TED2015
Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet
Fred Jansen: Kako sletjeti na komet?
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Kao voditelj misije Rosetta, Fred Jansen bio je odgovoran za uspješno slijetanje sonde na komet poznat kao 67P/Čurjumov-Gerasimenko 2014. godine. U ovom zanimljivom i zabavnom govoru Jansen otkriva kakvi su složeni izračuni doveli do spuštanja sonde Philae na komet 500 milijuna kilometara udaljen od Zemlje te pokazuje očaravajuće fotografije snimljene na tom putu.
Fred Jansen - Space explorer
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
As manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to take you on the epic quest
of the Rosetta spacecraft.
of the Rosetta spacecraft.
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Želio bih vas povesti na epsko putovanje
svemirske letjelice Rosetta.
svemirske letjelice Rosetta.
00:17
To escort and land the probe on a comet,
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Praćenje i prizemljavanje sonde na komet
bila je moja strast zadnjih dvije godine.
00:21
this has been my passion
for the past two years.
for the past two years.
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00:25
In order to do that,
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Da bih to učinio,
00:26
I need to explain to you something
about the origin of the solar system.
about the origin of the solar system.
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moram vam objasniti nekoliko stvari
o postanku Sunčevog sustava.
o postanku Sunčevog sustava.
Prije četiri i pol milijarde godina,
00:30
When we go back
four and a half billion years,
four and a half billion years,
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00:32
there was a cloud of gas and dust.
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postojao je samo oblak plina i prašine.
00:33
In the center of this cloud,
our sun formed and ignited.
our sun formed and ignited.
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U središtu tog oblaka
nastalo je naše Sunce i upalilo se.
nastalo je naše Sunce i upalilo se.
Istovremeno je nastalo ono što danas
zovemo planetima, kometima i asteroidima.
zovemo planetima, kometima i asteroidima.
00:38
Along with that, what we now know
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
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00:44
What then happened, according to theory,
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Zatim, kaže teorija,
00:47
is that when the Earth had cooled down
a bit after its formation,
a bit after its formation,
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kad se Zemlja
oblikovala i ohladila,
oblikovala i ohladila,
00:51
comets massively impacted the Earth
and delivered water to Earth.
and delivered water to Earth.
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bila je izložena udarima
brojnih kometa koji su donijeli vodu.
brojnih kometa koji su donijeli vodu.
00:57
They probably also delivered
complex organic material to Earth,
complex organic material to Earth,
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Oni su vjerojatno na Zemlju
donijeli i složene organske spojeve
donijeli i složene organske spojeve
01:01
and that may have bootstrapped
the emergence of life.
the emergence of life.
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i tako pokrenuli razvoj života.
01:04
You can compare this to having
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
to solve a 250-piece puzzle
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Možete to usporediti sa slaganjem
slagalice od 250 komada,
slagalice od 250 komada,
01:08
and not a 2,000-piece puzzle.
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umjesto od njih dvije tisuće.
Kasnije su veliki planeti
poput Jupitera i Saturna,
poput Jupitera i Saturna,
01:11
Afterwards, the big planets
like Jupiter and Saturn,
like Jupiter and Saturn,
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01:15
they were not in their place
where they are now,
where they are now,
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koji nisu bili ondje gdje su danas,
01:17
and they interacted gravitationally,
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gravitacijom djelovali jedni na druge
01:20
and they swept the whole interior
of the solar system clean,
of the solar system clean,
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i očistili cijeli Sunčev sustav,
01:23
and what we now know as comets
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a ono što danas nazivamo kometima
01:25
ended up in something
called the Kuiper Belt,
called the Kuiper Belt,
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završilo je u takozvanom
Kuiperovom pojasu,
Kuiperovom pojasu,
01:27
which is a belt of objects
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
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što je pojas objekata
iza Neptunove orbite.
iza Neptunove orbite.
01:31
And sometimes these objects
run into each other,
run into each other,
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Ponekad ti objekti
nalete jedan na drugoga,
nalete jedan na drugoga,
01:34
and they gravitationally deflect,
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gravitacijski se odbiju,
01:37
and then the gravity of Jupiter
pulls them back into the solar system.
pulls them back into the solar system.
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a zatim ih Jupiterova gravitacija
ponovno privuče u Sunčev sustav.
ponovno privuče u Sunčev sustav.
01:42
And they then become the comets
as we see them in the sky.
as we see them in the sky.
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Oni tada postanu kometi
koje vidimo na nebu.
koje vidimo na nebu.
01:46
The important thing here to note
is that in the meantime,
is that in the meantime,
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Ovdje je važno napomenuti
da su se u međuvremenu,
da su se u međuvremenu,
01:49
the four and a half billion years,
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tijekom četiri i pol milijarde godina,
01:51
these comets have been sitting
on the outside of the solar system,
on the outside of the solar system,
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ti kometi nalazili izvan
Sunčevog sustava
Sunčevog sustava
01:54
and haven't changed --
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i nisu se promijenili --
01:56
deep, frozen versions of our solar system.
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oni su duboko zamrznute verzije
našeg Sunčevog sustava.
našeg Sunčevog sustava.
01:59
In the sky, they look like this.
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Na nebu izgledaju ovako.
02:01
We know them for their tails.
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Prepoznajemo ih po repovima.
02:03
There are actually two tails.
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Zapravo imaju dva repa.
02:04
One is a dust tail,
which is blown away by the solar wind.
which is blown away by the solar wind.
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Jedan je rep od prašine,
koji Sunčev vjetar otpuše.
koji Sunčev vjetar otpuše.
02:08
The other one is an ion tail,
which is charged particles,
which is charged particles,
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Drugi je ionski rep,
od nabijenih čestica
od nabijenih čestica
02:12
and they follow the magnetic field
in the solar system.
in the solar system.
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koje prate magnetsko polje
Sunčevog sustava.
Sunčevog sustava.
02:15
There's the coma,
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Tu je koma,
02:16
and then there is the nucleus,
which here is too small to see,
which here is too small to see,
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zatim jezgra, koja se ovdje
ne vidi jer je premalena.
ne vidi jer je premalena.
02:19
and you have to remember
that in the case of Rosetta,
that in the case of Rosetta,
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Imajte na umu da se,
kad je u pitanju Rosetta,
kad je u pitanju Rosetta,
02:21
the spacecraft is in that center pixel.
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ta svemirska letjelica nalazi
u tom središnjem pikselu.
u tom središnjem pikselu.
02:23
We are only 20, 30, 40 kilometers
away from the comet.
away from the comet.
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Udaljeni smo od kometa
tek 20, 30, 40 kilometara.
tek 20, 30, 40 kilometara.
02:27
So what's important to remember?
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Dakle, što je potrebno zapamtiti?
02:30
Comets contain the original material
from which our solar system was formed,
from which our solar system was formed,
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Kometi sadrže izvorni materijal od
kojeg je načinjen naš Sunčev sustav
kojeg je načinjen naš Sunčev sustav
02:35
so they're ideal to study the components
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tako da su idealni
za proučavanje elemenata
za proučavanje elemenata
02:37
that were present at the time
when Earth, and life, started.
when Earth, and life, started.
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koji su bili prisutni u vrijeme
nastanka Zemlje i života na njoj.
nastanka Zemlje i života na njoj.
02:41
Comets are also suspected
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Pretpostavlja se također da su kometi
02:43
of having brought the elements
which may have bootstrapped life.
which may have bootstrapped life.
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na Zemlju donijeli elemente
koji su pokrenuli razvoj života.
koji su pokrenuli razvoj života.
02:47
In 1983, ESA set up
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
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Godine 1983., ESA je pokrenula
dugoročni program Horizon 2000,
dugoročni program Horizon 2000,
02:52
which contained one cornerstone,
which would be a mission to a comet.
which would be a mission to a comet.
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a jedna od njegovih ključnih točaka
bila je misija slijetanja na komet.
bila je misija slijetanja na komet.
02:56
In parallel, a small mission to a comet,
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
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Usporedno je pokrenuta manja
misija Giotto, koju vidite ovdje,
misija Giotto, koju vidite ovdje,
03:01
and in 1986, flew by the comet of Halley
with an armada of other spacecraft.
with an armada of other spacecraft.
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a ona je 1986. proletjela pokraj
Halleyevog kometa, s drugim letjelicama.
Halleyevog kometa, s drugim letjelicama.
03:07
From the results of that mission,
it became immediately clear
it became immediately clear
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Rezultati te misije jasno su pokazali
03:10
that comets were ideal bodies to study
to understand our solar system.
to understand our solar system.
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da su kometi idealna tijela za proučavanje
i razumijevanje našeg Sunčevog sustava.
i razumijevanje našeg Sunčevog sustava.
03:16
And thus, the Rosetta mission
was approved in 1993,
was approved in 1993,
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I tako je misija Rosetta
odobrena 1993. godine,
odobrena 1993. godine,
03:20
and originally it was supposed
to be launched in 2003,
to be launched in 2003,
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i izvorno je trebala biti
lansirana 2003.,
lansirana 2003.,
03:24
but a problem arose
with an Ariane rocket.
with an Ariane rocket.
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ali došlo je do problema
s raketom Ariane.
s raketom Ariane.
03:26
However, our P.R. department,
in its enthusiasm,
in its enthusiasm,
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Međutim, naša služba za odnose
s javnošću entuzijastično je
s javnošću entuzijastično je
03:29
had already made
1,000 Delft Blue plates
1,000 Delft Blue plates
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već bila dala izraditi 1000
porculanskih tanjura
porculanskih tanjura
03:32
with the name of the wrong comets.
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s imenom pogrešnog kometa.
03:34
So I've never had to buy any china since.
That's the positive part.
That's the positive part.
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Tako da otad više ne moram kupovati
porculansko posuđe. To je dobra strana.
porculansko posuđe. To je dobra strana.
03:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:39
Once the whole problem was solved,
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Kad je problem riješen,
03:41
we left Earth in 2004
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2004. godine otisnuli smo se sa Zemlje
03:44
to the newly selected comet,
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
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na novoodabran komet
Čurjumov-Gerasimenko.
Čurjumov-Gerasimenko.
03:47
This comet had to be specially selected
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Taj je komet odabran prvenstveno zato
03:50
because A, you have to
be able to get to it,
be able to get to it,
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jer je, pod A, morao biti pristupačan
03:53
and B, it shouldn't have been
in the solar system too long.
in the solar system too long.
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i B, nije smio predugo
biti u Sunčevom sustavu.
biti u Sunčevom sustavu.
03:56
This particular comet has been
in the solar system since 1959.
in the solar system since 1959.
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Taj je komet u Sunčevom sustavu
od 1959. godine.
od 1959. godine.
04:00
That's the first time
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
when it was deflected by Jupiter,
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Tada mu je Jupiter po prvi put
skrenuo putanju
skrenuo putanju
04:03
and it got close enough
to the sun to start changing.
to the sun to start changing.
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i približio se dovoljno blizu
Suncu da se počne mijenjati.
Suncu da se počne mijenjati.
04:06
So it's a very fresh comet.
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Tako da je to vrlo nov komet.
04:08
Rosetta made a few historic firsts.
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Rosetta je u mnogočemu
bila prva u povijesti.
bila prva u povijesti.
04:11
It's the first satellite to orbit a comet,
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Prvi je satelit koji je
kružio u orbiti oko kometa,
kružio u orbiti oko kometa,
04:14
and to escort it throughout
its whole tour through the solar system --
its whole tour through the solar system --
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te ga pratio tijekom cijele putanje
oko Sunčevog sustava --
oko Sunčevog sustava --
04:17
closest approach to the sun,
as we will see in August,
as we will see in August,
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najviše će se približiti Suncu
u kolovozu, kao što ćemo vidjeti,
u kolovozu, kao što ćemo vidjeti,
04:20
and then away again to the exterior.
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i onda se ponovno udaljiti.
04:23
It's the first ever landing on a comet.
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Prvi je satelit koji je
ikada sletio na komet.
ikada sletio na komet.
04:25
We actually orbit the comet
using something which is not
using something which is not
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Kružili smo oko kometa
pomoću nečega što nije
pomoću nečega što nije
uobičajeno za svemirsku letjelicu.
04:29
normally done with spacecraft.
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Obično pogledate nebo i znate
kamo pokazujete i gdje se nalazite.
kamo pokazujete i gdje se nalazite.
04:31
Normally, you look at the sky and you know
where you point and where you are.
where you point and where you are.
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04:34
In this case, that's not enough.
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U ovom slučaju, to nije bilo dovoljno.
04:36
We navigated by looking
at landmarks on the comet.
at landmarks on the comet.
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Pri navigaciji smo se koristili
obilježjima samoga kometa.
obilježjima samoga kometa.
04:40
We recognized features --
boulders, craters --
boulders, craters --
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Prateći obilježja poput stijena i kratera,
04:42
and that's how we know where we are
respective to the comet.
respective to the comet.
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znali smo gdje se nalazimo
u odnosu na komet.
u odnosu na komet.
04:46
And, of course, it's the first satellite
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
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I naravno, to je prvi satelit koji je
stigao dalje od Jupiterove orbite
stigao dalje od Jupiterove orbite
04:51
on solar cells.
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pomoću solarnih ćelija.
04:52
Now, this sounds more heroic
than it actually is,
than it actually is,
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To zvuči više herojski
nego što to zaista jest,
nego što to zaista jest,
04:54
because the technology
to use radio isotope thermal generators
to use radio isotope thermal generators
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zato što tehnologija korištenja
radioizotopskih termalnih generatora
radioizotopskih termalnih generatora
04:59
wasn't available in Europe at that time,
so there was no choice.
so there was no choice.
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tada nije bila dostupna u Europi,
tako da nismo imali drugog izbora.
tako da nismo imali drugog izbora.
05:03
But these solar arrays are big.
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Ali ovi su solarni paneli veliki.
05:04
This is one wing, and these are not
specially selected small people.
specially selected small people.
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Ovo je jedno krilo i to nisu
posebno odabrani niski ljudi.
posebno odabrani niski ljudi.
05:07
They're just like you and me.
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Oni su poput vas i mene.
05:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:12
We have two of these wings,
65 square meters.
65 square meters.
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Imamo dva takva krila
od 65 četvornih metara.
od 65 četvornih metara.
05:16
Now later on, of course,
when we got to the comet,
when we got to the comet,
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Naravno, kasnije,
kad stignete do kometa,
kad stignete do kometa,
05:19
you find out that 65 square meters of sail
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otkrijete da 65 četvornih metara jedara
05:22
close to a body which is outgassing
is not always a very handy choice.
is not always a very handy choice.
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blizu tijela koje ispušta plin
i nije najpraktičniji izbor.
i nije najpraktičniji izbor.
05:28
Now, how did we get to the comet?
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Kako smo došli do kometa?
05:30
Because we had to go there
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
for the Rosetta scientific objectives
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Zbog Rosettine znanstvene svrhe,
morali smo otići
morali smo otići
05:34
very far away -- four times the distance
of the Earth to the sun --
of the Earth to the sun --
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jako daleko, na udaljenost četiri puta
veću od one između Zemlje i Sunca,
veću od one između Zemlje i Sunca,
05:38
and also at a much higher velocity
than we could achieve with fuel,
than we could achieve with fuel,
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i pri puno većoj brzini nego
što bismo je mogli postići uz gorivo
što bismo je mogli postići uz gorivo
05:42
because we'd have to take six times as
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
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jer bi nam trebalo šest puta više
goriva nego što teži cijela letjelica.
goriva nego što teži cijela letjelica.
05:46
So what do you do?
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Dakle, što učiniti?
05:47
You use gravitational flybys, slingshots,
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Valja iskoristiti gravitacijske praćke
05:51
where you pass by a planet
at very low altitude,
at very low altitude,
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gdje prilikom prolaska kraj planeta
na vrlo malenoj visini
na vrlo malenoj visini
05:54
a few thousand kilometers,
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od nekoliko tisuća kilometara,
05:56
and then you get the velocity
of that planet around the sun for free.
of that planet around the sun for free.
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možete besplatno iskoristiti
brzinu kretanja tog planeta oko Sunca.
brzinu kretanja tog planeta oko Sunca.
06:01
We did that a few times.
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Učinili smo to nekoliko puta.
06:03
We did Earth, we did Mars,
we did twice Earth again,
we did twice Earth again,
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Iskoristili smo Zemlju,
Mars i Zemlju još dva puta,
Mars i Zemlju još dva puta,
06:05
and we also flew by two asteroids,
Lutetia and Steins.
Lutetia and Steins.
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i letjeli smo uz dva asteroida,
Lutetiju i Steins.
Lutetiju i Steins.
06:10
Then in 2011, we got so far from the sun
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
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Zatim smo se 2011. toliko udaljili od
Sunca da se letjelica našla u problemima.
Sunca da se letjelica našla u problemima.
06:14
we couldn't actually
save the spacecraft anymore,
save the spacecraft anymore,
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Nismo je više mogli spasiti
06:18
so we went into hibernation.
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pa smo je stavili u mirovanje.
06:20
Everything was switched off
except for one clock.
except for one clock.
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Sve smo ugasili osim jednog sata.
06:24
Here you see in white the trajectory,
and the way this works.
and the way this works.
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Ovdje je bijelom bojom prikazana
putanja i način na koji funkcionira.
putanja i način na koji funkcionira.
06:27
You see that from
the circle where we started,
the circle where we started,
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Vidite da se taj krug
koji smo imali na početku -
koji smo imali na početku -
06:30
the white line, actually you get
more and more and more elliptical,
more and more and more elliptical,
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označen bijelom bojom -
postupno pretvorio u elipsu
postupno pretvorio u elipsu
06:33
and then finally we approached the comet
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i konačno smo stigli do kometa
06:36
in May 2014, and we had to start
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
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u svibnju 2014., te smo
trebali započeti sa spajanjem.
trebali započeti sa spajanjem.
06:41
On the way there, we flew by Earth and we
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
took a few pictures to test our cameras.
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Na putu tamo, prošli smo uz Zemlju i
snimili pokoju sliku da isprobamo kamere.
snimili pokoju sliku da isprobamo kamere.
06:45
This is the moon rising over Earth,
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Ovo je izlazak Mjeseca nad Zemljom,
06:47
and this is what we now call a selfie,
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a ovo je ono što danas zovemo "selfie",
06:49
which at that time, by the way,
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
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riječ koja u to vrijeme, usput,
nije postajala. (Smijeh)
nije postajala. (Smijeh)
06:53
It's at Mars. It was taken
by the CIVA camera.
by the CIVA camera.
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Mars snimljen pomoću CIVA kamere.
06:56
That's one of the cameras on the lander,
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To je jedna od kamera na sondi,
06:58
and it just looks under the solar arrays,
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snima ispod solarnih panela
07:01
and you see the planet Mars
and the solar array in the distance.
and the solar array in the distance.
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i vidite planet Mars
i solarne panele u daljini.
i solarne panele u daljini.
07:05
Now, when we got out
of hibernation in January 2014,
of hibernation in January 2014,
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Kad smo u siječnju 2014.
izašli iz mirovanja,
izašli iz mirovanja,
započeli smo približavanje kometu
07:11
we started arriving at a distance
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i u svibnju stigli na udaljenost od
dva milijuna kilometara od kometa.
dva milijuna kilometara od kometa.
07:12
of two million kilometers
from the comet in May.
from the comet in May.
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07:15
However, the velocity
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
the spacecraft had was much too fast.
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Međutim, brzina
letjelice je bila prevelika.
letjelice je bila prevelika.
07:19
We were going 2,800 kilometers an hour
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
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Išli smo 2 800 km na sat brže
nego komet, tako da smo morali kočiti.
nego komet, tako da smo morali kočiti.
07:25
We had to do eight maneuvers,
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Morali smo napraviti osam manevra
i kao što vidite ovdje,
neki od njih su poprilično dugački.
neki od njih su poprilično dugački.
07:27
and you see here,
some of them were really big.
some of them were really big.
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07:30
We had to brake the first one
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
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Prvo smo trebali kočiti
nekoliko stotina kilometara na sat,
nekoliko stotina kilometara na sat,
07:36
and actually, the duration of that
was seven hours,
was seven hours,
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što je trajalo sedam sati
07:40
and it used 218 kilos of fuel,
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i za što je iskorišteno 218 kg goriva.
07:43
and those were seven nerve-wracking
hours, because in 2007,
hours, because in 2007,
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Bilo je to sedam vrlo napetih sati
jer je 2007. godine
jer je 2007. godine
07:47
there was a leak in the system
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
of the propulsion of Rosetta,
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došlo do propuštanja u
Rosettinom pogonskom sustavu.
Rosettinom pogonskom sustavu.
07:50
and we had to close off a branch,
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i morali smo zatvoriti odjeljak,
07:52
so the system was actually
operating at a pressure
operating at a pressure
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tako da je sustav radio pri tlaku
07:55
which it was never designed
or qualified for.
or qualified for.
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za koji nije bio dizajniran
niti namijenjen.
niti namijenjen.
07:59
Then we got in the vicinity of the comet,
and these were the first pictures we saw.
and these were the first pictures we saw.
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Zatim smo se približili kometu
i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo vidjeli.
i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo vidjeli.
08:04
The true comet rotation period
is 12 and a half hours,
is 12 and a half hours,
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Rotacija kometa u stvarnosti
traje dvanaest i pol sati,
traje dvanaest i pol sati,
08:07
so this is accelerated,
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tako da je ovo ubrzana snimka,
08:09
but you will understand that
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
our flight dynamics engineers thought,
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ali razumjet ćete zašto su naši
inženjeri dinamike leta smatrali
inženjeri dinamike leta smatrali
08:12
this is not going to be
an easy thing to land on.
an easy thing to land on.
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da ovamo neće biti lako sletjeti.
08:16
We had hoped for some kind
of spud-like thing
of spud-like thing
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Nadali smo nekoj vrsti
krumpirastog oblika
krumpirastog oblika
08:21
where you could easily land.
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koji bi olakšavao slijetanje.
08:23
But we had one hope: maybe it was smooth.
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Ostala nam je samo nada
da će možda biti gladak.
da će možda biti gladak.
08:26
No. That didn't work either. (Laughter)
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Ne. Nije bio niti to. (Smijeh)
08:30
So at that point in time,
it was clearly unavoidable:
it was clearly unavoidable:
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Tako da je u tom trenutku
postalo jasno da ćemo neizbježno
postalo jasno da ćemo neizbježno
08:33
we had to map this body
in all the detail you could get,
in all the detail you could get,
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morati mapirati to tijelo
do u najsitnije pojedinosti,
do u najsitnije pojedinosti,
08:36
because we had to find an area
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
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jer smo morali pronaći
ravno područje promjera 500 metara.
ravno područje promjera 500 metara.
08:41
Why 500 meters? That's the error
we have on landing the probe.
we have on landing the probe.
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Zašto 500 metara? To je greška koja se
događa prilikom slijetanja sonde.
događa prilikom slijetanja sonde.
08:46
So we went through this process,
and we mapped the comet.
and we mapped the comet.
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I prošli smo kroz taj proces
i mapirali komet.
i mapirali komet.
08:49
We used a technique
called photoclinometry.
called photoclinometry.
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Koristili smo tehniku
koja se zove fotoklinometrija.
koja se zove fotoklinometrija.
08:51
You use shadows thrown by the sun.
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Koristite sjene koje stvara Sunce.
08:54
What you see here is a rock
sitting on the surface of the comet,
sitting on the surface of the comet,
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Ovdje vidite stijenu koja
se nalazi na površini kometa,
se nalazi na površini kometa,
08:57
and the sun shines from above.
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a iznad nje sja Sunce.
09:00
From the shadow, we, with our brain,
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Pomoću te sjene, koristeći svoj mozak,
09:02
can immediately determine
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
roughly what the shape of that rock is.
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možemo odmah ugrubo odrediti
kakvog je oblika stijena.
kakvog je oblika stijena.
09:05
You can program that in a computer,
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To se može programirati u računalo,
09:07
you then cover the whole comet,
and you can map the comet.
and you can map the comet.
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4254
prekriti cijeli komet i mapirati ga.
U tu smo se svrhu u kolovozu
počeli kretati posebnim putanjama.
počeli kretati posebnim putanjama.
09:12
For that, we flew special trajectories
starting in August.
starting in August.
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09:15
First, a triangle
of 100 kilometers on a side
of 100 kilometers on a side
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Prvo, trokut sa stranama
od 100 kilometara
od 100 kilometara
09:18
at 100 kilometers' distance,
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na udaljenosti od 100 kilometara
09:20
and we repeated the whole
thing at 50 kilometers.
thing at 50 kilometers.
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3004
i to smo onda ponovili na 50 kilometara.
09:23
At that time, we had seen the comet
at all kinds of angles,
at all kinds of angles,
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U tom smo trenutku već
promotrili komet iz svih kuteva
promotrili komet iz svih kuteva
09:27
and we could use this technique
to map the whole thing.
to map the whole thing.
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i mogli smo koristiti tu tehniku
kako bismo ga mapirali.
kako bismo ga mapirali.
09:31
Now, this led to a selection
of landing sites.
of landing sites.
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To je dovelo do odabira
mjesta za slijetanje.
mjesta za slijetanje.
09:35
This whole process we had to do,
to go from the mapping of the comet
to go from the mapping of the comet
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Cijeli proces koji smo morali proći
od mapiranja kometa
od mapiranja kometa
09:39
to actually finding
the final landing site, was 60 days.
the final landing site, was 60 days.
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do pronalaska konačnog
mjesta za slijetanje trajao je 60 dana.
mjesta za slijetanje trajao je 60 dana.
09:42
We didn't have more.
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Nismo imali više.
09:44
To give you an idea,
the average Mars mission
the average Mars mission
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Da vam to predočim, prilikom
prosječne misije na Mars
prosječne misije na Mars
09:46
takes hundreds of scientists
for years to meet
for years to meet
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stotine znanstvenika
godinama se sastaju
godinama se sastaju
09:50
about where shall we go?
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2067
prije nego odluče kamo će se ići.
09:52
We had 60 days, and that was it.
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Mi smo imali 60 dana i to je bilo to.
09:54
We finally selected the final landing site
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Naposljetku smo izabrali mjesto za slijetanje
09:57
and the commands were prepared
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
for Rosetta to launch Philae.
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i bile su pripremljene naredbe
za Rosettino lansiranje Philae.
za Rosettino lansiranje Philae.
10:02
The way this works is that Rosetta
has to be at the right point in space,
has to be at the right point in space,
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To funkcionira tako da Rosetta
mora biti na točno određenom mjestu
mora biti na točno određenom mjestu
10:06
and aiming towards the comet,
because the lander is passive.
because the lander is passive.
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i usmjerena prema kometu
jer je sonda neaktivna.
jer je sonda neaktivna.
10:09
The lander is then pushed out
and moves towards the comet.
and moves towards the comet.
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Sonda se tada otpušta i
usmjerava prema kometu.
usmjerava prema kometu.
10:13
Rosetta had to turn around
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Rosetta se trebala okrenuti
10:15
to get its cameras to actually look
at Philae while it was departing
at Philae while it was departing
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4557
kako bi kamere bile usmjerene
prema Philae dok se udaljavala
prema Philae dok se udaljavala
10:19
and to be able to communicate with it.
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i kako bi mogle komunicirati.
10:22
Now, the landing duration
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
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Slijetanje je trajalo sedam sati.
10:26
Now do a simple calculation:
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2787
Napravimo jednostavan izračun:
10:29
if the velocity of Rosetta is off
by one centimeter per second,
by one centimeter per second,
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4039
da je u izračunu Rosettine brzine došlo
do pogreške od 1 centimetra u sekundi,
do pogreške od 1 centimetra u sekundi,
10:33
seven hours is 25,000 seconds.
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4342
a sedam sati je 25 000 sekundi,
10:37
That means 252 meters wrong on the comet.
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625888
4365
to bi značilo pogrešku od
252 metra u odnosu na komet.
252 metra u odnosu na komet.
10:42
So we had to know the velocity of Rosetta
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3344
Tako da smo trebali znati brzinu Rosette
10:45
much better than
one centimeter per second,
one centimeter per second,
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2507
mnogo bolje nego
jedan centimetar po sekundi
jedan centimetar po sekundi
10:48
and its location in space
better than 100 meters
better than 100 meters
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4064
i njen položaj u svemiru
preciznije nego 100 metara
preciznije nego 100 metara
10:52
at 500 million kilometers from Earth.
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3204
na 500 milijuna kilometra od Zemlje.
10:55
That's no mean feat.
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To nije mala stvar.
10:57
Let me quickly take you through
some of the science and the instruments.
some of the science and the instruments.
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Dopustite mi da vas brzo provedem
kroz znanstvenu podlogu i instrumente.
kroz znanstvenu podlogu i instrumente.
11:02
I won't bore you with all the details
of all the instruments,
of all the instruments,
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Neću vam dosađivati
detaljima o svim instrumentima,
detaljima o svim instrumentima,
11:05
but it's got everything.
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ali ima sve.
11:07
We can sniff gas,
we can measure dust particles,
we can measure dust particles,
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3134
Možemo onjušiti plin,
izmjeriti čestice prašine,
izmjeriti čestice prašine,
11:10
the shape of them, the composition,
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njihov oblik, sastav,
11:12
there are magnetometers, everything.
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2508
opskrbljena je magnetometrima, svime.
11:15
This is one of the results from
an instrument which measures gas density
an instrument which measures gas density
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663108
3599
Ovo je jedan od rezultata dobiven
instrumentom koji mjeru gustoću plina
instrumentom koji mjeru gustoću plina
11:18
at the position of Rosetta,
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666707
1858
na Rosettinom položaju,
11:20
so it's gas which has left the comet.
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2229
tako da je to plin koji potječe s kometa.
11:22
The bottom graph
is September of last year.
is September of last year.
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2484
Donji je graf iz rujna prošle godine.
11:25
There is a long-term variation,
which in itself is not surprising,
which in itself is not surprising,
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Postoji dugoročno odstupanje
što i nije iznenađujuće,
što i nije iznenađujuće,
11:28
but you see the sharp peaks.
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1881
ali vide se oštri šiljci.
11:30
This is a comet day.
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2090
To je dan kometa.
11:32
You can see the effect of the sun
on the evaporation of gas
on the evaporation of gas
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4110
Možete vidjeti utjecaj Sunca
na isparavanje plinova
na isparavanje plinova
11:36
and the fact that the comet is rotating.
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i činjenicu da se komet rotira.
Dakle, čini se da postoji jedno mjesto
11:39
So there is one spot, apparently,
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11:41
where there is a lot of stuff coming from,
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odakle izlazi puno toga.
11:43
it gets heated in the Sun,
and then cools down on the back side.
and then cools down on the back side.
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3297
Sunce ga zagrijava, a onda
se hladi na stražnjoj strani.
se hladi na stražnjoj strani.
11:46
And we can see
the density variations of this.
the density variations of this.
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Možemo vidjeti i varijacije gustoće.
11:50
These are the gases
and the organic compounds
and the organic compounds
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4133
Ovo su plinovi i organski spojevi
11:54
that we already have measured.
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1695
koje smo već izmjerili.
11:56
You will see it's an impressive list,
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1788
Možete vidjeti da je to zadivljujuća lista
11:57
and there is much, much,
much more to come,
much more to come,
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2484
i još će puno, puno toga uslijediti
12:00
because there are more measurements.
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708362
1946
jer će biti još mjerenja.
12:02
Actually, there is a conference
going on in Houston at the moment
going on in Houston at the moment
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Zapravo, u Houstonu se
upravo održava konferencija
upravo održava konferencija
12:05
where many of these results are presented.
223
713656
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na kojoj će biti predstavljen
velik dio ovih rezultata.
velik dio ovih rezultata.
12:08
Also, we measured dust particles.
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Izmjerili smo i čestice prašine.
12:10
Now, for you, this will not
look very impressive,
look very impressive,
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2802
Vama to neće puno značiti,
12:13
but the scientists were thrilled
when they saw this.
when they saw this.
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ali znanstvenike je ovo oduševilo.
12:16
Two dust particles:
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Dvije čestice prašine:
12:17
the right one they call Boris,
and they shot it with tantalum
and they shot it with tantalum
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2994
desnu su nazvali Boris
i gađali je česticama tantala
i gađali je česticama tantala
12:20
in order to be able to analyze it.
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kako bi ju mogli analizirati.
12:23
Now, we found sodium and magnesium.
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Pronašli su natrij i magnezij.
12:25
What this tells you is this is
the concentration of these two materials
the concentration of these two materials
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To nam govori da se radi o
koncentraciji tih dvaju materijala
koncentraciji tih dvaju materijala
12:29
at the time the solar system was formed,
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2716
u trenutku nastanka Sunčevog sustava.
12:32
so we learned things about
which materials were there
which materials were there
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3367
Tako smo naučili koji su
elementi bili prisutni
elementi bili prisutni
12:35
when the planet was made.
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3088
u vrijeme nastanka planeta.
12:38
Of course, one of the important
elements is the imaging.
elements is the imaging.
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2718
Naravno, jedna od važnijih stvari
jest dobivanje slika.
jest dobivanje slika.
12:41
This is one of the cameras of Rosetta,
the OSIRIS camera,
the OSIRIS camera,
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Ovo je snimila jedna od kamera na Rosetti,
kamera OSIRIS,
kamera OSIRIS,
12:44
and this actually was the cover
of Science magazine
of Science magazine
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2995
i ta je slika završila na
naslovnici časopisa Science
naslovnici časopisa Science
12:47
on January 23 of this year.
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2670
objavljenog 23. siječnja ove godine.
12:50
Nobody had expected
this body to look like this.
this body to look like this.
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758608
3438
Nitko nije očekivao da
će ovo tijelo ovako izgledati --
će ovo tijelo ovako izgledati --
12:54
Boulders, rocks -- if anything, it looks
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
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3598
stijene, kamenje --izgleda
kao Half Dome u Yosemiteu
kao Half Dome u Yosemiteu
12:57
than anything else.
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2507
više nego bilo što drugo.
13:00
We also saw things like this:
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768151
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VIdjeli smo i stvari poput ove:
13:02
dunes, and what look to be,
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
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dine i na desnoj strani, čini se,
brazde nastale djelovanjem vjetra.
brazde nastale djelovanjem vjetra.
13:07
Now we know these from Mars,
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
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775651
3924
Znamo za njih s Marsa, ali
ovaj komet nema svoju atmosferu,
ovaj komet nema svoju atmosferu,
13:11
so it's a bit difficult to create
a wind-blown shadow.
a wind-blown shadow.
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tako da je teško stvoriti takvu brazdu.
13:14
It may be local outgassing,
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782454
1985
Možda je to mjestimično
ispuhivanje plinova,
ispuhivanje plinova,
13:16
stuff which goes up and comes back.
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2183
stvari koje odu gore i onda se vrate.
13:18
We don't know, so there is
a lot to investigate.
a lot to investigate.
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Ne znamo, ostalo je
još puno toga za istražti
još puno toga za istražti
13:21
Here, you see the same image twice.
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Ovdje vidite istu sliku dvaput.
13:23
On the left-hand side,
you see in the middle a pit.
you see in the middle a pit.
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Na lijevoj strani u sredini vidite jamu.
13:26
On the right-hand side,
if you carefully look,
if you carefully look,
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Na desnoj slici, ako pažljivo pogledate,
13:28
there are three jets coming out
of the bottom of that pit.
of the bottom of that pit.
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s dna te jame izbijaju tri mlaza.
13:31
So this is the activity of the comet.
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Dakle, tako izgleda aktivnost kometa.
13:34
Apparently, at the bottom of these pits
is where the active regions are,
is where the active regions are,
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Čini se da se na dnu tih jama
nalaze aktivna područja
nalaze aktivna područja
13:38
and where the material
evaporates into space.
evaporates into space.
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iz kojih materijal isparava u svemir.
13:40
There is a very intriguing crack
in the neck of the comet.
in the neck of the comet.
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Na "vratu" kometa nalazi se
vrlo zanimljiva pukotina.
vrlo zanimljiva pukotina.
13:44
You see it on the right-hand side.
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Vidite je na desnoj strani.
13:46
It's a kilometer long,
and it's two and a half meters wide.
and it's two and a half meters wide.
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Duga je kilometar i
široka dva i pol metra.
široka dva i pol metra.
13:50
Some people suggest that actually,
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Neki ljudi smatraju da će se,
13:52
when we get close to the sun,
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kad dođe blizu Sunca,
13:54
the comet may split in two,
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komet možda raspoloviti
13:56
and then we'll have to choose,
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i u tom ćemo slučaju morati odlučiti
13:58
which comet do we go for?
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koju polovicu kometa dalje pratiti.
14:00
The lander -- again, lots of instruments,
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Sonda za spuštanje -- ponovno,
tu je puno instrumenata,
tu je puno instrumenata,
14:03
mostly comparable except for the things
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
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otprilike istih, osim stvari poput
instrumenata za bušenje...
instrumenata za bušenje...
14:08
But much the same as Rosetta, and that is
because you want to compare
because you want to compare
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836855
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Otprilike je sve isto kao i u Rosetti jer
želite usporediti sve
želite usporediti sve
14:12
what you find in space
with what you find on the comet.
with what you find on the comet.
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840732
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što nađete u svemiru
s onim što nađete na kometu.
s onim što nađete na kometu.
14:16
These are called
ground truth measurements.
ground truth measurements.
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To se zove mjerenje na licu mjesta.
14:18
These are the landing descent images
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Ovo su slike slijetanja
14:22
that were taken by the OSIRIS camera.
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snimljenje kamerama OSIRIS.
14:24
You see the lander getting further
and further away from Rosetta.
and further away from Rosetta.
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Vidite kako se sonda sve
više i više udaljava od Rosette.
više i više udaljava od Rosette.
14:28
On the top right, you see an image
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
taken at 60 meters by the lander,
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Gore desno, vidite sliku koju je sonda
snimila na 60 metara
snimila na 60 metara
14:32
60 meters above the surface of the comet.
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od površine kometa.
14:35
The boulder there is some 10 meters.
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863100
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Ona stijena ondje visoka je
otprilike 10 metara.
otprilike 10 metara.
14:37
So this is one of the last images we took
before we landed on the comet.
before we landed on the comet.
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865514
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To je jedna od zadnjih snimaka koje
smo snimili prije slijetanja na komet.
smo snimili prije slijetanja na komet.
14:42
Here, you see the whole sequence again,
but from a different perspective,
but from a different perspective,
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Ovo je cijeli slijed ispočetka,
ali iz drugog kuta
ali iz drugog kuta
14:45
and you see three blown-ups
from the bottom-left to the middle
from the bottom-left to the middle
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i vide se tri uvećane snimke,
od donjeg lijevog kuta prema sredini,
od donjeg lijevog kuta prema sredini,
14:49
of the lander traveling
over the surface of the comet.
over the surface of the comet.
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sondinog leta iznad površine kometa.
14:54
Then, at the top, there is a before
and an after image of the landing.
and an after image of the landing.
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Na vrhu je slika
prije i poslije slijetanja.
prije i poslije slijetanja.
14:58
The only problem with the after image is,
there is no lander.
there is no lander.
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Jedini problem sa slikom poslije slijetanja
jest da se na njoj ne vidi sonda.
jest da se na njoj ne vidi sonda.
15:02
But if you carefully look
at the right-hand side of this image,
at the right-hand side of this image,
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Ali ako pažljivo pogledate
desnu stranu slike
desnu stranu slike
15:05
we saw the lander still there,
but it had bounced.
but it had bounced.
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vidjet ćete da je sonda još
uvijek ondje, ali je odskočila.
uvijek ondje, ali je odskočila.
15:09
It had departed again.
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Uzletjela je ponovno.
15:11
Now, on a bit of a comical note here
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Smiješno je u svemu tome
15:14
is that originally Rosetta was designed
to have a lander which would bounce.
to have a lander which would bounce.
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da je Rosettin izvorni nacrt
predviđao sondu koja odskakuje.
predviđao sondu koja odskakuje.
15:18
That was discarded because
it was way too expensive.
it was way too expensive.
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To je odbačeno jer je bilo preskupo.
15:21
Now, we forgot, but the lander knew.
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Mi smo zaboravili, ali sonda nije.
15:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:25
During the first bounce,
in the magnetometers,
in the magnetometers,
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913388
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Prilikom prvog odraza, magnetometri su
15:27
you see here the data from them,
from the three axes, x, y and z.
from the three axes, x, y and z.
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očitali i upisali podatke
u tri osi: x, y i z.
u tri osi: x, y i z.
15:31
Halfway through, you see a red line.
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U sredini vidite crvenu liniju.
15:33
At that red line, there is a change.
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Ta crvena linija pokazuje promjenu.
15:35
What happened, apparently,
is during the first bounce,
is during the first bounce,
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Prilikom prvog odraza vjerojatno smo
15:39
somewhere, we hit the edge of a crater
with one of the legs of the lander,
with one of the legs of the lander,
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927690
4726
jednom nogom sonde
negdje pogodili rub kratera
negdje pogodili rub kratera
15:44
and the rotation velocity
of the lander changed.
of the lander changed.
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i promijenila se brzina rotacije sonde.
15:47
So we've been rather lucky
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935236
1973
Tako da imamo sreću da smo
15:49
that we are where we are.
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tu gdje smo sada.
15:51
This is one of
the iconic images of Rosetta.
the iconic images of Rosetta.
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Ovo je jedna od povijesnih
slika sa Rosette.
slika sa Rosette.
15:55
It's a man-made object,
a leg of the lander,
a leg of the lander,
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Predmet koji je
izradio čovjek, noga sonde,
izradio čovjek, noga sonde,
15:59
standing on a comet.
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stoji na kometu.
16:01
This, for me, is one of the very best
images of space science I have ever seen.
images of space science I have ever seen.
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Za mene je to najbolji prikaz
znanosti u svemiru koji sam ikada vidio.
znanosti u svemiru koji sam ikada vidio.
16:06
(Applause)
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954159
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(Pljesak)
16:11
One of the things we still have to do
is to actually find the lander.
is to actually find the lander.
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Jedna od stvari koje još uvijek
moramo napraviti jest pronaći sondu.
moramo napraviti jest pronaći sondu.
16:15
The blue area here
is where we know it must be.
is where we know it must be.
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Znamo da se nalazi na jednome od
ovih područja označenih plavom bojom.
ovih područja označenih plavom bojom.
16:18
We haven't been able to find it yet,
but the search is continuing,
but the search is continuing,
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966887
3618
Nismo je još uspjeli naći,
ali potraga se nastavlja,
ali potraga se nastavlja,
16:22
as are our efforts to start getting
the lander to work again.
the lander to work again.
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kao i naši napori da
sonda ponovno proradi.
sonda ponovno proradi.
16:26
We listen every day,
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Slušamo svaki dan
16:28
and we hope that between now
and somewhere in April,
and somewhere in April,
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2558
i nadamo se da će se u periodu
od sada do travnja
od sada do travnja
16:30
the lander will wake up again.
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sonda ponovno probuditi.
16:32
The findings of what
we found on the comet:
we found on the comet:
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Otkrića do kojih smo došli na kometu:
16:35
This thing would float in water.
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plutao bi u vodi.
16:38
It's half the density of water.
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Ima upola manju gustoću od vode.
16:40
So it looks like
a very big rock, but it's not.
a very big rock, but it's not.
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Izgleda kao velika stijena, ali nije.
Porast aktivnosti koji smo vidjeli u
u lipnju, srpnju i kolovozu prošle godine
u lipnju, srpnju i kolovozu prošle godine
16:43
The activity increase we saw
in June, July, August last year
in June, July, August last year
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16:47
was a four-fold activity increase.
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bio je četverostruk.
16:49
By the time we will be at the sun,
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Prilikom prolaska kraj Sunca,
16:51
there will be 100 kilos
a second leaving this comet:
a second leaving this comet:
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999673
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komet će ispuštati
100 kilograma po sekundi:
100 kilograma po sekundi:
16:56
gas, dust, whatever.
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plina, prašine, čega god.
16:57
That's 100 million kilos a day.
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1005802
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To je 100 milijuna kilograma na dan.
17:01
Then, finally, the landing day.
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I, konačno, dan slijetanja.
17:03
I will never forget -- absolute madness,
250 TV crews in Germany.
250 TV crews in Germany.
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Nikad to neću zaboraviti -- totalno
ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Njemačkoj.
ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Njemačkoj.
17:09
The BBC was interviewing me,
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BBC me intervjuirao,
17:11
and another TV crew
who was following me all day
who was following me all day
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a druga TV ekipa pratila me cijeli dan
17:14
were filming me being interviewed,
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i snimala dok sam davao intervju.
17:16
and it went on like that
for the whole day.
for the whole day.
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To je tako trajalo cijeli dan.
17:18
The Discovery Channel crew
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Ekipa Discovery Channela
17:20
actually caught me
when leaving the control room,
when leaving the control room,
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uhvatila me dok sam napuštao
kontrolnu sobu.
kontrolnu sobu.
17:23
and they asked the right question,
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Postavili su mi pravo pitanje,
17:25
and man, I got into tears,
and I still feel this.
and I still feel this.
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i, čovječe, zaplakao sam.
Još uvijek to osjećam.
Još uvijek to osjećam.
17:28
For a month and a half,
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Mjesec i pol
17:30
I couldn't think about
landing day without crying,
landing day without crying,
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nisam mogao o razmišljati
o danu slijetanja bez suza
o danu slijetanja bez suza
17:33
and I still have the emotion in me.
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i još uvijek me drži taj osjećaj.
17:36
With this image of the comet,
I would like to leave you.
I would like to leave you.
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Želio bih završiti
s ovom slikom kometa.
s ovom slikom kometa.
17:38
Thank you.
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Hvala.
17:41
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fred Jansen - Space explorerAs manager of the Rosetta mission, Fred Jansen is in charge of the project that could be instrumental in uncovering clues to the origins of life on Earth.
Why you should listen
Fred Jansen manages the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission, which guided a probe into orbit around a comet and dispatched a lander to its surface -- both firsts in space exploration. Although the lander Philae could not accomplish its full mission before going into hibernation, the data it’s already gathered will immeasurably multiply our knowledge of comets and their contributions to the ingredients of life on Earth.
In addition to his work with the Rosetta Mission, Jansen oversees the ESA’s XMM-Newton, an orbiting x-ray space observatory delving into the most elusive secrets of the universe, including black holes and dark matter.
Fred Jansen | Speaker | TED.com