Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet
فرد یانسن: چگونگی فرود بر یک ستاره دنبالهدار
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
of the Rosetta spacecraft.
for the past two years.
about the origin of the solar system.
four and a half billion years,
our sun formed and ignited.
خورشید ما شکل گرفت و مشتعل شد.
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
و سیارک ها می نامیم شکل گرفتند.
a bit after its formation,
and delivered water to Earth.
و آب را به زمین انتقال داد.
complex organic material to Earth,
the emergence of life.
برای زندگی در زمین بود.
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
قطعهای مقایسه کنید
like Jupiter and Saturn,
where they are now,
of the solar system clean,
called the Kuiper Belt,
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
run into each other,
pulls them back into the solar system.
آنها را به منظومه شمسی برمیگرداند.
as we see them in the sky.
که ما آنها را در آسمان میبینیم.
is that in the meantime,
on the outside of the solar system,
منظومه شمسی قرار گرفته اند،
which is blown away by the solar wind.
که با بادهای خورشیدی به کنار می روند.
which is charged particles,
که از ذرات باردارمتشکلند،
in the solar system.
which here is too small to see,
that in the case of Rosetta,
که در مورد پروژه روزتا،
away from the comet.
from which our solar system was formed,
که منضومه شمسی ما از آنها شکل گرفته،
when Earth, and life, started.
which may have bootstrapped life.
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
which would be a mission to a comet.
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
چیزی را که در اینجا می بینید به نام گیوتو راهاندازی شده ،
with an armada of other spacecraft.
با ناوگان فضاپیمای دیگری راهاندازی شد.
it became immediately clear
بلافاصله این روشن شد
to understand our solar system.
شناخت منظومه شمسی هستند.
was approved in 1993,
to be launched in 2003,
with an Ariane rocket.
in its enthusiasm,
1,000 Delft Blue plates
That's the positive part.
این هم بخش مثبت داشتان.
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
کریومو- جرسمنکو
be able to get to it,
in the solar system too long.
در منظومه شمسی بوده باشد.
in the solar system since 1959.
منظومه شمسی وارد شده بود.
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
توسط سیاره مشتری منحرف شده بود،
to the sun to start changing.
شده بود تا شروع به تغییر کند.
its whole tour through the solar system --
as we will see in August,
آنطور که در ماه آگوست آن را میبینیم،
using something which is not
و از چیزی استفاده کردیم
where you point and where you are.
به کجا اشاره می کنید و در کجا هستید.
at landmarks on the comet.
boulders, craters --
تخته سنگها، چالهها -
respective to the comet.
که در کجای دنبالهدار هستیم.
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
than it actually is,
to use radio isotope thermal generators
so there was no choice.
بنابراین هیچ امکانی نبود.
specially selected small people.
65 square meters.
۵۶ مترمربع.
when we got to the comet,
is not always a very handy choice.
که همیشه انتخاب خیلی راحتی هم نیست.
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
of the Earth to the sun --
than we could achieve with fuel,
که می توانستیم با این سوخت بدست آوریم،
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
at very low altitude,
ارتفاع بسیار پائین هست،
of that planet around the sun for free.
به دور خورشید بدون سوخت می گردید.
we did twice Earth again,
دوباره برای زمین دوبار انجام دادیم.
Lutetia and Steins.
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
که اگر برای فضاپیما مشکلی پیش بیاید،
save the spacecraft anymore,
except for one clock.
and the way this works.
و این روش جواب میدهد.
the circle where we started,
more and more and more elliptical,
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
by the CIVA camera.
and the solar array in the distance.
of hibernation in January 2014,
from the comet in May.
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
حرکت می کردیم، پس باید ترمز می گرفتیم.
some of them were really big.
برخی از آنها واقعا بزرگ هستند.
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
چند صد کیلومتر در ساعت می گرفتیم.
was seven hours,
hours, because in 2007,
در سال ۲۰۰۷،
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
operating at a pressure
or qualified for.
and these were the first pictures we saw.
و این اولین تصویری بود که دیدیم.
is 12 and a half hours,
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
مهندسان دینامیک پرواز ما فکر میکردند
an easy thing to land on.
of spud-like thing
it was clearly unavoidable:
in all the detail you could get,
آن فرود اییم را نقشه برداری میکردیم،
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
که مسطح و با قطر ۵۰۰ متر بود را پیدا می کردیم.
we have on landing the probe.
که ما از فرود کاوشگر داشتیم.
and we mapped the comet.
و دنباله دار را نقشهبرداری کردیم.
called photoclinometry.
به نقشه سه بعدی تبدیل می کند) استفاده کردیم.
sitting on the surface of the comet,
که بر سطح دنبالهدار قرار دارد،
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
and you can map the comet.
و آن را نقشه برداری کنید.
starting in August.
ویژه ای برای این داشتیم.
of 100 kilometers on a side
thing at 50 kilometers.
at all kinds of angles,
زوایهها میتوانستیم ببینیم،
to map the whole thing.
of landing sites.
to go from the mapping of the comet
برای تهیه نقشه از دنبالهدار انجام دهیم ،
the final landing site, was 60 days.
the average Mars mission
متوسط ماموریتهای مریخ
for years to meet
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
has to be at the right point in space,
روزتا باید در سمت راست فضا قرار گیرد،
because the lander is passive.
زیرا کاوشگر انفعالی و کنش گر هست.
and moves towards the comet.
at Philae while it was departing
هنگامی که آن از روزتا خارج می شود
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
در کل مسیر هفت ساعت بود.
by one centimeter per second,
one centimeter per second,
better than 100 meters
some of the science and the instruments.
of all the instruments,
we can measure dust particles,
می توانید بطور خاص گرد و غبار
و همه چیز را اندازه گیری کنیم.
an instrument which measures gas density
is September of last year.
which in itself is not surprising,
که در نوع خودش تعجباور نیست،
on the evaporation of gas
and then cools down on the back side.
و سپس در سمت عقب سرد میشود.
the density variations of this.
and the organic compounds
much more to come,
هم هست که خواهند آمد،
going on in Houston at the moment
look very impressive,
when they saw this.
and they shot it with tantalum
the concentration of these two materials
این دو ماده بسیار فراوان بودند.
which materials were there
elements is the imaging.
the OSIRIS camera,
دوربین OSIRIS است،
of Science magazine
this body to look like this.
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
باد در سمت سایه میوزد.
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
اما این دنبالهدار اتمسفری ندارد،
a wind-blown shadow.
a lot to investigate.
you see in the middle a pit.
در وسط تصویر یک گودال رامیبینید.
if you carefully look,
اگر بادقت نگاه کنید،
of the bottom of that pit.
is where the active regions are,
evaporates into space.
in the neck of the comet.
and it's two and a half meters wide.
و دونیم متر غرض.
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
چکش و مته، و غیره .
because you want to compare
زیرا می خواستیم
with what you find on the comet.
را با دنباله دار مقایسه کنیم.
ground truth measurements.
and further away from Rosetta.
از روزتا دورتر و دورتر میشود.
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
تصویری از ۶۰ متری دنبالهدار می بینید،
before we landed on the comet.
که ما قبل از فرود آمدن گرفتیم.
but from a different perspective,
از چشم انداز دیگری می بینید،
from the bottom-left to the middle
over the surface of the comet.
and an after image of the landing.
there is no lander.
at the right-hand side of this image,
but it had bounced.
اما پرتاب شده.
to have a lander which would bounce.
که گاوشگری داشته باشد که بتواند پرتاب شود.
it was way too expensive.
in the magnetometers,
در میدان مغناطیسی،
from the three axes, x, y and z.
is during the first bounce,
در طول اولین پرتاب
with one of the legs of the lander,
به لبه دهانه کوه برخورد کرد،
of the lander changed.
the iconic images of Rosetta.
a leg of the lander,
یکی از پایه های کاوشگر،
images of space science I have ever seen.
is to actually find the lander.
پیدا کردن کاوشگر هست.
is where we know it must be.
but the search is continuing,
اما جستجو هنوز ادامه دارد،
the lander to work again.
and somewhere in April,
we found on the comet:
a very big rock, but it's not.
in June, July, August last year
و آگوست سال گذشته دیدیم افزایش
a second leaving this comet:
250 TV crews in Germany.
۲۵۰ نفر از کارکنان تلویزیون آلمان آنجا بودند.
who was following me all day
for the whole day.
when leaving the control room,
and I still feel this.
landing day without crying,
I would like to leave you.
شما را ترک میکنم.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fred Jansen - Space explorerAs manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Fred Jansen manages the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission, which guided a probe into orbit around a comet and dispatched a lander to its surface -- both firsts in space exploration. Although the lander Philae could not accomplish its full mission before going into hibernation, the data it’s already gathered will immeasurably multiply our knowledge of comets and their contributions to the ingredients of life on Earth.
In addition to his work with the Rosetta Mission, Jansen oversees the ESA’s XMM-Newton, an orbiting x-ray space observatory delving into the most elusive secrets of the universe, including black holes and dark matter.
Fred Jansen | Speaker | TED.com