dute gure erlazioen kalitatea azaltzen
10:38
or the nature of our society -- at least not yet.
259
623000
2000
ezta gure gizartearen natura ere -- oraindik ez.
10:40
And like any new technology,
260
625000
2000
Eta teknologia berri guztiei gertatzen zien bezala
10:42
it's really in humanity's hands
261
627000
2000
gizakien eskuetan dago
10:44
to wield it for the betterment of mankind, or not.
262
629000
3000
gizateriaren hobekuntzarako erabiltzea.
10:47
And so I urge you all to wake up and to tune in
263
632000
3000
Benetan eskatzen dizuet esnatzeko eta eguneratzeko
10:50
and to influence the genomic revolution that's happening all around you.
264
635000
3000
zuen inguruko genomaren iraultzan eragiteko.
10:53
Thank you.
265
638000
2000
Mila esker.
10:55
(Applause)
266
640000
2000
(Txaloak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Resnick - EntrepreneurRichard Resnick is on the front lines of the business of genomes, as CEO of GenomeQuest, a maker of genomic software.
Why you should listen
Richard Resnick is CEO of GenomeQuest , a company that builds software to support genomic medicine -- research and individualized treatments that take advantage of cheap and accessible genome processing. He was previously CEO of Mosaic Bioinformatics; before becoming a bio-entrepreneur, he was a member of the Human Genome Project under Eric Lander at MIT.
Richard Resnick | Speaker | TED.com