TED2015
Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet
Fred Jansen: Kako sleteti na kometu
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Rukovodilac misije Rozeta, Fred Jansen je odgovoran za uspešno spuštanje svemirske sonde na kometu poznatu pod nazivom 67P/Čurjumov-Gerasimenko, 2014. godine. U ovom fascinantnom i zabavnom govoru Jansen otkriva neke od složenih proračuna koji su doveli do spuštanja modula File na kometu, 500km udaljenu od Zemlje - i pokazuje neke neverovatne fotografije snimljene na tom putu.
Fred Jansen - Space explorer
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to take you on the epic quest
of the Rosetta spacecraft.
of the Rosetta spacecraft.
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Želeo bih da vas povedem u epsku avanturu
svemirske letelice Rozeta.
svemirske letelice Rozeta.
00:17
To escort and land the probe on a comet,
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Praćenje komete i spuštanje
svemirske sonde na nju
svemirske sonde na nju
00:21
this has been my passion
for the past two years.
for the past two years.
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bila je moja strast
u poslednje dve godine.
u poslednje dve godine.
00:25
In order to do that,
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Da bih to uradio,
00:26
I need to explain to you something
about the origin of the solar system.
about the origin of the solar system.
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treba da vam objasnim nešto
o postanku Sunčevog sistema.
o postanku Sunčevog sistema.
00:30
When we go back
four and a half billion years,
four and a half billion years,
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Ako se vratimo unazad
4,5 milijarde godina,
4,5 milijarde godina,
00:32
there was a cloud of gas and dust.
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postojao je oblak gasa i prašine.
00:33
In the center of this cloud,
our sun formed and ignited.
our sun formed and ignited.
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U središtu ovog oblaka, nastalo je
i upalilo se naše sunce.
i upalilo se naše sunce.
00:38
Along with that, what we now know
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
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Uz to nastalo je i ono što znamo
kao planete, komete i asteroide.
kao planete, komete i asteroide.
00:44
What then happened, according to theory,
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Zatim, prema teoriji,
00:47
is that when the Earth had cooled down
a bit after its formation,
a bit after its formation,
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pošto se Zemlja ohladila
nedugo posle svog nastanka,
nedugo posle svog nastanka,
00:51
comets massively impacted the Earth
and delivered water to Earth.
and delivered water to Earth.
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komete su je žestoko udarale
i donele vodu na Zemlju.
i donele vodu na Zemlju.
00:57
They probably also delivered
complex organic material to Earth,
complex organic material to Earth,
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One su verovatno donele
i složeni organski materijal
i složeni organski materijal
01:01
and that may have bootstrapped
the emergence of life.
the emergence of life.
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i to je možda pokrenulo nastanak života.
01:04
You can compare this to having
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
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To možete uporediti sa
rešavanjem slagalice od 250 delova,
rešavanjem slagalice od 250 delova,
01:08
and not a 2,000-piece puzzle.
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a ne od 2.000 delova.
01:11
Afterwards, the big planets
like Jupiter and Saturn,
like Jupiter and Saturn,
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Zatim, velike planete kao Jupiter i Saturn
01:15
they were not in their place
where they are now,
where they are now,
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nisu se nalazile tamo gde su sada
01:17
and they interacted gravitationally,
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i u međusobnoj gravitacionoj interakciji
01:20
and they swept the whole interior
of the solar system clean,
of the solar system clean,
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počistile su celu unutrašnjost
Sunčevog sistema,
Sunčevog sistema,
01:23
and what we now know as comets
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a ono što sada znamo kao komete
01:25
ended up in something
called the Kuiper Belt,
called the Kuiper Belt,
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završilo je u nečemu što se zove
Kajperov pojas,
Kajperov pojas,
01:27
which is a belt of objects
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
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što je naziv za pojas objekata
iza Neptunove orbite.
iza Neptunove orbite.
01:31
And sometimes these objects
run into each other,
run into each other,
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Ponekad ovi objekti naleću jedni na druge
01:34
and they gravitationally deflect,
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i gravitaciono se odbijaju,
01:37
and then the gravity of Jupiter
pulls them back into the solar system.
pulls them back into the solar system.
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a onda ih Jupiterova gravitacija
privlači nazad u Sunčev sistem.
privlači nazad u Sunčev sistem.
01:42
And they then become the comets
as we see them in the sky.
as we see them in the sky.
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I onda postaju one komete
kakve vidimo na nebu.
kakve vidimo na nebu.
01:46
The important thing here to note
is that in the meantime,
is that in the meantime,
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Ovde je važno primetiti
da su u međuvremenu,
da su u međuvremenu,
01:49
the four and a half billion years,
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tokom 4,5 milijarde godina,
01:51
these comets have been sitting
on the outside of the solar system,
on the outside of the solar system,
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ove komete stajale na spoljnom rubu
Sunčevog sistema
Sunčevog sistema
01:54
and haven't changed --
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i nisu se promenile -
01:56
deep, frozen versions of our solar system.
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daleke, smrznute verzije
našeg sunčevog sistema.
našeg sunčevog sistema.
01:59
In the sky, they look like this.
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Na nebu, one izgledaju ovako.
02:01
We know them for their tails.
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Prepoznajemo ih po repu.
02:03
There are actually two tails.
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U stvari, postoje dva repa.
02:04
One is a dust tail,
which is blown away by the solar wind.
which is blown away by the solar wind.
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Jedan je rep od prašine
koju raznosi solarni vetar.
koju raznosi solarni vetar.
02:08
The other one is an ion tail,
which is charged particles,
which is charged particles,
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Drugi je rep od jona,
naelektrisanih čestica,
naelektrisanih čestica,
02:12
and they follow the magnetic field
in the solar system.
in the solar system.
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i oni prate magnetno polje
u sunčevom sistemu.
u sunčevom sistemu.
02:15
There's the coma,
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Tu je još koma
02:16
and then there is the nucleus,
which here is too small to see,
which here is too small to see,
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i tu je nukleus, koji je
ovde premali da be se video,
ovde premali da be se video,
02:19
and you have to remember
that in the case of Rosetta,
that in the case of Rosetta,
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i morate imati na umu
da je u slučaju Rozete
da je u slučaju Rozete
02:21
the spacecraft is in that center pixel.
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svemirska letelica
u tom središnjem pikselu.
u tom središnjem pikselu.
02:23
We are only 20, 30, 40 kilometers
away from the comet.
away from the comet.
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Udaljeni smo samo
20, 30, 40 km od komete.
20, 30, 40 km od komete.
02:27
So what's important to remember?
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Dakle, šta je važno zapamtiti?
02:30
Comets contain the original material
from which our solar system was formed,
from which our solar system was formed,
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Komete sadrže originalni materijal
od koga je nastao naš sunčev sistem,
od koga je nastao naš sunčev sistem,
02:35
so they're ideal to study the components
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tako da su one idealne
za proučavanje komponenti
za proučavanje komponenti
02:37
that were present at the time
when Earth, and life, started.
when Earth, and life, started.
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koje su bile prisutne
kada su Zemlja i život nastajali.
kada su Zemlja i život nastajali.
02:41
Comets are also suspected
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Za komete se takođe sumnja
02:43
of having brought the elements
which may have bootstrapped life.
which may have bootstrapped life.
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da su donele elemente
koji su možda pokrenuli život.
koji su možda pokrenuli život.
02:47
In 1983, ESA set up
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
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Godine 1983, ESA je pokrenula
dugoročni program "Horajzon 2000",
dugoročni program "Horajzon 2000",
02:52
which contained one cornerstone,
which would be a mission to a comet.
which would be a mission to a comet.
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čiji je ključni element bila
misija na kometu.
misija na kometu.
02:56
In parallel, a small mission to a comet,
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
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Paralelno je pokrenuta manja misija
na kometu letelicom Đoto koju vidite ovde
na kometu letelicom Đoto koju vidite ovde
03:01
and in 1986, flew by the comet of Halley
with an armada of other spacecraft.
with an armada of other spacecraft.
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i koja je 1986. proletela pored
Halejeve komete sa grupom letelica.
Halejeve komete sa grupom letelica.
03:07
From the results of that mission,
it became immediately clear
it became immediately clear
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Iz rezultata te misije
postalo je odmah jasno
postalo je odmah jasno
03:10
that comets were ideal bodies to study
to understand our solar system.
to understand our solar system.
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da su komete idealna tela za proučavanje
da bi se razumeo naš sunčev sistem.
da bi se razumeo naš sunčev sistem.
03:16
And thus, the Rosetta mission
was approved in 1993,
was approved in 1993,
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Tako da je misija Rozeta odobrena 1993.
03:20
and originally it was supposed
to be launched in 2003,
to be launched in 2003,
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i prvobitno je trebalo da krene 2003,
03:24
but a problem arose
with an Ariane rocket.
with an Ariane rocket.
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ali iskrsao je problem sa raketom Arijana.
03:26
However, our P.R. department,
in its enthusiasm,
in its enthusiasm,
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Ipak, naše odeljenje za odnose s javnošću
je u svom entuzijazmu
je u svom entuzijazmu
03:29
had already made
1,000 Delft Blue plates
1,000 Delft Blue plates
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već napravilo 1.000 Delft tanjira
03:32
with the name of the wrong comets.
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sa imenom pogrešne komete.
03:34
So I've never had to buy any china since.
That's the positive part.
That's the positive part.
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Od tad više nisam morao da kupujem
porcelan. To je dobra strana.
porcelan. To je dobra strana.
03:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:39
Once the whole problem was solved,
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Čim je problem rešen,
03:41
we left Earth in 2004
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poleteli smo sa Zemlje 2004. godine
03:44
to the newly selected comet,
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
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na novoizabranu kometu
Čurjumov-Gerasimenko.
Čurjumov-Gerasimenko.
03:47
This comet had to be specially selected
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Ova kometa je specijalno izabrana jer:
03:50
because A, you have to
be able to get to it,
be able to get to it,
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pod A, treba da budete u stanju
da stignete do nje,
da stignete do nje,
03:53
and B, it shouldn't have been
in the solar system too long.
in the solar system too long.
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a pod B, ne treba da se zadržava
predugo u Sunčevom sistemu.
predugo u Sunčevom sistemu.
03:56
This particular comet has been
in the solar system since 1959.
in the solar system since 1959.
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Ova kometa se nalazi
u Sunčevom sistemu od 1959.
u Sunčevom sistemu od 1959.
04:00
That's the first time
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
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Tada ju je prvi put skrenuo Jupiter
04:03
and it got close enough
to the sun to start changing.
to the sun to start changing.
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i došla je dovoljno blizu Sunca
da bi počela da se menja.
da bi počela da se menja.
04:06
So it's a very fresh comet.
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Tako da je to vrlo sveža kometa.
04:08
Rosetta made a few historic firsts.
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Rozeta je prva u istoriji
u nekoliko stvari.
u nekoliko stvari.
04:11
It's the first satellite to orbit a comet,
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To je prvi satelit
koji je orbitirao oko komete
koji je orbitirao oko komete
04:14
and to escort it throughout
its whole tour through the solar system --
its whole tour through the solar system --
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i pratio je na celom putu
kroz Sunčev sistem -
kroz Sunčev sistem -
04:17
closest approach to the sun,
as we will see in August,
as we will see in August,
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najbliži prilazak Suncu,
kao što ćemo videti u avgustu,
kao što ćemo videti u avgustu,
04:20
and then away again to the exterior.
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i onda nazad ka spoljašnjosti.
04:23
It's the first ever landing on a comet.
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To je prvo sletanje na kometu ikada.
04:25
We actually orbit the comet
using something which is not
using something which is not
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Mi u stvari orbitiramo
oko komete pomoću nečega
oko komete pomoću nečega
04:29
normally done with spacecraft.
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što se obično ne radi letelicom.
04:31
Normally, you look at the sky and you know
where you point and where you are.
where you point and where you are.
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Obično pogledate na nebo
i znate gde ciljate i gde se nalazite.
i znate gde ciljate i gde se nalazite.
04:34
In this case, that's not enough.
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U ovom slučaju, to nije dovoljno.
04:36
We navigated by looking
at landmarks on the comet.
at landmarks on the comet.
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Upravljali smo gledajući
obeležja na kometi.
obeležja na kometi.
04:40
We recognized features --
boulders, craters --
boulders, craters --
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Prepoznali smo fizionomiju -
stene, kratere -
stene, kratere -
04:42
and that's how we know where we are
respective to the comet.
respective to the comet.
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i tako smo znali gde smo
u odnosu na kometu.
u odnosu na kometu.
04:46
And, of course, it's the first satellite
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
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I naravno, to je prvi satelit koji je
stigao izvan Jupiterove orbite
stigao izvan Jupiterove orbite
04:51
on solar cells.
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pomoću solarnog pogona.
04:52
Now, this sounds more heroic
than it actually is,
than it actually is,
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Ovo zvuči herojskije
nego što zaista jeste,
nego što zaista jeste,
04:54
because the technology
to use radio isotope thermal generators
to use radio isotope thermal generators
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jer tehnologija koja koristi
radioizotopne termoelektrične generatore
radioizotopne termoelektrične generatore
04:59
wasn't available in Europe at that time,
so there was no choice.
so there was no choice.
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tada nije bila dostupna u Evropi,
tako da nije bilo izbora.
tako da nije bilo izbora.
05:03
But these solar arrays are big.
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Ali ovi solarni paneli su veliki.
05:04
This is one wing, and these are not
specially selected small people.
specially selected small people.
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Ovo je jedno krilo, a ovo nisu
specijalno odabrani mali ljudi.
specijalno odabrani mali ljudi.
05:07
They're just like you and me.
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Oni su isti kao vi i ja.
05:09
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:12
We have two of these wings,
65 square meters.
65 square meters.
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Imamo dva ovakva krila
od 65 kvadratnih metara.
od 65 kvadratnih metara.
05:16
Now later on, of course,
when we got to the comet,
when we got to the comet,
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Kasnije, naravno,
kad smo stigli do komete,
kad smo stigli do komete,
05:19
you find out that 65 square meters of sail
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shvatili smo da 65 kvadratnih metara jedra
05:22
close to a body which is outgassing
is not always a very handy choice.
is not always a very handy choice.
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blizu trupa koji emituje gas
nije uvek baš zgodan izbor.
nije uvek baš zgodan izbor.
05:28
Now, how did we get to the comet?
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Kako smo stigli do komete?
05:30
Because we had to go there
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
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Zato što je trebalo da odemo tamo
zbog Rosetinih naučnih ciljeva
zbog Rosetinih naučnih ciljeva
05:34
very far away -- four times the distance
of the Earth to the sun --
of the Earth to the sun --
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vrlo daleko - kao četiri razdaljine
od Zemlje do Sunca -
od Zemlje do Sunca -
05:38
and also at a much higher velocity
than we could achieve with fuel,
than we could achieve with fuel,
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i takođe, mnogo većom brzinom
nego što smo mogli postići s gorivom,
nego što smo mogli postići s gorivom,
05:42
because we'd have to take six times as
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
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jer bi nam trebalo goriva
šest puta više od težine letelice.
šest puta više od težine letelice.
05:46
So what do you do?
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I šta radite onda?
05:47
You use gravitational flybys, slingshots,
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Koristite gravitacione manevre
05:51
where you pass by a planet
at very low altitude,
at very low altitude,
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u kojima prolazite pored planete
veoma nisko,
veoma nisko,
05:54
a few thousand kilometers,
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nekoliko stotina kilometara,
05:56
and then you get the velocity
of that planet around the sun for free.
of that planet around the sun for free.
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i onda dobijate besplatno ubrzanje
oko Sunca od te planete.
oko Sunca od te planete.
06:01
We did that a few times.
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Nekoliko puta smo to uradili:
06:03
We did Earth, we did Mars,
we did twice Earth again,
we did twice Earth again,
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Sa Zemljom, sa Marsom,
pa opet dvaput sa Zemljom
pa opet dvaput sa Zemljom
06:05
and we also flew by two asteroids,
Lutetia and Steins.
Lutetia and Steins.
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i proleteli smo i pored dva asteroida,
Lutecije i Stajnsa.
Lutecije i Stajnsa.
06:10
Then in 2011, we got so far from the sun
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
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Zatim, 2011, otišli smo toliko daleko
od Sunca, da se letelica našla u nevolji
od Sunca, da se letelica našla u nevolji
06:14
we couldn't actually
save the spacecraft anymore,
save the spacecraft anymore,
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i nismo više mogli da je spasemo,
06:18
so we went into hibernation.
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pa smo je stavili u hibernaciju.
06:20
Everything was switched off
except for one clock.
except for one clock.
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Sve smo isključili, osim jednog sata.
06:24
Here you see in white the trajectory,
and the way this works.
and the way this works.
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Ovde vidite njenu putanju
i kako to funkcioniše.
i kako to funkcioniše.
06:27
You see that from
the circle where we started,
the circle where we started,
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Vidite da je od početnog kruga
06:30
the white line, actually you get
more and more and more elliptical,
more and more and more elliptical,
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bela linija postajala sve više eliptična
06:33
and then finally we approached the comet
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i onda smo konačno došli do komete
06:36
in May 2014, and we had to start
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
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u maju 2014. i morali smo da počnemo
sa manevrima za susret.
sa manevrima za susret.
06:41
On the way there, we flew by Earth and we
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
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Usput smo prošli pored Zemlje
i napravili nekoliko slika
i napravili nekoliko slika
da bismo testirali kamere.
06:45
This is the moon rising over Earth,
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Ovo je izlazak Meseca iza Zemlje,
06:47
and this is what we now call a selfie,
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a ovo je ono što sada zovemo "selfi",
06:49
which at that time, by the way,
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
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reč koja tada nije postojala.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
06:53
It's at Mars. It was taken
by the CIVA camera.
by the CIVA camera.
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To je na Marsu. Snimljeno je kamerom CIVA.
06:56
That's one of the cameras on the lander,
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To je jedna od kamera na lenderu
06:58
and it just looks under the solar arrays,
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i nalazi se ispod solarnih ploča
07:01
and you see the planet Mars
and the solar array in the distance.
and the solar array in the distance.
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i na slici vidite planetu Mars
i solarnu ploču.
i solarnu ploču.
07:05
Now, when we got out
of hibernation in January 2014,
of hibernation in January 2014,
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Kad smo izašli iz hibernacije,
u januaru 2014,
u januaru 2014,
07:11
we started arriving at a distance
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približavali smo se udaljenosti
07:12
of two million kilometers
from the comet in May.
from the comet in May.
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od 2 miliona kilometara od komete u maju.
07:15
However, the velocity
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
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Ali, brzina letelice je bila prevelika.
07:19
We were going 2,800 kilometers an hour
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
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Išli smo 2.800 km na sat brže od komete,
pa smo morali da kočimo.
pa smo morali da kočimo.
07:25
We had to do eight maneuvers,
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Morali smo da napravimo 8 manevara
07:27
and you see here,
some of them were really big.
some of them were really big.
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i vidite ovde da su neki od njih
bili zaista veliki.
bili zaista veliki.
07:30
We had to brake the first one
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
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Prvo smo morali da usporimo
za nekoliko stotina kilometara na čas
za nekoliko stotina kilometara na čas
07:36
and actually, the duration of that
was seven hours,
was seven hours,
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i to je trajalo sedam sati
07:40
and it used 218 kilos of fuel,
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i potrošilo je 218 kilograma goriva
07:43
and those were seven nerve-wracking
hours, because in 2007,
hours, because in 2007,
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i to je bilo sedam stresnih sati,
jer 2007. godine
jer 2007. godine
07:47
there was a leak in the system
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
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desilo se curenje
u pogonskom sistemu Rozete
u pogonskom sistemu Rozete
07:50
and we had to close off a branch,
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i morali smo da zatvorimo granu,
07:52
so the system was actually
operating at a pressure
operating at a pressure
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tako da je sistem radio pod pritiskom
07:55
which it was never designed
or qualified for.
or qualified for.
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za koji nije bio napravljen ni spreman.
07:59
Then we got in the vicinity of the comet,
and these were the first pictures we saw.
and these were the first pictures we saw.
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Onda smo stigli u blizinu komete
i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo videli.
i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo videli.
08:04
The true comet rotation period
is 12 and a half hours,
is 12 and a half hours,
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Realno vreme rotacije
komete je 12 i po sati,
komete je 12 i po sati,
08:07
so this is accelerated,
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tako da je ovo ubrzano,
08:09
but you will understand that
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
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ali razumećete da su naši
inženjeri dinamike leta pomislili
inženjeri dinamike leta pomislili
08:12
this is not going to be
an easy thing to land on.
an easy thing to land on.
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da ovde neće biti lako sleteti.
08:16
We had hoped for some kind
of spud-like thing
of spud-like thing
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Nadali smo se nekom krompirastom obliku
08:21
where you could easily land.
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gde bi moglo lako da se sleti.
08:23
But we had one hope: maybe it was smooth.
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Ali ostala nam je jedna nada:
možda je glatko.
možda je glatko.
08:26
No. That didn't work either. (Laughter)
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Ne, nije bilo.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
08:30
So at that point in time,
it was clearly unavoidable:
it was clearly unavoidable:
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U tom momentu bilo je očigledno da moramo
08:33
we had to map this body
in all the detail you could get,
in all the detail you could get,
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da napravimo najdetaljniju moguću
mapu ovog tela,
mapu ovog tela,
08:36
because we had to find an area
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
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jer smo morali da nađemo
ravnu površinu od 500m u prečniku.
ravnu površinu od 500m u prečniku.
08:41
Why 500 meters? That's the error
we have on landing the probe.
we have on landing the probe.
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Zašto 500 metara? To je greška koju
možemo da napravimo pri sletanju sonde.
možemo da napravimo pri sletanju sonde.
08:46
So we went through this process,
and we mapped the comet.
and we mapped the comet.
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Prošli smo kroz ovaj proces
i napravili mapu komete.
i napravili mapu komete.
08:49
We used a technique
called photoclinometry.
called photoclinometry.
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Koristili smo tehniku
zvanu fotoklinometrija.
zvanu fotoklinometrija.
08:51
You use shadows thrown by the sun.
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Tu se koriste senke koje pravi sunce.
08:54
What you see here is a rock
sitting on the surface of the comet,
sitting on the surface of the comet,
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Ovde vidite kamen na površini komete,
08:57
and the sun shines from above.
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koji obasjava sunce odozgo.
09:00
From the shadow, we, with our brain,
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Po senci možemo, pomoću našeg uma,
09:02
can immediately determine
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
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odmah utvrditi otprilike
kog je oblika taj kamen.
kog je oblika taj kamen.
09:05
You can program that in a computer,
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Možete uneti to u kompjuterski program,
09:07
you then cover the whole comet,
and you can map the comet.
and you can map the comet.
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zatim pokriti celu kometu
i napraviti mapu komete.
i napraviti mapu komete.
09:12
For that, we flew special trajectories
starting in August.
starting in August.
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Za to smo leteli posebnim putanjama,
počevši od avgusta.
počevši od avgusta.
09:15
First, a triangle
of 100 kilometers on a side
of 100 kilometers on a side
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Prvo, trougaonom putanjom
od 100km sa strane,
od 100km sa strane,
09:18
at 100 kilometers' distance,
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na razdaljini od 100km,
09:20
and we repeated the whole
thing at 50 kilometers.
thing at 50 kilometers.
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a onda smo ponovili celu stvar na 50km.
09:23
At that time, we had seen the comet
at all kinds of angles,
at all kinds of angles,
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Tada smo imali snimke
komete iz svih uglova
komete iz svih uglova
09:27
and we could use this technique
to map the whole thing.
to map the whole thing.
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i mogli smo da upotrebimo ovu tehniku
da napravimo celu mapu.
da napravimo celu mapu.
09:31
Now, this led to a selection
of landing sites.
of landing sites.
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Usledilo je biranje mesta za sletanje.
09:35
This whole process we had to do,
to go from the mapping of the comet
to go from the mapping of the comet
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Ovaj ceo proces, od pravljenja mape komete
09:39
to actually finding
the final landing site, was 60 days.
the final landing site, was 60 days.
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do nalaženja konačnog mesta
za sletanje, trajao je 60 dana.
za sletanje, trajao je 60 dana.
09:42
We didn't have more.
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Nismo imali više vremena.
09:44
To give you an idea,
the average Mars mission
the average Mars mission
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Za poređenje, za prosečnu misiju na Mars
09:46
takes hundreds of scientists
for years to meet
for years to meet
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potrebne su godine
da se stotine naučnika složi
da se stotine naučnika složi
09:50
about where shall we go?
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oko toga gde ćemo ići.
09:52
We had 60 days, and that was it.
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Mi smo imali 60 dana i to je bilo to.
09:54
We finally selected the final landing site
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Na kraju smo odabrali
konačno mesto za sletanje
konačno mesto za sletanje
09:57
and the commands were prepared
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
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i komande su bile spremne
za Rozetu da lansira File.
za Rozetu da lansira File.
10:02
The way this works is that Rosetta
has to be at the right point in space,
has to be at the right point in space,
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To funkcioniše tako što Rozeta treba da
bude na određenom mestu u svemiru
bude na određenom mestu u svemiru
10:06
and aiming towards the comet,
because the lander is passive.
because the lander is passive.
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i da nacilja kometu,
jer je lender pasivan.
jer je lender pasivan.
10:09
The lander is then pushed out
and moves towards the comet.
and moves towards the comet.
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Onda se lender ispali
i krene prema kometi.
i krene prema kometi.
10:13
Rosetta had to turn around
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Rozeta mora da se okrene,
10:15
to get its cameras to actually look
at Philae while it was departing
at Philae while it was departing
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da bi kamere gledale File kako odlazi
10:19
and to be able to communicate with it.
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i da bi mogla da komunicira s njim.
10:22
Now, the landing duration
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
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Celo sletanje je trajalo sedam sati.
10:26
Now do a simple calculation:
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Sada izračunajte jednostavno:
10:29
if the velocity of Rosetta is off
by one centimeter per second,
by one centimeter per second,
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ako brzina Rozete odstupi
za jedan centimetar u sekundi,
za jedan centimetar u sekundi,
10:33
seven hours is 25,000 seconds.
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sedam sati je 25.000 sekundi.
10:37
That means 252 meters wrong on the comet.
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To znači da će promašiti cilj
za 252 metra.
za 252 metra.
10:42
So we had to know the velocity of Rosetta
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Tako da smo morali znati brzinu Rozete
10:45
much better than
one centimeter per second,
one centimeter per second,
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bez odstupanja većeg od 1cm u sekundi
10:48
and its location in space
better than 100 meters
better than 100 meters
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i njen položaj u svemiru
s odstupanjem manjim od 100m
s odstupanjem manjim od 100m
10:52
at 500 million kilometers from Earth.
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na razdaljini od 500 miliona km od Zemlje.
10:55
That's no mean feat.
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To je veliki podvig.
10:57
Let me quickly take you through
some of the science and the instruments.
some of the science and the instruments.
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Da vam opišem ukratko
neke od instrumenata.
neke od instrumenata.
11:02
I won't bore you with all the details
of all the instruments,
of all the instruments,
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Neću vas gnjaviti s detaljima
o svim instrumentima,
o svim instrumentima,
11:05
but it's got everything.
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ali imamo sve.
11:07
We can sniff gas,
we can measure dust particles,
we can measure dust particles,
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Možemo da pomirišemo gas,
da izmerimo čestice prašine,
da izmerimo čestice prašine,
11:10
the shape of them, the composition,
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njihov oblik, sastav,
11:12
there are magnetometers, everything.
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postoje magnetometri, sve.
11:15
This is one of the results from
an instrument which measures gas density
an instrument which measures gas density
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Ovo je jedan od rezultata sa instrumenta
koji meri gustinu gasa
koji meri gustinu gasa
11:18
at the position of Rosetta,
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1858
na poziciji Rozete.
11:20
so it's gas which has left the comet.
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To je, znači, gas koji je došao s komete.
11:22
The bottom graph
is September of last year.
is September of last year.
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Donji grafikon je iz septembra
prošle godine.
prošle godine.
11:25
There is a long-term variation,
which in itself is not surprising,
which in itself is not surprising,
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Postoje varijacije u toku dugog perioda,
što samo po sebi nije iznenađujuće,
što samo po sebi nije iznenađujuće,
11:28
but you see the sharp peaks.
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ali vidite oštre vrhove.
11:30
This is a comet day.
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To je dan na kometi.
11:32
You can see the effect of the sun
on the evaporation of gas
on the evaporation of gas
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Možete videti uticaj Sunca
na isparavanje gasa
na isparavanje gasa
11:36
and the fact that the comet is rotating.
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i na činjenicu da se kometa okreće.
11:39
So there is one spot, apparently,
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1708
Postoji jedno mesto
11:41
where there is a lot of stuff coming from,
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odakle dolazi mnogo toga,
11:43
it gets heated in the Sun,
and then cools down on the back side.
and then cools down on the back side.
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3297
ono se zagreva na suncu,
a onda se hladi sa druge strane.
a onda se hladi sa druge strane.
11:46
And we can see
the density variations of this.
the density variations of this.
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I možemo videti varijacije u gustini.
11:50
These are the gases
and the organic compounds
and the organic compounds
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Ovo su gasovi i organska jedinjenja
11:54
that we already have measured.
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koja smo već izmerili.
11:56
You will see it's an impressive list,
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1788
Videćete da je lista impresivna
11:57
and there is much, much,
much more to come,
much more to come,
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i biće još mnogo, mnogo toga,
12:00
because there are more measurements.
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708362
1946
jer ima još merenja.
12:02
Actually, there is a conference
going on in Houston at the moment
going on in Houston at the moment
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3348
Trenutno je u toku
konferencija u Hjustonu,
konferencija u Hjustonu,
12:05
where many of these results are presented.
223
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gde se predstavljaju
mnogi od ovih rezultata.
mnogi od ovih rezultata.
12:08
Also, we measured dust particles.
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Izmerili smo i čestice prašine.
12:10
Now, for you, this will not
look very impressive,
look very impressive,
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Ovo vam neće izgledati
naročito impresivno,
naročito impresivno,
12:13
but the scientists were thrilled
when they saw this.
when they saw this.
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3273
ali naučnici su bili oduševljeni
kad su to videli.
kad su to videli.
12:16
Two dust particles:
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1417
Dve čestice prašine:
12:17
the right one they call Boris,
and they shot it with tantalum
and they shot it with tantalum
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2994
desnu su nazvali Boris
i ubrizgali joj tantal
i ubrizgali joj tantal
12:20
in order to be able to analyze it.
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da bi mogli da je analiziraju.
12:23
Now, we found sodium and magnesium.
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Pronašli smo natrijum i magnezijum.
12:25
What this tells you is this is
the concentration of these two materials
the concentration of these two materials
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4249
To vam govori da je to
koncentracija ta dva materijala
koncentracija ta dva materijala
12:29
at the time the solar system was formed,
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2716
u vreme kada je nastao Sunčev sistem,
12:32
so we learned things about
which materials were there
which materials were there
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3367
i tako smo saznali
koji materijali su bili tu
koji materijali su bili tu
12:35
when the planet was made.
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kad je nastala planeta.
12:38
Of course, one of the important
elements is the imaging.
elements is the imaging.
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2718
Naravno, jedan od važnih
elemenata je slikanje.
elemenata je slikanje.
12:41
This is one of the cameras of Rosetta,
the OSIRIS camera,
the OSIRIS camera,
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3366
Ovo je OZIRIS, jedna od kamera sa Rozete,
12:44
and this actually was the cover
of Science magazine
of Science magazine
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2995
i to je naslovna strana časopisa Sajens
12:47
on January 23 of this year.
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2670
od 23. januara ove godine.
12:50
Nobody had expected
this body to look like this.
this body to look like this.
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3438
Niko nije očekivao da će ovo telo
izgledati ovako.
izgledati ovako.
12:54
Boulders, rocks -- if anything, it looks
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
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3598
Stene i kamenje najviše liče
na granitnu kupolu
na granitnu kupolu
12:57
than anything else.
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765644
2507
u nacionalnom parku Josemiti.
13:00
We also saw things like this:
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2578
Takođe smo videli i ovako nešto:
13:02
dunes, and what look to be,
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
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dine i, sa desne strane, nešto
što liči na senke vetra.
što liči na senke vetra.
13:07
Now we know these from Mars,
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
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775651
3924
To nam je poznato s Marsa,
ali ova kometa nema atmosferu,
ali ova kometa nema atmosferu,
13:11
so it's a bit difficult to create
a wind-blown shadow.
a wind-blown shadow.
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pa je malo teže da se napravi
senka od vetra.
senka od vetra.
13:14
It may be local outgassing,
246
782454
1985
Možda je to lokalno izbacivanje gasa,
13:16
stuff which goes up and comes back.
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2183
koji ide nagore i vraća se.
13:18
We don't know, so there is
a lot to investigate.
a lot to investigate.
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Ne znamo to, tako da ima
puno toga za istraživanje.
puno toga za istraživanje.
13:21
Here, you see the same image twice.
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2090
Ovde vidite istu sliku dvaput.
13:23
On the left-hand side,
you see in the middle a pit.
you see in the middle a pit.
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2517
S leve strane, vidite u sredini jamu.
13:26
On the right-hand side,
if you carefully look,
if you carefully look,
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2217
S desne strane, ako pažljivo pogledate,
13:28
there are three jets coming out
of the bottom of that pit.
of the bottom of that pit.
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3231
vide se tri mlaza koji izlaze s dna jame.
13:31
So this is the activity of the comet.
253
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2297
To je aktivnost komete.
13:34
Apparently, at the bottom of these pits
is where the active regions are,
is where the active regions are,
254
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4017
Očigledno, na dnu ovih jama
se nalaze aktivne oblasti,
se nalaze aktivne oblasti,
13:38
and where the material
evaporates into space.
evaporates into space.
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2763
i tu materija isparava u svemir.
13:40
There is a very intriguing crack
in the neck of the comet.
in the neck of the comet.
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Jedna vrlo intrigantna pukotina
se nalazi na vratu komete.
se nalazi na vratu komete.
13:44
You see it on the right-hand side.
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Vidite je s desne strane.
13:46
It's a kilometer long,
and it's two and a half meters wide.
and it's two and a half meters wide.
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Dugačka je kilometar
i široka dva i po metra.
i široka dva i po metra.
13:50
Some people suggest that actually,
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Neki kažu da će se u stvari,
13:52
when we get close to the sun,
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kada se približimo Suncu,
13:54
the comet may split in two,
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kometa možda rascepiti na dva dela,
13:56
and then we'll have to choose,
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i onda ćemo morati da izaberemo
13:58
which comet do we go for?
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koju ćemo kometu pratiti?
14:00
The lander -- again, lots of instruments,
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Lender - ponovo, mnogo instrumenata,
14:03
mostly comparable except for the things
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
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uglavnom sličnih, osim onih
koje udaraju u tlo, buše itd.
koje udaraju u tlo, buše itd.
14:08
But much the same as Rosetta, and that is
because you want to compare
because you want to compare
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Ali vrlo je slično Rozeti,
zato što želite da uporedite
zato što želite da uporedite
14:12
what you find in space
with what you find on the comet.
with what you find on the comet.
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ono što nađete u svemiru
sa onim što nađete na kometi.
sa onim što nađete na kometi.
14:16
These are called
ground truth measurements.
ground truth measurements.
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To se zovu apsolutno tačna merenja.
14:18
These are the landing descent images
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Ovo su slike spuštanja
14:22
that were taken by the OSIRIS camera.
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850162
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koje je snimila kamera OZIRIS.
14:24
You see the lander getting further
and further away from Rosetta.
and further away from Rosetta.
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Vidite lender koji se udaljava od Rozete.
14:28
On the top right, you see an image
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
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U gornjem desnom uglu, vidite sliku
koju je napravio lender na 60m ,
koju je napravio lender na 60m ,
14:32
60 meters above the surface of the comet.
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60 metara iznad površine komete.
14:35
The boulder there is some 10 meters.
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Onaj kamen ima oko 10 metara.
14:37
So this is one of the last images we took
before we landed on the comet.
before we landed on the comet.
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Ovo je jedna od poslednjih slika
pre nego što smo sleteli na kometu.
pre nego što smo sleteli na kometu.
14:42
Here, you see the whole sequence again,
but from a different perspective,
but from a different perspective,
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Ovde vidite ponovo celu sekvencu,
ali iz druge perspektive
ali iz druge perspektive
14:45
and you see three blown-ups
from the bottom-left to the middle
from the bottom-left to the middle
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i vidite tri uvećane slike
od donjeg desnog ugla ka sredini lendera
od donjeg desnog ugla ka sredini lendera
14:49
of the lander traveling
over the surface of the comet.
over the surface of the comet.
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koji putuje po površini komete.
14:54
Then, at the top, there is a before
and an after image of the landing.
and an after image of the landing.
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A na vrhu su slike pre i posle spuštanja.
14:58
The only problem with the after image is,
there is no lander.
there is no lander.
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Jedini problem sa slikom posle spuštanja
je taj što nema lendera.
je taj što nema lendera.
15:02
But if you carefully look
at the right-hand side of this image,
at the right-hand side of this image,
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Ali ako pogledate pažljivo
desnu stranu ove slike,
desnu stranu ove slike,
15:05
we saw the lander still there,
but it had bounced.
but it had bounced.
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videli smo da je lender još tu,
ali je poskočio.
ali je poskočio.
15:09
It had departed again.
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Ponovo je uzleteo.
15:11
Now, on a bit of a comical note here
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Komično je to što
15:14
is that originally Rosetta was designed
to have a lander which would bounce.
to have a lander which would bounce.
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je Rozeta prvobitno projektovana
da ima lender koji bi se odbijao.
da ima lender koji bi se odbijao.
15:18
That was discarded because
it was way too expensive.
it was way too expensive.
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To je odbačeno, jer je bilo preskupo.
15:21
Now, we forgot, but the lander knew.
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Mi smo to zaboravili, ali lender nije.
15:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
15:25
During the first bounce,
in the magnetometers,
in the magnetometers,
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U toku prvog odbijanja, na magnetometrima,
15:27
you see here the data from them,
from the three axes, x, y and z.
from the three axes, x, y and z.
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vidite ovde podatke s njih
s tri ose: x, y i z.
s tri ose: x, y i z.
15:31
Halfway through, you see a red line.
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Na polovini vidite crvenu liniju.
15:33
At that red line, there is a change.
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Na toj crvenoj liniji je promena.
15:35
What happened, apparently,
is during the first bounce,
is during the first bounce,
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Dogodilo se da smo
prilikom prvog odbijanja
prilikom prvog odbijanja
15:39
somewhere, we hit the edge of a crater
with one of the legs of the lander,
with one of the legs of the lander,
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nekako udarili u ivicu kratera
sa jednom nogom lendera
sa jednom nogom lendera
15:44
and the rotation velocity
of the lander changed.
of the lander changed.
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i brzina rotacije lendera se promenila.
15:47
So we've been rather lucky
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935236
1973
Imali smo prilično sreće
15:49
that we are where we are.
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da smo tu gde smo.
15:51
This is one of
the iconic images of Rosetta.
the iconic images of Rosetta.
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Ovo je jedan od antologijskih
snimaka Rozete.
snimaka Rozete.
15:55
It's a man-made object,
a leg of the lander,
a leg of the lander,
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Predmet koji su napravili ljudi,
noga lendera,
noga lendera,
15:59
standing on a comet.
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1951
stoji na kometi.
16:01
This, for me, is one of the very best
images of space science I have ever seen.
images of space science I have ever seen.
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Ovo je, za mene, jedna od
najboljih slika svemirske nauke ikada.
najboljih slika svemirske nauke ikada.
16:06
(Applause)
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954159
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(Aplauz)
16:11
One of the things we still have to do
is to actually find the lander.
is to actually find the lander.
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Jedna od stvari koje još moramo
da uradimo jeste da nađemo lender.
da uradimo jeste da nađemo lender.
16:15
The blue area here
is where we know it must be.
is where we know it must be.
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Plava površina je ono gde
znamo da mora da bude.
znamo da mora da bude.
16:18
We haven't been able to find it yet,
but the search is continuing,
but the search is continuing,
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966887
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Nismo još uspeli da ga nađemo,
ali traženje se nastavlja,
ali traženje se nastavlja,
16:22
as are our efforts to start getting
the lander to work again.
the lander to work again.
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3765
kao i naši pokušaji
da ponovo osposobimo lender.
da ponovo osposobimo lender.
16:26
We listen every day,
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Slušamo svakog dana
16:28
and we hope that between now
and somewhere in April,
and somewhere in April,
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2558
i nadamo se da će se negde do aprila
16:30
the lander will wake up again.
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leder ponovo pokrenuti.
16:32
The findings of what
we found on the comet:
we found on the comet:
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Ono što smo otkrili na ovoj kometi je:
16:35
This thing would float in water.
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ova kometa bi plutala u vodi.
16:38
It's half the density of water.
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Ima upola manju gustinu od vode.
16:40
So it looks like
a very big rock, but it's not.
a very big rock, but it's not.
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Samo izgleda kao
veoma veliki kamen, ali nije.
veoma veliki kamen, ali nije.
16:43
The activity increase we saw
in June, July, August last year
in June, July, August last year
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Povećanje aktivnosti koje smo videli
u junu, julu i avgustu prošle godine
u junu, julu i avgustu prošle godine
16:47
was a four-fold activity increase.
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bilo je četvorostruko.
16:49
By the time we will be at the sun,
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Do trenutka kada budemo kod Sunca,
16:51
there will be 100 kilos
a second leaving this comet:
a second leaving this comet:
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100 kilograma u sekundi
će odlaziti sa komete:
će odlaziti sa komete:
16:56
gas, dust, whatever.
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gasa, prašine, čega god.
16:57
That's 100 million kilos a day.
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1005802
2531
To je 100 miliona kilograma dnevno.
17:01
Then, finally, the landing day.
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Zatim, konačno, dan spuštanja.
17:03
I will never forget -- absolute madness,
250 TV crews in Germany.
250 TV crews in Germany.
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Nikada to neću zaboraviti -
apsolutno ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Nemačkoj.
apsolutno ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Nemačkoj.
17:09
The BBC was interviewing me,
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BBC me je intervjuisao,
17:11
and another TV crew
who was following me all day
who was following me all day
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a druga TV ekipa,
koja me je pratila celog dana,
koja me je pratila celog dana,
17:14
were filming me being interviewed,
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je snimala kako me intervjuišu
17:16
and it went on like that
for the whole day.
for the whole day.
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i tako se nastavilo celog dana.
17:18
The Discovery Channel crew
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Ekipa kanala Diskaveri
17:20
actually caught me
when leaving the control room,
when leaving the control room,
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me je uhvatila kad sam napuštao
kontrolnu sobu
kontrolnu sobu
17:23
and they asked the right question,
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i postavili su mi pravo pitanje
17:25
and man, I got into tears,
and I still feel this.
and I still feel this.
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i zaplakao sam i još uvek to osećam.
17:28
For a month and a half,
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Mesec i po dana
17:30
I couldn't think about
landing day without crying,
landing day without crying,
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nisam mogao da pomislim na spuštanje,
a da ne zaplačem
a da ne zaplačem
17:33
and I still have the emotion in me.
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i još uvek imam tu emociju.
17:36
With this image of the comet,
I would like to leave you.
I would like to leave you.
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Završiću s ovom slikom komete.
17:38
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
17:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fred Jansen - Space explorerAs manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Fred Jansen manages the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission, which guided a probe into orbit around a comet and dispatched a lander to its surface -- both firsts in space exploration. Although the lander Philae could not accomplish its full mission before going into hibernation, the data it’s already gathered will immeasurably multiply our knowledge of comets and their contributions to the ingredients of life on Earth.
In addition to his work with the Rosetta Mission, Jansen oversees the ESA’s XMM-Newton, an orbiting x-ray space observatory delving into the most elusive secrets of the universe, including black holes and dark matter.
Fred Jansen | Speaker | TED.com