ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.

Why you should listen

One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.

This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”

“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"

In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”

Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>

More profile about the speaker
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com
TED2002

Dan Dennett: Dangerous memes

Dan Dennett o opasnim memima

Filmed:
1,954,033 views

Počinjući s jednostavnom pričom o jednom mravu, filozof Dan Dennett izbacuje razarujuću salvu ideja, stvarajući uvjerljivi slučaj za postojanje mema: koncept koji doslovno živi.
- Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
How manymnogi CreationistsKreacionista do we have in the roomsoba?
0
0
3000
Koliko kreacionista imamo ovdje?
00:28
ProbablyVjerojatno nonenijedan. I think we're all DarwiniansDarwinians.
1
3000
3000
Vjerojatno nema. Mislim da smo svi Darvinisti.
00:31
And yetjoš manymnogi DarwiniansDarwinians are anxiouszabrinuti, a little uneasynelagodno --
2
6000
7000
Ipak, mnogi Darvinisti su zabrinuti, donekle i uzrujani,
00:38
would like to see some limitsgranice on just how fardaleko the DarwinismDarvinizam goeside.
3
13000
5000
željeli bi vidjeti neke granice do kud Darvinizam doseže.
00:43
It's all right.
4
18000
2000
To je u redu.
00:45
You know spiderwebspaučinu? Sure, they are productsproizvodi of evolutionevolucija.
5
20000
4000
Znate za paukove mreže? One su proizvod evolucije.
00:49
The WorldSvijet WideŠirok WebWeb? Not so sure.
6
24000
4000
World Wide Web? Nisam siguran.
00:53
BeaverDabar damsbrane, yes. HooverHoover DamBrana, no.
7
28000
2000
Dabrove brane, da. Hooverova brana, ne.
00:55
What do they think it is that preventssprječava the productsproizvodi of humanljudski ingenuitygenijalnost
8
30000
6000
Što to ne dopušta proizvodima ljudske genijalnosti
01:01
from beingbiće themselvesse, fruitsvoće of the treedrvo of life,
9
36000
3000
da budu plod stabla života,
01:04
and hencestoga, in some senseosjećaj, obeyingpoštivanje evolutionaryevolucioni rulespravila?
10
39000
5000
da zadovoljavaju pravila evolucije?
01:10
And yetjoš people are interestinglyzanimljivo resistantotporan
11
45000
4000
Ipak, zanimljivo, ljudi se opiru
01:14
to the ideaideja of applyingprimjenom evolutionaryevolucioni thinkingmišljenje to thinkingmišljenje -- to our thinkingmišljenje.
12
49000
7000
ideji o primjeni evolucijskog razmišljanja na naše razmišljanje.
01:21
And so I'm going to talk a little bitbit about that,
13
56000
4000
Govorit ću malo o tome,
01:25
keepingčuvanje in mindum that we have a lot on the programprogram here.
14
60000
4000
imajući na umu da ima puno toga.
01:29
So you're out in the woodsšume, or you're out in the pasturepašnjak,
15
64000
4000
Vani ste u šumi, ili na nekom pašnjaku,
01:33
and you see this antmrav crawlingpuzeći up this bladeoštrica of grasstrava.
16
68000
3000
i vidite mrava kako se penje po vlati trave.
01:36
It climbspenje up to the topvrh, and it fallsSlapovi,
17
71000
3000
Penje so do vrha, padne,
01:39
and it climbspenje, and it fallsSlapovi, and it climbspenje --
18
74000
3000
ponovno se penje, i padne, i penje se --
01:42
tryingtežak to stayboravak at the very topvrh of the bladeoštrica of grasstrava.
19
77000
4000
pokušavajući ostati na vrhu travke.
01:46
What is this antmrav doing? What is this in aidpomoć of?
20
81000
5000
Što to čini ovaj mrav? Koja je svrha?
01:51
What goalsciljevi is this antmrav tryingtežak to achievepostići by climbingpenjanje this bladeoštrica of grasstrava?
21
86000
7000
Koji cilj nastoji mrav postići penjući se travkom?
01:58
What's in it for the antmrav?
22
93000
2000
Što će mu to?
02:00
And the answerodgovor is: nothing. There's nothing in it for the antmrav.
23
95000
6000
A odgovor je: za ništa. Za mrava je to ništa.
02:06
Well then, why is it doing this?
24
101000
3000
Pa zašto on to čini?
02:09
Is it just a flukemetilj?
25
104000
2000
Je li to čista slučajnost?
02:11
Yeah, it's just a flukemetilj. It's a lancetlancete flukemetilj.
26
106000
7000
To je obični metilj (Dicrocoelium dendricitum)
02:18
It's a little brainmozak wormcrv.
27
113000
2000
To je mali moždani nametnik.
02:20
It's a parasiticparazitske brainmozak wormcrv that has to get into the stomachtrbuh of a sheepovca or a cowkrava
28
115000
5000
To je parazitska moždana ličinka koja mora stići u stomak ovce ili goveda
02:25
in ordernarudžba to continuenastaviti its life cycleciklus.
29
120000
3000
kako bi nastavila svoj životni ciklus.
02:28
SalmonLosos swimplivati upstreamuzvodno to get to theirnjihov spawningmrijesta groundsteren,
30
123000
5000
Losos pliva uzvodno kako bi došao do svoga mrijestilišta,
02:33
and lancetlancete flukesflukes commandeerrekvirirati a passingpretjecanje antmrav,
31
128000
4000
a metilj regrutira mrava koji prolazi
02:37
crawlpuzati into its brainmozak, and drivepogon it up a bladeoštrica of grasstrava like an all-terrainsve terene vehiclevozilo.
32
132000
5000
uvlači se u njegov mozak, i vozi se uz vlat trave kao neko terensko vozilo.
02:42
So there's nothing in it for the antmrav.
33
137000
4000
Znači, za mrava je to ništa.
02:46
The ant'smrav brainmozak has been hijackedotet by a parasiteparazit that infectszarazi the brainmozak,
34
141000
8000
Mravlji mozak je otet od strane parazita koji zaražava mozak,
02:54
inducingizaziva suicidalsuicidalne behaviorponašanje.
35
149000
3000
dajući samoubilačko ponašanje.
02:58
Prettylijep scaryplašljiv.
36
153000
2000
Zastrašujuće.
03:00
Well, does anything like that happendogoditi se with humanljudski beingsbića?
37
155000
4000
Događa li se nešto slično s ljudskim bićima?
03:05
This is all on behalfkorist of a causeuzrok other than one'sjedan je ownvlastiti geneticgenetski fitnessfitness, of coursenaravno.
38
160000
5000
Ovome uzrok nije nečiji genetički fitnes.
03:10
Well, it maysvibanj alreadyveć have occurreddogodio to you
39
165000
5000
Možda vam je već palo na pamet
03:15
that IslamIslam meanssredstva "surrenderpredaju," or "submissionpodnošenje of self-interestlični interes to the will of AllahAllah."
40
170000
10000
da Islam znači "predaja", ili "predavanje svojih interesa Allahovoj volji".
03:25
Well, it's ideasideje -- not wormscrvi -- that hijackoteti our brainsmozak.
41
180000
6000
Ideje su te -- a ne ličinke -- koje otimaju vaš mozak.
03:31
Now, am I sayingizreka that a sizableznatan minoritymanjina of the world'ssvijetu populationpopulacija
42
186000
5000
Govorim li ja da su ogromnoj manjini svjetske populacije
03:36
has had theirnjihov brainmozak hijackedotet by parasiticparazitske ideasideje?
43
191000
6000
mozak otele parazitske ideje?
03:43
No, it's worsegore than that.
44
198000
2000
Ne. Mnogo je gore.
03:45
MostVećina people have.
45
200000
4000
Radi se o većini ljudi.
03:49
(LaughterSmijeh)
46
204000
2000
(Smijeh)
03:53
There are a lot of ideasideje to dieumrijeti for.
47
208000
2000
Mnogo je ideja za koje se umire.
03:55
FreedomSloboda, if you're from NewNovi HampshireHampshire.
48
210000
3000
Sloboda, ako ste iz New Hampshire-a.
03:58
(LaughterSmijeh)
49
213000
3000
(Smijeh)
04:02
JusticePravde. TruthIstina. CommunismKomunizam.
50
217000
4000
Pravda. Istina. Komunizam.
04:06
ManyMnogi people have laidlaid down theirnjihov livesživot for communismkomunizam,
51
221000
3000
Mnogi ljudi su položili svoje živote za komunizam,
04:09
and manymnogi have laidlaid down theirnjihov livesživot for capitalismkapitalizam.
52
224000
3000
a mnogi su položili svoje živote za kapitalizam.
04:12
And manymnogi for CatholicismKatoličanstvo. And manymnogi for IslamIslam.
53
227000
4000
I mnogi za Katoličanstvo. I mnogi za Islam.
04:16
These are just a fewnekoliko of the ideasideje that are to dieumrijeti for.
54
231000
5000
Ovo su samo neke ideje za koje se umire.
04:21
They're infectiouszarazne.
55
236000
2000
One su zarazne.
04:24
YesterdayJučer, AmoryAmory LovinsLovins spokegovorio about "infectiouszarazne repititisrepititis."
56
239000
4000
Jučer je Amory Lovins govorio o "infektivnom repetitisu".
04:28
It was a termtermin of abusezlostavljanje, in effectposljedica.
57
243000
3000
To je bilo u značenju prevare.
04:31
This is unthinkingnepromišljen engineeringinženjering.
58
246000
2000
Ovo je inženjering bez razmišljanja.
04:33
Well, mostnajviše of the culturalkulturni spreadširenje that goeside on
59
248000
4000
Većina širenja kulture koje se događa
04:37
is not brilliantsjajan, newnovi, out-of-the-boxvanjska strana-od-kutija thinkingmišljenje.
60
252000
4000
nije sjajno, novo razmišljanje.
04:41
It's "infectiouszarazne repetitisrepetitis,"
61
256000
2000
To je zarazni repetitis (ponavljanje).
04:43
and we mightmoć as well try to have a theoryteorija of what's going on when that happensdogađa se
62
258000
5000
Možemo probati s teorijom "što se ovo događa" kad se to dogodi,
04:48
so that we can understandrazumjeti the conditionsUvjeti of infectioninfekcija.
63
263000
4000
kako bismo mogli shvatiti uvjete zaraze.
04:54
HostsDomaćini work hardteško to spreadširenje these ideasideje to othersdrugi.
64
269000
7000
Izvori zaraze rade naporno kako bi proširili ideje drugima.
05:01
I myselfsebe am a philosopherfilozof, and one of our occupationalna radu hazardsopasnosti
65
276000
6000
Ja sam filozof, i jedan od rizika profesije
05:07
is that people askpitati us what the meaningznačenje of life is.
66
282000
4000
je da nas ljudi pitaju koji je smisao života.
05:11
And you have to have a bumperbranik stickernaljepnica,
67
286000
3000
I morate imati neku frazu,
05:14
you know. You have to have a statementizjava.
68
289000
3000
morate imati svoju izjavu.
05:17
So, this is minerudnik.
69
292000
2000
A ovo je moja.
05:19
The secrettajna of happinesssreća is: Find something more importantvažno than you are
70
294000
4000
Tajna sreće je: Nađi nešto važnije no što si ti sam
05:23
and dedicateposvetiti your life to it.
71
298000
2000
i posveti svoj život tome.
05:25
MostVećina of us -- now that the "Me DecadeDeset godina" is well in the pastprošlost --
72
300000
4000
Većina nas --sada kad je "Ja desetljeće" iza nas --
05:29
now we actuallyzapravo do this.
73
304000
2000
u stvari to i čini.
05:31
One setset of ideasideje or anotherjoš
74
306000
3000
Prvi ili drugi set ideja
05:34
have simplyjednostavno replacedzamijeniti our biologicalbiološki imperativesimperativi in our ownvlastiti livesživot.
75
309000
4000
su zamijenili biološke imperative u našim životima.
05:38
This is what our summumSummum bonumbonum is.
76
313000
3000
To je naš summum bonum (najviše dobro).
05:41
It's not maximizingMaksimiziranje the numberbroj of grandchildrenunuci we have.
77
316000
3000
To više nije maksimalno povećanje broja unuka.
05:44
Now, this is a profounddubok biologicalbiološki effectposljedica.
78
319000
4000
Ovo je važan biološki učinak.
05:48
It's the subordinationpodređenost of geneticgenetski interestinteres to other interestsinteresi.
79
323000
3000
Podređivanje genetičkih interesa drugim interesima.
05:51
And no other speciesvrsta does anything at all like it.
80
326000
4000
I niti jedna vrsta ne čini ništa slično ovome.
05:55
Well, how are we going to think about this?
81
330000
2000
Kako ćemo promišljati o ovome?
05:57
It is, on the one handruka, a biologicalbiološki effectposljedica, and a very largeveliki one.
82
332000
4000
U jednu ruku ovo je biološki učinak, i to veoma velik.
06:01
UnmistakableNedvojben.
83
336000
2000
Nepogrešiv.
06:03
Now, what theoriesteorije do we want to use to look at this?
84
338000
3000
Koje teorije želimo koristiti da ovo promotrimo?
06:06
Well, manymnogi theoriesteorije. But how could something tiekravata them togetherzajedno?
85
341000
3000
Mnoge teorije. Ali što ih povezuje skupa?
06:09
The ideaideja of replicatingreplicirajući ideasideje;
86
344000
3000
Ideja o razmnažanju ideja;
06:12
ideasideje that replicateponoviti by passingpretjecanje from brainmozak to brainmozak.
87
347000
5000
Ideje koje se razmnažaju kolanjem od mozga do mozga.
06:17
RichardRichard DawkinsDawkins, whomkome you'llvi ćete be hearingsluh laterkasnije in the day, inventedizumio the termtermin "memesmemi,"
88
352000
5000
Richard Dawkins, o kome ćete slušati kasnije, izmislio je termin "memi",
06:22
and put forwardnaprijed the first really clearčisto and vividživopisan versionverzija of this ideaideja
89
357000
5000
i postavio prvu istinski jasnu i živopisnu verziju ove ideje
06:27
in his bookrezervirati "The SelfishSebičan GeneGene."
90
362000
2000
u svojoj knjizi "Sebični gen."
06:29
Now here am I talkingkoji govori about his ideaideja.
91
364000
3000
I, evo me, pričam vam o ovoj ideji.
06:32
Well, you see, it's not his. Yes -- he startedpočeo it.
92
367000
6000
Vidite, ona nije njegova. Da -- on je začetnik.
06:38
But it's everybody'ssvatko je ideaideja now.
93
373000
3000
No, sada je to svačija ideja.
06:41
And he's not responsibleodgovoran for what I say about memesmemi.
94
376000
4000
A on nije odgovoran za ono što govorim o memima.
06:45
I'm responsibleodgovoran for what I say about memesmemi.
95
380000
4000
Ja sam odgovoran za što govorim o memima.
06:50
ActuallyZapravo, I think we're all responsibleodgovoran
96
385000
3000
U stvari, mislim da smo svi odgovorni
06:53
for not just the intendednamijenjen effectsefekti of our ideasideje,
97
388000
6000
ne samo za namjeravane učinke naših ideja,
06:59
but for theirnjihov likelyVjerojatno misuseszlouporabe.
98
394000
3000
nego i za njihove mogućne zlouporabe.
07:03
So it is importantvažno, I think, to RichardRichard, and to me,
99
398000
4000
Zato mislim da je važno za Richarda i mene,
07:07
that these ideasideje not be abusedzlostavljana and misusedzloupotrebljavati.
100
402000
4000
da se ove ideje ne izokreću ili zloupotrebljavaju.
07:11
They're very easylako to misusezlouporabe. That's why they're dangerousopasno.
101
406000
3000
Veoma su pogodne za zloporabu.. Zato su opasne.
07:14
And it's just about a full-timepuno vrijeme jobposao
102
409000
3000
Treba nam puno radno vrijeme
07:17
tryingtežak to preventspriječiti people who are scaredprestrašen of these ideasideje
103
412000
3000
za sprječavanje ljudi koji se plaše ovih ideja
07:20
from caricaturingcaricaturing them and then runningtrčanje off to one direstrašna purposesvrha or anotherjoš.
104
415000
8000
od karikiranja tih ideja zbog raznih ciljeva.
07:28
So we have to keep plugginguključivanjem away,
105
423000
3000
Dakle, moramo ustrajno raditi,
07:31
tryingtežak to correctispravan the misapprehensionspredmnjeva
106
426000
2000
pokušavajući ispraviti zablude
07:33
so that only the benignbenigni and usefulkoristan variantsvarijante of our ideasideje continuenastaviti to spreadširenje.
107
428000
8000
da se jedino bezopasne i korisne varijante naših ideja nastave širiti.
07:41
But it is a problemproblem.
108
436000
2000
No, to je problem.
07:45
We don't have much time, and I'm going to go over just a little bitbit of this and cutrez out,
109
440000
5000
Nemamo previše vremena, i ja ću samo na brzinu prijeći ovo, a zatim prekinuti,
07:50
because there's a lot of other things that are going to be said.
110
445000
3000
zato što će biti mnogo drugih stvari o kojima će se govoriti.
07:53
So let me just pointtočka out: memesmemi are like virusesvirusi.
111
448000
5000
Znači, samo da istaknem: Memi su kao virusi.
07:58
That's what RichardRichard said, back in '93.
112
453000
2000
To je Richard rekao još '93.
08:00
And you mightmoć think, "Well, how can that be?
113
455000
2000
Možete pomisliti, "Kako to može biti?
08:02
I mean, a virusvirus is -- you know, it's stuffstvari! What's a mememem madenapravljen of?"
114
457000
7000
Mislim, virus je tvar! Od čega se sastoji mem?"
08:09
YesterdayJučer, NegroponteNegroponte was talkingkoji govori about viralvirusni telecommunicationstelekomunikacije
115
464000
5000
Jučer je Negroponte govorio o virusnim telekomunikacijama
08:14
but -- what's a virusvirus?
116
469000
1000
ali -- što je virus?
08:15
A virusvirus is a stringniz of nucleicnukleinske acidkiselina with attitudestav.
117
470000
4000
Virus je nit nukleinske kiseline sa stavom.
08:19
(LaughterSmijeh)
118
474000
1000
(Smijeh)
08:20
That is, there is something about it
119
475000
2000
Naime, ima nešto kod njega
08:22
that tendsteži to make it replicateponoviti better than the competitionkonkurencija does.
120
477000
4000
što mu dopušta da se razmnožava bolje nego konkurencija.
08:26
And that's what a mememem is. It's an informationinformacija packetpaket with attitudestav.
121
481000
4000
I to je ono što je mem; paket informacija sa stavom.
08:30
What's a mememem madenapravljen of? What are bitskomadići madenapravljen of, MomMama?
122
485000
6000
Od čega je napravljen mem? Od čega su bitovi, mama?
08:36
Not siliconsilicij.
123
491000
2000
Ne od silicija.
08:38
They're madenapravljen of informationinformacija, and can be carriedprenosi in any physicalfizička mediumsrednji.
124
493000
4000
Napravljeni su od informacija, i mogu se prenijeti u bilo koji fizički medij.
08:42
What's a wordriječ madenapravljen of?
125
497000
2000
Od čega je sačinjena riječ?
08:44
SometimesPonekad when people say, "Do memesmemi existpostojati?"
126
499000
5000
Kad ljudi kažu, "Postoje li uistinu memi?"
08:49
I say, "Well, do wordsriječi existpostojati? Are they in your ontologyOntologija?"
127
504000
4000
Ja kažem, "A, postoje li riječi? Jesu li one u vašoj ontologiji?"
08:53
If they are, wordsriječi are memesmemi that can be pronouncedizgovara se.
128
508000
5000
Ako jesu, onda su riječi memi koji se mogu izgovoriti.
08:58
Then there's all the other memesmemi that can't be pronouncedizgovara se.
129
513000
3000
Postoji mnoštvo mema koji se ne mogu izgovarati.
09:01
There are differentdrugačiji speciesvrsta of memesmemi.
130
516000
3000
Postoje različite vrste mema.
09:09
RememberSjećam se the ShakersShakers? GiftPoklon to be simplejednostavan?
131
524000
4000
Sjećate li se Shakersa? Poklon da bude jednostavan?
09:13
SimpleJednostavan, beautifullijep furniturenamještaj?
132
528000
3000
Jednostavan, ali prelijep namještaj?
09:16
And, of coursenaravno, they're basicallyu osnovi extinctizumro now.
133
531000
3000
Sada više ne postoje.
09:19
And one of the reasonsrazlozi is that amongmeđu the creedvjerovanje of Shaker-domŠejker-dom
134
534000
6000
A jedan od razloga je i taj da među vjernicima Shakerstva
09:25
is that one should be celibateu celibatu.
135
540000
2000
mora biti celibat.
09:27
Not just the priestssvećenici. EverybodySvi.
136
542000
2000
Ne samo svećenici. Svi.
09:29
Well, it's not so surprisingiznenađujuće that they'vešto ga do goneotišao extinctizumro. (LaughterSmijeh)
137
544000
8000
Onda, nije ni čudo da su izumrli. (Smijeh)
09:37
But in factčinjenica that's not why they wentotišao extinctizumro.
138
552000
3000
No, u stvari to nije razlog zašto su izumrli.
09:42
They survivedpreživio as long as they did
139
557000
3000
Opstajali su sve do
09:45
at a time when the socialsocijalni safetysigurnosni netsmreže weren'tnisu there.
140
560000
2000
dok nije došla mreža socijalne sigurnosti.
09:47
And there were lots of widowsudovice and orphanssiročad,
141
562000
3000
Imali su dosta udovica i siročadi,
09:50
people like that, who neededpotreban a fosterpoticanje home.
142
565000
3000
i sličnih ljudi, koji trebaju dom koji će ih posvojiti.
09:53
And so they had a readyspreman supplyOpskrba of convertspretvara.
143
568000
3000
Tako su imali redoviti priljev preobraćenika.
09:56
And they could keep it going.
144
571000
2000
I mogli su tako nastavljati.
09:58
And, in principlenačelo, it could'vemogao sam goneotišao on foreverzauvijek,
145
573000
2000
I, u principu, tako je moglo zauvijek.
10:00
with perfectsavršen celibacycelibat on the partdio of the hostsdomaćini.
146
575000
3000
Sa potpunim celibatom svoje pastve.
10:03
The ideaideja beingbiće passedprošao on throughkroz proselytizingpristaše,
147
578000
5000
Ideja se umnažala putem preobraćenja,
10:08
insteadumjesto of throughkroz the genegen linecrta.
148
583000
3000
umjesto putem genske linije.
10:13
So the ideasideje can liveživjeti on in spiteinat of the factčinjenica
149
588000
4000
Znači, ideje mogu živjeti usprkos činjenici
10:17
that they're not beingbiće passedprošao on geneticallygenetski.
150
592000
3000
da nisu sprovođene genetički.
10:20
A mememem can flourishcvjetati in spiteinat of havingima a negativenegativan impactudar on geneticgenetski fitnessfitness.
151
595000
4000
Mem može uspijevati usprkos negativnom učinku na genetički fitnes.
10:24
After all, the mememem for Shaker-domŠejker-dom was essentiallyu srži a sterilizingsterilizaciju parasiteparazit.
152
599000
8000
Zapravo, mem Shakerstva je u osnovi bio sterlilizirajući parazit.
10:33
There are other parasitesparaziti that do this -- whichkoji renderučiniti the hostdomaćin sterilesterilan.
153
608000
6000
Postoje i drugi paraziti koji čine isto -- koji čine domaćina sterilnim.
10:40
It's partdio of theirnjihov planplan.
154
615000
2000
To je dio njihova plana.
10:42
They don't have to have mindsmisli to have a planplan.
155
617000
4000
Oni ne moraju imati umove da bi imali plan.
10:47
I'm just going to drawizvući your attentionpažnja to just one
156
622000
5000
Još ću vam skrenuti pozornost na samo jednu
10:52
of the manymnogi implicationsimplikacije of the memeticmemetic perspectiveperspektiva, whichkoji I recommendPreporuči.
157
627000
8000
od mnogih implikacija memičke perspektive, a što preporučam.
11:01
I've not time to go into more of it.
158
636000
2000
Nemam vremena dublje ulaziti u nju.
11:03
In JaredJared Diamond'sDijamant je wonderfulpredivan bookrezervirati, "GunsOružje, GermsKlice and SteelČelik,"
159
638000
4000
U predivnoj knjizi Jareda Diamondsa "Puške, klice i čelik",
11:07
he talksrazgovori about how it was germsklice, more than gunstopovi and steelželjezo,
160
642000
6000
on govori kako su klice, više nego puške i čelik,
11:13
that conqueredosvojen the newnovi hemispherehemisfera -- the WesternZapadni hemispherehemisfera --
161
648000
5000
pokorile novu hemisferu -- Zapadnu hemisferu --
11:18
that conqueredosvojen the restodmor of the worldsvijet.
162
653000
2000
pokorile ostatak svijeta.
11:20
When EuropeanEuropski explorersistraživači and travelersputnici spreadširenje out,
163
655000
7000
Kada su se europski istraživači i putnici razmiljeli,
11:27
they broughtdonio with them the germsklice
164
662000
2000
sa sobom su ponijeli klice
11:29
that they had becomepostati essentiallyu srži immuneimun to,
165
664000
3000
na koje su oni već postali imuni,
11:32
that they had learnednaučeno how to toleratetolerirati over
166
667000
3000
koje su naučili podnositi
11:35
hundredsstotine and hundredsstotine of yearsgodina, thousandstisuća of yearsgodina,
167
670000
3000
tijekom stotina i stotina godina, tisućama godina,
11:38
of livingživot with domesticatedpripitomljen animalsživotinje who were the sourcesizvori of those pathogenspatogeni.
168
673000
4000
suživota sa domaćim životinjama koje su bili izvor ovih patogena.
11:43
And they just wipedBrisanje out -- these pathogenspatogeni just wipedBrisanje out the nativedomaći people,
169
678000
5000
I ovi patogeni su izbrisali domorodački narod,
11:48
who had no immunityimunitet to them at all.
170
683000
3000
koji nije imao imunitet prema njima.
11:51
And we're doing it again.
171
686000
3000
I ponovno to isto činimo.
11:55
We're doing it this time with toxicotrovan ideasideje.
172
690000
4000
Ovaj put to činimo putem otrovnih ideja.
12:00
YesterdayJučer, a numberbroj of people -- NicholasNikola NegroponteNegroponte and othersdrugi --
173
695000
4000
Jučer, brojni ljudi -- Nicholas Negroponte i ostali --
12:04
spokegovorio about all the wonderfulpredivan things
174
699000
2000
govorili su o svim tim sjajnim stvarima
12:06
that are happeningdogađa when our ideasideje get spreadširenje out,
175
701000
3000
koje se događaju kada se naše ideje šire,
12:09
thanksHvala to all the newnovi technologytehnologija all over the worldsvijet.
176
704000
2000
zahvaljujući svim tim novim tehnologijama po svijetu.
12:11
And I agreesložiti. It is largelyu velikoj mjeri wonderfulpredivan. LargelyU velikoj mjeri wonderfulpredivan.
177
706000
6000
I slažem se. Uglavnom je to krasno.
12:17
But amongmeđu all those ideasideje that inevitablyneizbježno flowteći out into the wholečitav worldsvijet
178
712000
8000
Između svih tih ideja koje neizbježno otječu u svijet
12:25
thanksHvala to our technologytehnologija, are a lot of toxicotrovan ideasideje.
179
720000
5000
zahvaljujući tehnologiji, ima mnogo toksičnih ideja.
12:30
Now, this has been realizedshvatio for some time.
180
725000
3000
Ovo znamo već neko vrijeme.
12:33
SayyidSayyid QutbQutb is one of the foundingosnivanje fathersoci of fanaticalfanatičan IslamIslam,
181
728000
6000
Sayyid Qutb je jedan od očeva fanatičnog Islama,
12:39
one of the ideologuesideologa that inspirednadahnut OsamaOsama binkanta LadenNatovaren.
182
734000
5000
jedan od ideologa koji je nadahnuo Osamu bin Ladena.
12:44
"One has only to glancepogled at its presstisak filmsfilmovi, fashionmoda showspokazuje, beautyljepota contestsnatjecanja,
183
739000
5000
"Treba samo pogledati njihove filmove, modne revije, izbore ljepote,
12:49
ballroomsplesne dvorane, winevino barsbarovi and broadcastingemitiranje stationsstanice." MemesMemi.
184
744000
6000
plesne dvorane, vinske barove i TV postaje." Memi.
12:55
These memesmemi are spreadingširenje around the worldsvijet
185
750000
4000
To su memi koji se šire svijetom.
12:59
and they are wipingBrisanje out wholečitav cultureskulture.
186
754000
5000
i oni brišu cijele kulture.
13:04
They are wipingBrisanje out languagesjezici.
187
759000
2000
Istrebljuju jezike.
13:06
They are wipingBrisanje out traditionstradicija and practicesprakse.
188
761000
5000
Istrebljuju tradicije i običaje.
13:11
And it's not our faultgreška, anymoreviše than it's our faultgreška when our germsklice laypoložiti wastegubljenje
189
766000
8000
I to nije naša greška, ništa više nego kad šaljemo klice bacila
13:19
to people that haven'tnisu developedrazvijen the immunityimunitet.
190
774000
3000
na narode koji nisu razvili imunitet.
13:22
We have an immunityimunitet to all of the junkstarudija that lieslaži around the edgesrubovi of our cultureKultura.
191
777000
6000
Mi imamo imunitet na otpad koji leži na rubnim dijelovima naše kulture
13:28
We're a freebesplatno societydruštvo, so we let pornographypornografija and all these things -- we shrugslijeganje ramenima them off.
192
783000
6000
Slobodno smo društvo, pa ne marimo za pornografiju i slično -- ignoriramo ih.
13:34
They're like a mildblag coldhladno.
193
789000
2000
Kao blagu prehladu.
13:36
They're not a bigvelika dealdogovor for us.
194
791000
2000
Nisu nam strašni.
13:38
But we should recognizeprepoznati that for manymnogi people in the worldsvijet,
195
793000
4000
No moramo shvatiti da su za mnoge ljude u svijetu,
13:42
they are a bigvelika dealdogovor.
196
797000
4000
oni velika stvar.
13:46
And we should be very alertuzbuna to this.
197
801000
3000
I trebali bismo biti oprezni,
13:49
As we spreadširenje our educationobrazovanje and our technologytehnologija,
198
804000
3000
kada širimo naše obrazovanje ili tehnologiju,
13:52
one of the things that we are doing is we're the vectorsvektori of memesmemi
199
807000
8000
jedna od stvari koje činimo je da smo vektori mema
14:00
that are correctlyispravno viewedsu pogledali by the hostsdomaćini of manymnogi other memesmemi
200
815000
6000
koje ispravno gledaju nosioci drugih mema
14:06
as a direstrašna threatprijetnja to theirnjihov favoriteljubimac memesmemi --
201
821000
3000
kao opasnu prijetnju svojim memima --
14:09
the memesmemi that they are preparedpripremljen to dieumrijeti for.
202
824000
3000
memima za koje su spremni umrijeti.
14:12
Well now, how are we going to tell the good memesmemi from the badloše memesmemi?
203
827000
4000
Kako ćemo razlikovati dobre od loših mema?
14:16
That is not the jobposao of the scienceznanost of memeticsMemetics.
204
831000
5000
To nije zadatak nauke o memima.
14:21
MemeticsMemetics is morallymoralno neutralneutralan. And so it should be.
205
836000
6000
Memetika je moralno neutralna. I takva treba biti.
14:27
This is not the placemjesto for hatemrziti and angerbijes.
206
842000
4000
Ovo nije mjesto za mržnju i ljutnju.
14:31
If you've had a friendprijatelj who'stko je diedumro of AIDSAIDS-A, then you hatemrziti HIVHIV-A.
207
846000
5000
Ako vam je prijatelj umro od AIDS-a, mrziti ćete HIV.
14:36
But the way to dealdogovor with that is to do scienceznanost,
208
851000
4000
Ali to se rješava bavljenjem naukom,
14:40
and understandrazumjeti how it spreadsnamazi and why in a morallymoralno neutralneutralan perspectiveperspektiva.
209
855000
7000
i razumijevanjem zašto se i kako širi sa moralno neutralnim stajalištem.
14:47
Get the factsčinjenicama.
210
862000
2000
Dobiti činjenice.
14:49
Work out the implicationsimplikacije.
211
864000
4000
Pronaći implikacije.
14:53
There's plentymnogo of roomsoba for moralmoralan passionstrast oncejednom we'veimamo got the factsčinjenicama
212
868000
4000
Možemo ispoljiti moralnu strast jednom kad imamo činjenice
14:57
and can figurelik out the bestnajbolje thing to do.
213
872000
2000
i kad znamo što je najbolje učiniti.
14:59
And, as with germsklice, the tricktrik is not to try to annihilateuništiti them.
214
874000
5000
I, kao s klicama, trik je ne pokušavati uništiti ih.
15:04
You will never annihilateuništiti the germsklice.
215
879000
3000
Nikad nećete uspjeti uništiti klice.
15:07
What you can do, howevermeđutim, is fosterpoticanje publicjavnost healthzdravlje measuresmjere and the like
216
882000
6000
Ono što možete učiniti je poticati zdravstvene mjere i sklonost
15:13
that will encourageohrabriti the evolutionevolucija of avirulenceavirulence.
217
888000
5000
koje će poticati razvoj otpornosti.
15:19
That will encourageohrabriti the spreadširenje of relativelyrelativno benignbenigni mutationsmutacije
218
894000
7000
To će pripomoći širenju bezopasnih mutacija
15:26
of the mostnajviše toxicotrovan varietiessorte.
219
901000
3000
najotrovnijih vrsta.
15:29
That's all the time I have,
220
904000
3000
Više nemam vremena,
15:32
so thank you very much for your attentionpažnja.
221
907000
3000
najljepša hvala na vašoj pažnji.
Translated by Tibor Vrancic
Reviewed by Janko Mihelić

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.

Why you should listen

One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.

This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”

“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"

In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”

Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>

More profile about the speaker
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com