TEDGlobal 2012
Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer
Mina Bissell: Pokusi koji ukazuju na novo razumijevanje raka
Filmed:
Readability: 3.4
1,094,158 views
Istraživačica Mina Bissell desetljećima je slijedila revolucionarnu ideju – da stanica raka ne postane automatski tumor, već da ovisi o uputama susjednih stanica (njenom mikrookolišu) o tome kako se razviti. Podijelila je dva ključna pokusa koja dokazuju da je prevladavajuće mišljenje o rastu raka bilo krivo.
Mina Bissell proučava interakciju raka s našim tijelima, tražeći znakove kako njegov mikrookoliš utječe na njegov rast.
Mina Bissell - Cancer Researcher
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth. Full bio
Mina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Now, I don't usually like cartoons,
0
432
2722
Inače ne volim karikature,
00:19
I don't think many of them are funny,
1
3154
2510
mnoge od njih ne smatram smiješnima,
00:21
I find them weird. But I love this cartoon from the New Yorker.
2
5664
5223
mislim da su čudne. Ali volim ovu karikaturu iz New Yorkera.
00:26
(Text: Never, ever think outside the box.) (Laughter)
3
10887
2612
(Tekst: Nikad, nikad nemoj misliti izvan kutije.) (Smijeh)
00:29
So, the guy is telling the cat,
4
13499
2469
Dakle, čovjek govori mački:
00:31
don't you dare think outside the box.
5
15968
5371
Da se nisi usudila pomisliti izvan kutije.
00:37
Well, I'm afraid I used to be the cat.
6
21339
3307
Pa, bojim se da sam ja nekad bila mačka.
00:40
I always wanted to be outside the box.
7
24646
3058
Uvijek sam htjela biti izvan kutije.
00:43
And it's partly because I came to this field
8
27704
3482
I to je dijelom zato što sam došla na ovo područje
00:47
from a different background, chemist and a bacterial geneticist.
9
31186
5213
s drugačijom pozadinom, kemičara i bakterijskog genetičara.
00:52
So, what people were saying to me
10
36399
2602
Stoga, ono što su mi ljudi govorili
00:54
about the cause of cancer, sources of cancer,
11
39001
3191
o uzroku raka, izvoru raka, ili, u tom slučaju,
00:58
or, for that matter, why you are who you are,
12
42192
3081
zašto smo onakvi kakvi jesmo,
01:01
didn't make sense.
13
45273
1874
nije imalo smisla.
01:03
So, let me quickly try and tell you why I thought that
14
47147
3047
Dakle, dopustite mi da vam pokušam na brzinu reći zašto
01:06
and how I went about it.
15
50194
2601
sam to mislila i kako sam tome pristupila.
01:08
So, to begin with, however,
16
52795
2432
Kako bih počela, međutim,
01:11
I have to give you a very, very quick lesson
17
55227
4426
moram vam dati vrlo, vrlo brzu lekciju
01:15
in developmental biology,
18
59653
1767
iz razvojne biologije.
01:17
with apologies to those of you who know some biology.
19
61420
4062
Ispričavam se onima od vas koji znaju nešto biologije.
01:21
So, when your mom and dad met,
20
65482
3014
Dakle, kada su se vaše majke i očevi upoznali,
01:24
there is a fertilized egg,
21
68496
2674
oplođeno je jajašce,
01:27
that round thing with that little blip.
22
71170
2121
ta okrugla stvar s malom nepravilnošću.
01:29
It grows and then it grows,
23
73291
3055
Ono raste i raste
01:32
and then it makes this handsome man.
24
76346
4153
i onda postane ovaj zgodni muškarac.
01:36
(Applause)
25
80499
1415
(Pljesak )
01:37
So, this guy, with all the cells in his body,
26
81914
5658
Dakle, sve stanice u tijelu ovog momka
01:43
all have the same genetic information.
27
87572
4212
imaju iste genetičke informacije.
01:47
So how did his nose become his nose, his elbow his elbow,
28
91784
4375
Kako je onda njegov nos postao njegov nos, njegov lakat postao njegov lakat,
01:52
and why doesn't he get up one morning
29
96159
2176
i zašto se ne ustane jedno jutro
01:54
and have his nose turn into his foot?
30
98335
2560
s nosom pretvorenim u stopalo?
01:56
It could. It has the genetic information.
31
100895
3240
Mogao bi. Ima genetičku informaciju.
02:00
You all remember, dolly,
32
104135
1208
Svi se sjećate Dolly,
02:01
it came from a single mammary cell.
33
105343
2681
došla je iz jedne jedine mliječne stanice.
02:03
So, why doesn't it do it?
34
108024
1934
Dakle, zašto se to ne dogodi?
02:05
So, have a guess of how many cells he has in his body.
35
109958
5503
Pokušajte pogoditi koliko on ima stanica u svom tijelu.
02:11
Somewhere between 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells in his body.
36
115461
7402
Negdje između 10 bilijuna do 70 bilijuna stanica u tijelu.
02:18
Trillion!
37
122863
1640
Bilijuna!
02:20
Now, how did these cells, all with the same genetic material,
38
124503
4638
Kako su te stanice, sve s istim genetičkim materijalom,
02:25
make all those tissues?
39
129141
2208
napravile sva ta tkiva?
02:27
And so, the question I raised before
40
131349
3144
Tako, pitanje koje sam prethodno postavila
02:30
becomes even more interesting if you thought about
41
134493
3614
postaje još zanimljivije ako razmislite
02:34
the enormity of this in every one of your bodies.
42
138107
4586
o veličini svega toga u svim vašim tijelima.
02:38
Now, the dominant cancer theory would say
43
142693
3000
Prevladavajuća teorija o raku kaže
02:41
that there is a single oncogene
44
145693
2312
da postoji jedan jedini onkogen
02:43
in a single cancer cell, and it would make you
45
148005
3704
u jednoj stanici raka, i to će vas učiniti
02:47
a cancer victim.
46
151709
2649
žrtvom raka.
02:50
Well, this did not make sense to me.
47
154358
3666
Pa, ovo meni nije imalo smisla.
02:53
Do you even know how a trillion looks?
48
158024
3182
Znate li uopće kako bilijun izgleda?
02:57
Now, let's look at it.
49
161206
1719
Pogledajmo ga.
02:58
There it comes, these zeroes after zeroes after zeroes.
50
162925
5041
Evo ga, nula za nulom za nulom.
03:03
Now, if .0001 of these cells got mutated,
51
167966
6818
Ako 0.0001 ovih stanica mutira
03:10
and .00001 got cancer, you will be a lump of cancer.
52
174784
5257
i 0.00001 dobije rak, bili biste gruda raka.
03:15
You will have cancer all over you. And you're not.
53
180041
2296
Imali biste rak posvuda po sebi. A niste.
03:18
Why not?
54
182337
2309
Zašto ne?
03:20
So, I decided over the years,
55
184646
3722
Odlučila sam tijekom godina,
03:24
because of a series of experiments
56
188368
1928
zbog niza pokusa
03:26
that this is because of context and architecture.
57
190296
4880
da je tako zbog okruženja i arhitekture.
03:31
And let me quickly tell you
58
195176
2177
I dopustite mi da vam na brzinu ispričam
03:33
some crucial experiment that was able to actually show this.
59
197353
3927
o ključnom pokusu koji je zapravo mogao ovo pokazati.
03:37
To begin with, I came to work with this virus
60
201280
3911
Za početak, počela sam raditi s ovim virusom
03:41
that causes that ugly tumor in the chicken.
61
205191
3393
koji uzrokuje taj gadni tumor kod kokoši.
03:44
Rous discovered this in 1911.
62
208584
3360
Rous je otkrio ovo 1911. godine.
03:47
It was the first cancer virus discovered,
63
211944
3565
Bio je to prvi otkriveni virus koji izaziva rak,
03:51
and when I call it "oncogene," meaning "cancer gene."
64
215509
4891
i kada ga nazovem „onkogen“ ima značenje „gen raka“.
03:56
So, he made a filtrate, he took this filter
65
220400
2912
Dakle, napravio je filtrat, uzeo je taj filter
03:59
which was the liquid after he passed the tumor through a filter,
66
223312
4256
koji je bio tekućina koju je dobio nakon što je filtrirao tumor
04:03
and he injected it to another chicken, and he got another tumor.
67
227568
4001
i ubrizgao ga u drugu kokoš te dobio je drugi tumor.
04:07
So, scientists were very excited,
68
231569
2711
Znanstvenici su bili jako uzbuđeni,
04:10
and they said, a single oncogene can do it.
69
234280
2168
i rekli su: Jedan jedini onkogen može to izazvati.
04:12
All you need is a single oncogene.
70
236448
2296
Sve što trebate je jedan onkogen.
04:14
So, they put the cells in cultures, chicken cells,
71
238744
2895
Dakle, uzgojili su kokošje stanice,
04:17
dumped the virus on it,
72
241639
2035
bacili virus na njih,
04:19
and it would pile up,
73
243674
1449
i one bi se nagomilale,
04:21
and they would say, this is malignant and this is normal.
74
245123
3021
a oni bi rekli: Ovo je maligno, a ovo je normalno.
04:24
And again this didn't make sense to me.
75
248144
2018
I opet, ovo meni nije imalo smisla.
04:26
So for various reasons, we took this oncogene,
76
250162
3286
Stoga, zbog raznih razloga, uzeli smo taj onkogen,
04:29
attached it to a blue marker,
77
253448
2312
vezali ga uz plavi marker,
04:31
and we injected it into the embryos.
78
255760
3008
i ubrizgali ga u embrije.
04:34
Now look at that. There is that beautiful feather in the embryo.
79
258768
4193
Pogledaje to. Ovdje je to prekrasno pero u embriju.
04:38
Every one of those blue cells are a cancer gene
80
262961
4279
Svaka od tih plavih stanica su geni raka
04:43
inside a cancer cell, and they're part of the feather.
81
267240
4416
unutar stanica raka i dio su pera.
04:47
So, when we dissociated the feather and put it in a dish,
82
271656
4600
Kada smo odvojili pero i stavili ga u posudicu,
04:52
we got a mass of blue cells.
83
276256
2712
dobili smo masu plavih stanica.
04:54
So, in the chicken you get a tumor,
84
278968
1466
Dakle, u kokoši dobijete tumor,
04:56
in the embryo you don't,
85
280434
1704
u embriju ne,
04:58
you dissociate, you put it in a dish, you get another tumor.
86
282138
3992
odvojite, stavite u posudicu, dobijete još jedan tumor. .
05:02
What does that mean?
87
286130
1223
Što to znači?
05:03
That means that microenvironment
88
287353
2984
To znači da mikrookoliš
05:06
and the context which surrounds those cells
89
290337
4009
i okoliš koji okružuje te stanice
05:10
actually are telling the cancer gene and the cancer cell what to do.
90
294346
6927
zapravo govori genima raka i stanicama raka što da rade.
05:17
Now, let's take a normal example.
91
301273
3312
Uzmimo sada normalan primjer.
05:20
The normal example, let's take the human mammary gland.
92
304585
3185
Kao normalan primjer, uzmimo ljudsku mliječnu žlijezdu.
05:23
I work on breast cancer.
93
307770
1480
Ja radim na raku dojke.
05:25
So, here is a lovely human breast.
94
309250
3007
Dakle ovdje je ljupka ljudska dojka.
05:28
And many of you know how it looks,
95
312257
1948
I mnogi od vas znaju kako izgleda,
05:30
except that inside that breast, there are all these
96
314205
2853
osim da unutar te dojke postoje sve te
05:32
pretty, developing, tree-like structures.
97
317058
3377
lijepe, razvijajuće, drvolike strukture.
05:36
So, we decided that what we like to do
98
320435
2898
Odlučili smo da bismo htjeli
05:39
is take just a bit of that mammary gland,
99
323333
2960
uzeti samo djelić te mliječne žlijezde,
05:42
which is called an "acinus,"
100
326293
2032
koji se zove acinus,
05:44
where there are all these little things inside the breast
101
328325
3641
gdje su sve ove male stvari unutar dojke
05:47
where the milk goes, and the end of the nipple
102
331966
3543
gdje ide mlijeko, i završetak bradavice
05:51
comes through that little tube when the baby sucks.
103
335509
3544
ide kroz tu malu cijev kada beba siše.
05:54
And we said, wonderful! Look at this pretty structure.
104
339053
3407
I rekli smo, prekrasno! Pogledajte te lijepe strukture.
05:58
We want to make this a structure, and ask the question,
105
342460
3769
Želimo od ovoga napraviti strukturu i postaviti pitanje:
06:02
how do the cells do that?
106
346229
1704
Kako to stanice rade?
06:03
So, we took the red cells --
107
347933
1792
Stoga smo uzeli crvene stanice –
06:05
you see the red cells are surrounded by blue,
108
349725
3248
vidite da su crvene stanice okružene plavima,
06:08
other cells that squeeze them, and behind it
109
352973
3329
drugim stanicama koje ih stišću. Iza njih
06:12
is material that people thought was mainly inert,
110
356302
3718
je materijal za koji su ljudi mislili kako je uglavnom inertan
06:15
and it was just having a structure to keep the shape,
111
360020
3597
i da ima strukturu samo kako bi održao oblik.
06:19
and so we first photographed it
112
363617
2928
Prvi put smo ga fotografirali
06:22
with the electron microscope years and years ago,
113
366545
2768
s elektronskim mikroskopim prije mnogo godina,
06:25
and you see this cell is actually quite pretty.
114
369313
3056
i vidite da je ova stanica zapravo dosta lijepa.
06:28
It has a bottom, it has a top,
115
372369
2463
Ima dno, ima vrh,
06:30
it is secreting gobs and gobs of milk,
116
374832
2681
izlučuje velike količine mlijeka
06:33
because it just came from an early pregnant mouse.
117
377513
3192
jer je došla iz miša u ranoj trudnoći.
06:36
You take these cells, you put them in a dish,
118
380705
2327
Uzmete ove stanice, stavite ih u posudicu
06:38
and within three days, they look like that.
119
383032
3345
i kroz tri dana ovako izgledaju.
06:42
They completely forget.
120
386377
3160
Posve su zaboravile.
06:45
So you take them out, you put them in a dish,
121
389537
2800
Dakle izvadite ih, stavite ih u posudicu
06:48
they don't make milk. They completely forget.
122
392337
2663
i one ne prave mlijeko. Posve zaborave.
06:50
For example, here is a lovely yellow droplet of milk
123
395000
4899
Kao primjer, ovdje je lijepa žuta kapljica mlijeka
06:55
on the left, there is nothing on the right.
124
399899
2255
na lijevoj strani, a na desnoj ništa.
06:58
Look at the nuclei. The nuclei in the cell on the left
125
402154
3729
Pogledajte jezgre. Jezgre u stanicama na lijevoj strani
07:01
is in the animal, the one on the right is in a dish.
126
405883
3496
su iz životinje, na desnoj su iz posudice.
07:05
They are completely different from each other.
127
409379
2736
Posve se razlikuju jedne od drugih.
07:08
So, what does this tell you?
128
412115
2025
Što vam to govori?
07:10
This tells you that here also, context overrides.
129
414140
4967
To vam govori da i ovdje okoliš nadjačava.
07:15
In different contexts, cells do different things.
130
419107
3385
U drukčijem okolišu, stanice rade drukčije stvari.
07:18
But how does context signal?
131
422492
2745
Ali kako taj okoliš signalizira?
07:21
So, Einstein said that
132
425237
2542
Einstein je rekao:
07:23
"For an idea that does not first seem insane, there is no hope."
133
427779
6653
"Ako se ideja isprva ne čini apsurdnom tada nema nade za nju,"
07:30
So, you can imagine the amount of skepticism
134
434432
5960
Možete zamisliti količinu skepticizma
07:36
I received -- couldn't get money,
135
440392
2401
koju sam doživjela – nisam mogla dobiti novac,
07:38
couldn't do a whole lot of other things,
136
442793
1943
nisam mogla napraviti hrpu drugih stvari,
07:40
but I'm so glad it all worked out.
137
444736
1729
ali tako mi je drago da je sve ispalo u redu.
07:42
So, we made a section of the mammary gland of the mouse,
138
446465
3815
Secirali smo mliječnu žlijezdu miša
07:46
and all those lovely acini are there,
139
450280
3183
i svi ti ljupki acinusi su tamo,
07:49
every one of those with the red around them are an acinus,
140
453463
4211
svi oni sa crvenim oko sebe su acinusi,
07:53
and we said okay, we are going to try and make this,
141
457674
3694
i rekli smo: U redu, pokušat ćemo to napraviti.
07:57
and I said, maybe that red stuff
142
461368
3232
Rekla sam: Možda ta crvena tvar
08:00
around the acinus that people think there's just a structural scaffold,
143
464600
5125
oko acinusa za koju ljudi misle da je samo strukturna podloga
08:05
maybe it has information,
144
469725
1940
sadrži informacije,
08:07
maybe it tells the cells what to do, maybe it tells the nucleus what to do.
145
471665
4566
možda govori stanicama što da rade, možda govori jezgri što da radi.
08:12
So I said, extracellular matrix, which is this stuff
146
476231
4283
Stoga sam rekla: izvanstanični matriks, što je ova stvar
08:16
called ECM, signals and actually tells the cells what to do.
147
480514
4391
nazvana ECM, signalizira i zapravo govori stanicama što da rade.
08:20
So, we decided to make things that would look like that.
148
484905
3767
Odlučili smo napraviti stvari koje će tako izgledati.
08:24
We found some gooey material
149
488672
2880
Našli smo gnjecav materijal
08:27
that had the right extracellular matrix in it,
150
491552
2875
koji je imao odgovarajući izvanstanični matriks u sebi,
08:30
we put the cells in it, and lo and behold,
151
494427
2539
stavili smo stanice u njega, i
08:32
in about four days, they got reorganized
152
496966
2821
u otprilike 4 dana, reorganizirale su se
08:35
and on the right, is what we can make in culture.
153
499787
3408
i nadesno je što možemo napraviti u kulturi.
08:39
On the left is what's inside the animal, we call it in vivo,
154
503195
4496
Nalijevo je unutar životinje, zovemo ga in vivo,
08:43
and the one in culture was full of milk,
155
507691
2584
i onaj u kulturi bio je pun mlijeka,
08:46
the lovely red there is full of milk.
156
510275
2800
prekrasna crvena tamo je puna mlijeka.
08:48
So, we Got Milk, for the American audience.
157
513075
3416
Dakle, imamo mlijeko, za američku publiku.
08:52
All right. And here is this beautiful human cell,
158
516491
5344
U redu. Ovdje je ta prekrasna ljudska stanica,
08:57
and you can imagine that here also, context goes.
159
521835
4946
možete zamisliti da ovdje također okoliš ima utjecaja.
09:02
So, what do we do now?
160
526781
2716
Dakle, što sada učiniti?
09:05
I made a radical hypothesis.
161
529497
2224
Postavila sam radikalnu hipotezu.
09:07
I said, if it's true that architecture is dominant,
162
531721
6663
Rekla sam, ako je istina da je arhitektura dominantna,
09:14
architecture restored to a cancer cell
163
538384
4486
obnovljena arhitektura stanice raka
09:18
should make the cancer cell think it's normal.
164
542870
2989
trebala bi natjerati je da misli da je normalna.
09:21
Could this be done?
165
545859
1484
Je li ovo izvedivo?
09:23
So, we tried it.
166
547343
2528
Pokušali smo.
09:25
In order to do that, however,
167
549871
2038
Da bismo to napravili, međutim,
09:27
we needed to have a method of distinguishing normal from malignant,
168
551909
4885
morali smo imati metode razlikovanja normalnih od malignih,
09:32
and on the left is the single normal cell,
169
556794
3997
nalijevo je jedina normalna stanica,
09:36
human breast, put in three-dimensional gooey gel
170
560791
3963
ljudska dojka, stavljena u trodimenzionalni gnjecavi gel
09:40
that has extracellular matrix, it makes all these beautiful structures.
171
564754
3864
koji sadrži izvanstanični matriks i radi sve ove prekrasne strukture.
09:44
On the right, you see it looks very ugly,
172
568618
2888
Nadesno, vidite da izgleda vrlo ružno,
09:47
the cells continue to grow,
173
571506
1648
stanice nastavljaju rasti,
09:49
the normal ones stop.
174
573154
1576
normalne prestaju.
09:50
And you see here in higher magnification
175
574730
2832
I ovdje vidite na većem povećanju
09:53
the normal acinus and the ugly tumor.
176
577562
4352
normalni acinus i ružni tumor.
09:57
So we said, what is on the surface of these ugly tumors?
177
581914
4224
Rekli smo: Što je na površini ovih ružnih tumora?
10:02
Could we calm them down --
178
586138
2168
Možemo li ih smiriti –
10:04
they were signaling like crazy and they have pathways all messed up --
179
588306
4920
signalizirale su kao lude i svi putovi su im bili pomiješani –
10:09
and make them to the level of the normal?
180
593226
3064
i vratiti ih na razinu normale?
10:12
Well, it was wonderful. Boggles my mind.
181
596290
4720
Pa, bilo je veličanstveno. Šokiralo me.
10:16
This is what we got.
182
601010
2161
Ovo je što smo dobili.
10:19
We can revert the malignant phenotype.
183
603171
3679
Možemo povratiti maligni fenotip na staro.
10:22
(Applause)
184
606850
2568
(Pljesak)
10:25
And in order to show you that the malignant phenotype
185
609418
3112
Kako bih vam pokazala taj maligni fenotip,
10:28
I didn't just choose one,
186
612530
1718
nisam samo izabrala jedan,
10:30
here are little movies, sort of fuzzy,
187
614248
2770
ovdje su kratki filmići, pomalo nejasni,
10:32
but you see that on the left are the malignant cells,
188
617018
3656
ali vidite da su nalijevo maligne stanice,
10:36
all of them are malignant,
189
620674
1344
sve su maligne,
10:37
we add one single inhibitor in the beginning,
190
622018
4800
dodamo jedan jedini inhibitor na početku
10:42
and look what happens, they all look like that.
191
626818
3457
i pogledajte što se dogodi, sve izgledaju tako.
10:46
We inject them into the mouse, the ones on the right,
192
630275
3447
Ubrizgamo ih u miša, one na desnoj strani,
10:49
and none of them would make tumors.
193
633722
2240
i nijedna neće postati tumor.
10:51
We inject the other ones in the mouse, 100 percent tumors.
194
635962
3536
Ubrizgamo druge u miša i 100% postanu tumori.
10:55
So, it's a new way of thinking about cancer,
195
639498
2672
To je novi način razmišljanja o raku,
10:58
it's a hopeful way of thinking about cancer.
196
642170
2400
to je način razmišljanja o raku pun nade.
11:00
We should be able to be dealing with these things at this level,
197
644570
3976
Trebali bismo se moći nositi s tim stvarima na ovoj razini,
11:04
and these conclusions say that growth and malignant behavior
198
648546
5912
i ovi zaključci nam govore da su rast i maligno ponašanje
11:10
is regulated at the level of tissue organization
199
654458
3872
regulirani na razini tkivne organizacije
11:14
and that the tissue organization is dependent
200
658330
3992
i da tkivna organizacija ovisi
11:18
on the extracellular matrix and the microenvironment.
201
662322
3696
o izvanstaničnom matriksu i mikrookolišu.
11:21
All right, thus form and function interact dynamically and reciprocally.
202
666018
7631
Dakle, oblik i funkcija djeluju međusobno dinamično i recipročno.
11:29
And here is another five seconds of repose,
203
673649
4120
I ovdje je još jednih pet sekundi odmora,
11:33
is my mantra. Form and function.
204
677769
4422
moja mantra. Oblik i funkcija.
11:38
And of course, we now ask, where do we go now?
205
682191
3646
Naravno, pitamo se što napraviti sada.
11:41
We'd like to take this kind of thinking into the clinic.
206
685837
2995
Htjeli bismo prenijeti ovaj način razmišljanja u kliniku.
11:44
But before we do that, I'd like you to think
207
688832
3924
Ali prije nego što to napravimo, htjela bih da razmislite
11:48
that at any given time when you're sitting there,
208
692756
3588
kako u svakom trenutku dok sjedite ovdje
11:52
in your 70 trillion cells,
209
696344
3013
u vaših 70 bilijuna stanica,
11:55
the extracellular matrix signaling to your nucleus,
210
699357
3473
izvanstanični matriks signalizira vašim jezgrama,
11:58
the nucleus is signaling to your extracellular matrix
211
702830
3078
jezgre signaliziraju vašem izvanstaničnom matriksu
12:01
and this is how your balance is kept and restored.
212
705908
5994
i na taj način vaša je ravnoteža održavana i obnovljena.
12:07
We have made a lot of discoveries,
213
711902
2215
Došli smo do mnogih otkrića,
12:10
we have shown that extracellular matrix talks to chromatin.
214
714117
3088
pokazali smo da izvanstanični matriks govori kromatinu.
12:13
We have shown that there's little pieces of DNA
215
717205
3447
Pokazali smo da postoje mali dijelovi DNK
12:16
on the specific genes of the mammary gland
216
720652
3823
na specifičnim genima mliječne žlijezde
12:20
that actually respond to extracellular matrix.
217
724475
2864
koji zapravo odgovaraju izvanstaničnom matriksu.
12:23
It has taken many years, but it has been very rewarding.
218
727339
3697
Bile su potrebne mnoge godine, ali isplatilo se.
12:26
And before I get to the next slide, I have to tell you
219
731036
4391
Prije nego što prijeđem na sljedeći slajd, moram vam reći
12:31
that there are so many additional discoveries to be made.
220
735427
5112
da postoji toliko dodatnih otkrića do kojih se treba doći.
12:36
There is so much mystery we don't know.
221
740539
2528
Postoje tolike zagonetke koje ne znamo.
12:38
And I always say to the students and post-docs I lecture to,
222
743067
4361
Uvijek govorim studentima i doktorandima kojima predajem
12:43
don't be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity.
223
747428
5663
da ne budu arogantni jer arogancija ubija radoznalost.
12:48
Curiosity and passion.
224
753091
2192
Radoznalost i strast.
12:51
You need to always think, what else needs to be discovered?
225
755283
3897
Uvijek morate razmišljati o tome što sljedeće treba otkriti.
12:55
And maybe my discovery needs to be added to
226
759180
2975
I možda mojem otkriću treba nešto dodati
12:58
or maybe it needs to be changed.
227
762155
1792
ili možda ga treba promijeniti.
12:59
So, we have now made an amazing discovery,
228
763947
3504
Dakle, sada smo došli do nevjerojatnog otkrića,
13:03
a post-doc in the lab who is a physicist asked me,
229
767451
3104
doktorandica u mojem laboratoriju koja je fizičar, pitala me
13:06
what do the cells do when you put them in?
230
770555
2177
što stanice rade kada ih se ubaci.
13:08
What do they do in the beginning when they do?
231
772732
3294
Što rade na početku rada?
13:11
I said, I don't know, we couldn't look at them.
232
776026
1481
Rekla sam da ne znam, nismo to mogli vidjeti.
13:13
We didn't have high images in the old days.
233
777507
2593
Nismo imali slike s visokom rezolucijom prijašnjih godina.
13:16
So she, being an imager and a physicist,
234
780100
2695
Stoga je ona, kao vizionar i fizičar,
13:18
did this incredible thing.
235
782795
1744
napravila ovu nevjerojatnu stvar.
13:20
This is a single human breast cell in three dimensions.
236
784539
4376
Ovo je jedna stanica ljudske dojke u tri dimenzije.
13:24
Look at it. It's constantly doing this.
237
788915
2528
Pogledajte je. Ona neprestano radi ovo.
13:27
Has a coherent movement.
238
791443
2096
Ima koherentno kretanje.
13:29
You put the cancer cells there, and they do go all over,
239
793539
4334
Stavite stanice raka tamo i one idu posvuda,
13:33
they do this. They don't do this.
240
797873
1904
rade ovo. Ne rade ovo.
13:35
And when we revert the cancer cell, it again does this.
241
799777
4008
A kada ih vratite u početno stanje, ponovno rade ovo.
13:39
Absolutely boggles my mind.
242
803785
2184
To me potpuno šokira.
13:41
So the cell acts like an embryo. What an exciting thing.
243
805969
5344
Dakle, stanica se ponaša kao embrio. Kako uzbudljiva stvar.
13:47
So I'd like to finish with a poem.
244
811313
2856
Htjela bih završiti s pjesmom.
13:50
Well I used to love English literature,
245
814169
3064
Nekad sam voljela englesku književnost
13:53
and I debated in college, which one should I do?
246
817233
2607
i debatirala sam na fakultetu, što bih trebala raditi?
13:55
And unfortunately or fortunately, chemistry won.
247
819840
4612
I na sreću ili nesreću, kemija je pobijedila.
14:00
But here is a poem from Yeats. I'll just read you the last two lines.
248
824452
5724
Ali evo jedne pjesme od Yeatsa. Pročitat ću vam samo posljednja dva stiha.
14:06
It's called "Among the School Children."
249
830176
2659
Zove se "Među školskom djecom".
14:08
"O body swayed to music / O brightening glance /
250
832835
4521
"O tijelo glazbom pokrenuto, oko sjajno,
14:13
How [can we know] the dancer from the dance?"
251
837356
3150
kako razaznati svoj ples od plesača?“
14:16
And here is Merce Cunningham,
252
840506
1911
Ovdje je Merce Cunningham,
14:18
I was fortunate to dance with him when I was younger,
253
842417
2984
bila sam dovoljno sretna da plešem s njim dok sam bila mlađa,
14:21
and here he is a dancer,
254
845401
2193
i ovdje je on plesač
14:23
and while he is dancing, he is both the dancer and the dance.
255
847594
3304
i dok pleše on je u istodobno i plesač i ples.
14:26
The minute he stops, we have neither.
256
850898
3701
U trenu kada stane, nije niti nijedno.
14:30
So it's like form and function.
257
854599
3474
Dakle, isto je kao oblik i funkcija.
14:33
Now, I'd like to show you a current picture of my group.
258
858073
5779
Htjela bih vam pokazati trenutnu sliku moje grupe.
14:39
I have been fortunate to have had these magnificant
259
863852
3528
Imala sam sreće raditi s ovim divnim
14:43
students and post-docs who have taught me so much,
260
867380
3224
studentima i doktorandima koji su me toliko naučili
14:46
and I have had many of these groups come and go.
261
870604
3263
i mnoge od ovih grupa došle su i otišle.
14:49
They are the future and I try to make them not be afraid
262
873867
4577
Oni su budućnost i trudim se naučiti ih da se ne boje
14:54
of being the cat and being told,
263
878444
3703
biti mačka i da im bude rečeno
14:58
don't think outside the box.
264
882147
1593
da ne misle izvan kutije.
14:59
And I'd like to leave you with this thought.
265
883740
2495
Htjela bih vas ostaviti s ovom mišlju.
15:02
On the left is water coming through the shore,
266
886235
4745
Nalijevo je voda koja prolazi obalom,
15:06
taken from a NASA satellite.
267
890980
1895
uzeta sa NASA-inog satelita.
15:08
On the right, there is a coral.
268
892875
3049
Desno je koralj.
15:11
Now if you take the mammary gland and spread it
269
895924
4002
Ako uzmete mliječnu žlijezdu, raširite je
15:15
and take the fat away, on a dish it looks like that.
270
899926
3445
i maknete mast, na posudici izgleda ovako.
15:19
Do they look the same? Do they have the same patterns?
271
903371
3352
Izgledaju li jednako? Imaju li iste uzorke?
15:22
Why is it that nature keeps doing that over and over again?
272
906723
3952
Zašto priroda to radi opet i iznova?
15:26
And I'd like to submit to you
273
910675
2360
Htjela bih vas izvijestiti
15:28
that we have sequenced the human genome,
274
913035
2177
da smo sekvencionirali ljudski genom,
15:31
we know everything about the sequence of the gene,
275
915212
2880
znamo sve o slijedu gena,
15:33
the language of the gene, the alphabet of the gene,
276
918092
2431
jeziku gena, abecedi gena,
15:36
But we know nothing, but nothing,
277
920523
3239
ali ne znamo ništa, ali ništa
15:39
about the language and alphabet of form.
278
923762
4663
o jeziku i abecedi oblika.
15:44
So, it's a wonderful new horizon,
279
928425
3044
Dakle, to je predivan novi horizont,
15:47
it's a wonderful thing to discover for the young
280
931469
3750
to je predivna stvar za otkrivanje za mlade
15:51
and the passionate old, and that's me.
281
935219
2480
i za strastvene stare, kao što sam ja.
15:53
So go to it!
282
937699
2048
Stoga krenimo na to!
15:55
(Applause)
283
939747
11500
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mina Bissell - Cancer ResearcherMina Bissell studies how cancer interacts with our bodies, searching for clues to how cancer's microenvironment influences its growth.
Why you should listen
Mina Bissell's groundbreaking research has proven that cancer is not only caused by cancer cells. It is caused by an interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding cellular micro-environment. In healthy bodies, normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit the progression of cancers. But changes in the microenvironment--following an injury or a wound for instance--can shift the balance. This explains why many people harbor potentially malignant tumors in their bodies without knowing it and never develop cancer, and why tumors often develop when tissue is damaged or when the immune system is suppressed.
The converse can also be true. In a landmark 1997 experiment, mutated mammary cells, when dosed with an antibody and placed into a normal cellular micro-environment, behaved normally. This powerful insight from Bissell's lab may lead to new ways of treating existing and preventing potential cancers.
Mina Bissell | Speaker | TED.com