TEDSummit
Ellen Jorgensen: What you need to know about CRISPR
Ellen Jorgensen: Što trebate znati o CRISPR-u
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Trebamo li vratiti mamuta? Ili uređivati ljudski embrij? Ili izbrisati cijelu vrstu koju smatramo štetnom? Tehnologija za uređivanje genoma, CRISPR, postavlja ova nevjerojatna pitanja -- ali kako radi? Znanstvenica i zagovaratelj društvenih laboratorija, Ellen Jorgensen je na misiji objašnjavanja mitova i stvarnosti CRISPR-a, bez halabuke, onima koji nisu znanstvenici.
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, has everybody heard of CRISPR?
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Da li su svi ovdje čuli za CRISPR?
00:15
I would be shocked if you hadn't.
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Bila bih šokirana da niste.
00:18
This is a technology --
it's for genome editing --
it's for genome editing --
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Ovo je tehnologija --
za uređivanje gena --
za uređivanje gena --
00:21
and it's so versatile and so controversial
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i tako je prilagodljiva i kontroverzna
00:24
that it's sparking all sorts
of really interesting conversations.
of really interesting conversations.
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da potiče svakakve
zaista zanimljive razgovore.
zaista zanimljive razgovore.
00:28
Should we bring back the woolly mammoth?
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Trebamo li vratiti mamuta?
00:31
Should we edit a human embryo?
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Trebamo li uređivati ljudski embrij?
00:34
And my personal favorite:
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I moj najdraži:
00:36
How can we justify
wiping out an entire species
wiping out an entire species
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Kako možemo opravdati
brisanje čitave vrste,
brisanje čitave vrste,
00:40
that we consider harmful to humans
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koju smatramo štetnima za ljude,
00:43
off the face of the Earth,
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sa lica zemlje,
00:44
using this technology?
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koristeći ovu tehnologiju?
00:47
This type of science
is moving much faster
is moving much faster
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Ova vrsta znanosti kreće se
puno brže
puno brže
00:50
than the regulatory mechanisms
that govern it.
that govern it.
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od regulatornih mehanizama
koji njome upravljaju.
koji njome upravljaju.
00:53
And so, for the past six years,
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I tako, posljednjih šest godina,
00:55
I've made it my personal mission
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moja osobna misija je
00:57
to make sure that as many people
as possible understand
as possible understand
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osigurati da što više ljudi
razumije
razumije
01:00
these types of technologies
and their implications.
and their implications.
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ove tipove tehnologija
i njihove implikacije.
i njihove implikacije.
01:04
Now, CRISPR has been the subject
of a huge media hype,
of a huge media hype,
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Sada, CRISPR je bio predmet
velike pompe u medijima,
velike pompe u medijima,
01:09
and the words that are used most often
are "easy" and "cheap."
are "easy" and "cheap."
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i riječi koje se najčešće koriste
su "jednostavno" i "povoljno."
su "jednostavno" i "povoljno."
01:14
So what I want to do is drill down
a little bit deeper
a little bit deeper
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I ono što želim je otići malo dublje
01:17
and look into some of the myths
and the realities around CRISPR.
and the realities around CRISPR.
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i pogledati neke mitove i stvarnost
vezanu uz CRISPR.
vezanu uz CRISPR.
01:22
If you're trying to CRISPR a genome,
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Ako pokušavate CRISPRirati genom,
01:25
the first thing that you have to do
is damage the DNA.
is damage the DNA.
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prva stvar koju morate napraviti
je oštetiti DNK.
je oštetiti DNK.
01:29
The damage comes in the form
of a double-strand break
of a double-strand break
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Šteta dolazi u obliku
pucanja dva vlakna
pucanja dva vlakna
01:32
through the double helix.
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kroz dvostruku uzvojnicu.
01:33
And then the cellular repair
processes kick in,
processes kick in,
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I onda se jave procesi
za popravljanje stanica,
za popravljanje stanica,
01:37
and then we convince
those repair processes
those repair processes
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i onda uvjerimo te procese za popravljanje
01:39
to make the edit that we want,
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da naprave uređivanje koje želimo,
01:42
and not a natural edit.
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a ne prirodno uređivanje.
01:43
That's how it works.
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Tako to radi.
01:45
It's a two-part system.
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To je sustav iz dva dijela.
01:47
You've got a Cas9 protein
and something called a guide RNA.
and something called a guide RNA.
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Imate Cas9 protein
i nešto što se zove vodička RNK.
i nešto što se zove vodička RNK.
01:51
I like to think of it as a guided missile.
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Volim zamišljati to kao navođenu raketu.
01:53
So the Cas9 --
I love to anthropomorphize --
I love to anthropomorphize --
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Dakle Cas9 --
volim antropomorfozirati --
volim antropomorfozirati --
01:56
so the Cas9 is kind of this Pac-Man thing
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tako da je Cas9 neka vrsta
stvari poput Pac-Mana
stvari poput Pac-Mana
01:59
that wants to chew DNA,
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koja želi žvakati DNK,
02:01
and the guide RNA is the leash
that's keeping it out of the genome
that's keeping it out of the genome
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i vodička RNK je uzica
koja ga drži izvan genoma
koja ga drži izvan genoma
02:05
until it finds the exact spot
where it matches.
where it matches.
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dok ne nađe točno mjestso
gdje se uklapa.
gdje se uklapa.
02:08
And the combination of those two
is called CRISPR.
is called CRISPR.
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I kombinacija te dvije stvari zove
se CRISPR.
se CRISPR.
02:11
It's a system that we stole
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To je sustav koji smo ukrali
02:13
from an ancient, ancient
bacterial immune system.
bacterial immune system.
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od drevnih, drevnih bakterijskih
imunosnih sustava.
imunosnih sustava.
02:17
The part that's amazing about it
is that the guide RNA,
is that the guide RNA,
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Ono što je fascinanto je da
vodička RNK,
vodička RNK,
02:22
only 20 letters of it,
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samo 20 slova nje,
02:23
are what target the system.
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je ono što cilja sustav.
02:26
This is really easy to design,
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To je jako jednostavno za dizajnirati,
02:28
and it's really cheap to buy.
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i vrlo povoljno za kupiti.
02:30
So that's the part
that is modular in the system;
that is modular in the system;
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To je dio koji je modularan u sustavu,
02:35
everything else stays the same.
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sve ostalo ostaje isto.
02:37
This makes it a remarkably easy
and powerful system to use.
and powerful system to use.
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Tako nastaje nevjerojatno jednostavan
i snažan sustav za korištenje.
i snažan sustav za korištenje.
02:42
The guide RNA and the Cas9
protein complex together
protein complex together
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Vodička RNK i Cas9
kompleks bjelančevina skupa
kompleks bjelančevina skupa
02:46
go bouncing along the genome,
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skakuću po genomu,
02:48
and when they find a spot
where the guide RNA matches,
where the guide RNA matches,
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i kada nađu mjesto na koje pristaje
RNK,
RNK,
02:51
then it inserts between the two strands
of the double helix,
of the double helix,
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umeće se između dvije niti
dvostruke uzvojnice,
dvostruke uzvojnice,
02:54
it rips them apart,
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kida ih,
02:56
that triggers the Cas9 protein to cut,
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i to uzrokuje da Cas9 bjelančevina
reže,
reže,
02:59
and all of a sudden,
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i odjednom,
03:01
you've got a cell that's in total panic
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imate stanicu koja je u panici
03:03
because now it's got a piece
of DNA that's broken.
of DNA that's broken.
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jer sada ima komad pokidane DNK.
03:07
What does it do?
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Što mora učiniti?
03:08
It calls its first responders.
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Poziva prve intervente.
03:10
There are two major repair pathways.
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Postoje dva puta za popravak.
03:13
The first just takes the DNA
and shoves the two pieces back together.
and shoves the two pieces back together.
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PRvi samo uzima DNK i spoji ta dva komada.
03:18
This isn't a very efficient system,
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Ovo nije učinkovit sistem
03:20
because what happens is
sometimes a base drops out
sometimes a base drops out
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jer ponekad baza ispadne
03:23
or a base is added.
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ili je dodana.
03:25
It's an OK way to maybe, like,
knock out a gene,
knock out a gene,
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To je OK način za izbacivanje gena,
03:28
but it's not the way that we really want
to do genome editing.
to do genome editing.
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ali to nije način na koji želite
uređivati genom.
uređivati genom.
03:32
The second repair pathway
is a lot more interesting.
is a lot more interesting.
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Drugi put popravka je
puno zanimljiviji.
puno zanimljiviji.
03:35
In this repair pathway,
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Ovim putem,
03:36
it takes a homologous piece of DNA.
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trebate homologni komad DNK.
03:39
And now mind you, in a diploid
organism like people,
organism like people,
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I sad, u diploidnih organizama
kao što su ljudi,
kao što su ljudi,
03:42
we've got one copy of our genome
from our mom and one from our dad,
from our mom and one from our dad,
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imamo jednu kopiju našeg genoma
od mame i jednu od tate,
od mame i jednu od tate,
03:46
so if one gets damaged,
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tako da ako se jedna ošteti,
03:47
it can use the other
chromosome to repair it.
chromosome to repair it.
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može koristiti drugi kromosom
za popravak.
za popravak.
03:50
So that's where this comes from.
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Dakle odavde to dolazi.
03:52
The repair is made,
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Popravak je napravljen,
03:54
and now the genome is safe again.
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i sada je genom ponovno siguran.
03:56
The way that we can hijack this
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Način na koji ovo želimo oteti
03:58
is we can feed it a false piece of DNA,
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je da ga hranimo lažnim komadom DNK,
04:02
a piece that has homology on both ends
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komadom koji ima homologiju
na oba kraja
na oba kraja
04:04
but is different in the middle.
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ali je drugačiji u sredini.
04:06
So now, you can put
whatever you want in the center
whatever you want in the center
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Sada, možete u sredinu
staviti što god želite
staviti što god želite
04:08
and the cell gets fooled.
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i stanica će biti zavarana.
04:10
So you can change a letter,
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Tako da možete mijenjati slovo,
04:12
you can take letters out,
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možete izvaditi slovo,
04:13
but most importantly,
you can stuff new DNA in,
you can stuff new DNA in,
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ali najvažnije, možete
nagurati novu DNK unutra,
nagurati novu DNK unutra,
04:16
kind of like a Trojan horse.
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nešto kao Trojanski konj.
04:19
CRISPR is going to be amazing,
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CRISPR će biti nevjerojatan
04:21
in terms of the number of different
scientific advances
scientific advances
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u pogledu broja različitih
znanstvenih napredaka
znanstvenih napredaka
04:24
that it's going to catalyze.
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koje će katalizirati.
04:26
The thing that's special about it
is this modular targeting system.
is this modular targeting system.
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Stvar koja je posebna u tome
je ovaj modularni sustav za ciljanje.
je ovaj modularni sustav za ciljanje.
04:29
I mean, we've been shoving DNA
into organisms for years, right?
into organisms for years, right?
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Mislim, guramo DNK
u organizme godinama, zar ne?
u organizme godinama, zar ne?
04:33
But because of the modular
targeting system,
targeting system,
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Ali zbog modularnog sustava za ciljanje,
04:35
we can actually put it
exactly where we want it.
exactly where we want it.
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možemo ju zapravo staviti gdje god želimo.
04:39
The thing is that there's
a lot of talk about it being cheap
a lot of talk about it being cheap
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Stvar je u tome da se puno priča
o tome da je povoljan
o tome da je povoljan
04:45
and it being easy.
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i lak za shvatiti.
04:46
And I run a community lab.
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I ja vodim društveni laboratorij.
04:50
I'm starting to get emails from people
that say stuff like,
that say stuff like,
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Počinjem dobivati mailove ljudi
koji kažu sljedeće,
koji kažu sljedeće,
04:53
"Hey, can I come to your open night
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"Mogu li doći na vašu otvorenu večer
04:56
and, like, maybe use CRISPR
and engineer my genome?"
and engineer my genome?"
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i možda koristiti CRISPR
i urediti moj genom?"
i urediti moj genom?"
04:59
(Laugher)
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(Smijeh)
05:01
Like, seriously.
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Kao, ozbiljno.
05:03
I'm, "No, you can't."
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Ja kažem, "Ne, ne možete."
05:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:06
"But I've heard it's cheap.
I've heard it's easy."
I've heard it's easy."
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"Ali čuo sam da je povoljno
i lako."
i lako."
05:08
We're going to explore that a little bit.
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To ćemo malo istraživati.
05:10
So, how cheap is it?
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Pa, koliko je to povoljno?
05:12
Yeah, it is cheap in comparison.
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Da, povoljan je u usporedbi s drugima.
05:15
It's going to take the cost of the average
materials for an experiment
materials for an experiment
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Smanjit će troškove prosječnih materijala
za eksperimente
za eksperimente
05:19
from thousands of dollars
to hundreds of dollars,
to hundreds of dollars,
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sa tisuća i tisuća dolara na stotine dolara,
05:21
and it cuts the time a lot, too.
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i skraćuje potrebno vrijeme također.
05:23
It can cut it from weeks to days.
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Može skratiti vrijeme od tjedana do dana.
05:26
That's great.
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To je fantastično.
05:27
You still need a professional lab
to do the work in;
to do the work in;
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Još uvijek trebate profesionalni
laboratorij u kojem ćete raditi;
laboratorij u kojem ćete raditi;
05:30
you're not going to do anything meaningful
outside of a professional lab.
outside of a professional lab.
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nećete ništa značajno napraviti
izvan profesionalnog laboratorija.
izvan profesionalnog laboratorija.
05:34
I mean, don't listen to anyone who says
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Mislim, nemojte slušati nikoga tko kaže
05:36
you can do this sort of stuff
on your kitchen table.
on your kitchen table.
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da možete ove stvari raditi na vašem
kuhinjskom stolu.
kuhinjskom stolu.
05:39
It's really not easy
to do this kind of work.
to do this kind of work.
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Nije lako raditi ovakve stvari.
05:43
Not to mention,
there's a patent battle going on,
there's a patent battle going on,
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Da ne spominjem da postoji
bitka za patente trenutno,
bitka za patente trenutno,
05:46
so even if you do invent something,
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tako da i ako nešto izumimo,
05:48
the Broad Institute and UC Berkeley
are in this incredible patent battle.
are in this incredible patent battle.
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Broad Institut, ili Berkeley
se bore u ovoj bitci za patent.
se bore u ovoj bitci za patent.
05:54
It's really fascinating
to watch it happen,
to watch it happen,
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Zaista je fascinantno gledati je
kako se razvija
kako se razvija
05:57
because they're accusing each other
of fraudulent claims
of fraudulent claims
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jer se optužuju međusobno
za lažne tvrdnje
za lažne tvrdnje
06:00
and then they've got people saying,
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i onda ljudi dolaze i govore,
06:02
"Oh, well, I signed
my notebook here or there."
my notebook here or there."
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"Pa potpisao sam bilježnicu
tu ili tu."
tu ili tu."
06:05
This isn't going to be settled for years.
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To se neće riješiti godinama.
06:07
And when it is,
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A i kada se riješi,
06:08
you can bet you're going to pay someone
a really hefty licensing fee
a really hefty licensing fee
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možete se gladiti da ćete nekome
plaćati pozamašnu svotu za licencu
plaćati pozamašnu svotu za licencu
06:11
in order to use this stuff.
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kako biste koristili ove stvari.
06:13
So, is it really cheap?
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Pa, je li zaista povoljno?
06:15
Well, it's cheap if you're doing
basic research and you've got a lab.
basic research and you've got a lab.
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Pa, povoljno je ako radite
osnovno istraživanje i imate laboratorij.
osnovno istraživanje i imate laboratorij.
06:21
How about easy?
Let's look at that claim.
Let's look at that claim.
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A što s time da je jednostavno?
Pogledajmo tu tvrdnju.
Pogledajmo tu tvrdnju.
06:24
The devil is always in the details.
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Vrag je uvijek u detaljima.
06:27
We don't really know
that much about cells.
that much about cells.
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Zaista ne znamo tako
puno o stanicama.
puno o stanicama.
06:31
They're still kind of black boxes.
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One su još uvijek crne kutije.
06:32
For example, we don't know
why some guide RNAs work really well
why some guide RNAs work really well
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Na primjer, ne znamo zašto
neka vodička RNK radi dobro,
neka vodička RNK radi dobro,
06:37
and some guide RNAs don't.
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a druge ne.
06:39
We don't know why some cells
want to do one repair pathway
want to do one repair pathway
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Ne znam zašto neke stanice
rade popravke jednim putem
rade popravke jednim putem
06:43
and some cells would rather do the other.
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a neke druge drugim putem.
06:46
And besides that,
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I osim toga,
06:47
there's the whole problem
of getting the system into the cell
of getting the system into the cell
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postoji čitav problem
stavljanja sustava u stanicu
stavljanja sustava u stanicu
06:50
in the first place.
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na prvom mjestu.
06:51
In a petri dish, that's not that hard,
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U petrijevoj zdjelici, to nije teško,
06:53
but if you're trying to do it
on a whole organism,
on a whole organism,
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ali ako pokušavate to napraviti
čitavom organizmu,
čitavom organizmu,
06:56
it gets really tricky.
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postaje dosta nezgodno.
06:58
It's OK if you use something
like blood or bone marrow --
like blood or bone marrow --
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U redu je ako koristite
nešto kao koštanu srž --
nešto kao koštanu srž --
07:01
those are the targets
of a lot of research now.
of a lot of research now.
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to je predmet dosta istraživanja.
07:03
There was a great story
of some little girl
of some little girl
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Postojala je odlična priča
o djevojčici
o djevojčici
07:05
who they saved from leukemia
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koju su spasili od leukemije
07:07
by taking the blood out, editing it,
and putting it back
and putting it back
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uzimajući krv, uređujući je i vrativši je
07:10
with a precursor of CRISPR.
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sa pretečom CRISPR-a.
07:12
And this is a line of research
that people are going to do.
that people are going to do.
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I ovo je istraživanje koje će ljudi raditi.
07:15
But right now, if you want to get
into the whole body,
into the whole body,
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Ali sada, ako želite doći
u cijelo tijelo,
u cijelo tijelo,
07:18
you're probably going
to have to use a virus.
to have to use a virus.
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morat ćete koristiti virus.
07:20
So you take the virus,
you put the CRISPR into it,
you put the CRISPR into it,
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Uzmete virus, stavite CRISPR
u njega,
u njega,
07:22
you let the virus infect the cell.
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dozvolite virusu da zarazi stanicu.
07:24
But now you've got this virus in there,
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Ali sada tu imate taj virus,
07:26
and we don't know what the long-term
effects of that are.
effects of that are.
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i ne znamo kako će dugoročno
utjecati na okruženje.
utjecati na okruženje.
07:29
Plus, CRISPR has some off-target effects,
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A i CRISPR ima neke neželjene
učinke,
učinke,
07:31
a very small percentage,
but they're still there.
but they're still there.
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vrlo malen postotak,
ali oni su još uvijek tamo.
ali oni su još uvijek tamo.
07:34
What's going to happen
over time with that?
over time with that?
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Što će se s njima dogoditi
kroz vrijeme?
kroz vrijeme?
07:38
These are not trivial questions,
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OVo nisu trivijalna pitanja,
07:40
and there are scientists
that are trying to solve them,
that are trying to solve them,
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i postoje znanstvenici
koji na njih pokušavaju odgovoriti,
koji na njih pokušavaju odgovoriti,
07:42
and they will eventually,
hopefully, be solved.
hopefully, be solved.
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i s vremenom će, nadamo se,
biti riješeni.
biti riješeni.
07:45
But it ain't plug-and-play,
not by a long shot.
not by a long shot.
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Ali to nije uključi i igraj,
ni u kom slučaju.
ni u kom slučaju.
07:48
So: Is it really easy?
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Dakle, je li zaista lako?
07:51
Well, if you spend a few years
working it out in your particular system,
working it out in your particular system,
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Pa, ako potrošite nekoliko godina
radeći s tim u određenom sustavu,
radeći s tim u određenom sustavu,
07:55
yes, it is.
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da, jest.
07:57
Now the other thing is,
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Druga stvar je,
07:59
we don't really know that much about how
to make a particular thing happen
to make a particular thing happen
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mi ne znamo puno o tome
kako učiniti da se određena stvar dogodi
kako učiniti da se određena stvar dogodi
08:05
by changing particular spots
in the genome.
in the genome.
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mjenjajući određena mjesta u genomu.
08:09
We're a long way away from figuring out
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Daleko smo od shvaćanja kako
08:11
how to give a pig wings, for example.
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svinjama dati krila, na primjer.
08:14
Or even an extra leg -- I'd settle
for an extra leg.
for an extra leg.
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Ili samo dodatnu nogu -- zadovoljila
bih se dodatnom nogom.
bih se dodatnom nogom.
08:17
That would be kind of cool, right?
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To bi bilo pomalo kul, zar ne?
08:18
But what is happening
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Ali ono što se događa
08:20
is that CRISPR is being used
by thousands and thousands of scientists
by thousands and thousands of scientists
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je da CRISPR koriste
tisuće i tisuće znanstvenika
tisuće i tisuće znanstvenika
08:24
to do really, really important work,
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kako bi radili vrlo, vrlo važan posao,
08:27
like making better models
of diseases in animals, for example,
of diseases in animals, for example,
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radeći bolje modele bolesti
kod životinja na primjer,
kod životinja na primjer,
08:32
or for taking pathways
that produce valuable chemicals
that produce valuable chemicals
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ili koristeći putanje koje
proizvode vrijedne kemikalije
proizvode vrijedne kemikalije
08:37
and getting them into industrial
production and fermentation vats,
production and fermentation vats,
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i uvode ih u industrijsku
proizvodnju i fermentaciju,
proizvodnju i fermentaciju,
08:42
or even doing really basic research
on what genes do.
on what genes do.
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ili rade osnovna istraživanja
o tome što čine geni.
o tome što čine geni.
08:46
This is the story of CRISPR
we should be telling,
we should be telling,
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To je priča CRISPR-a
koju bismo trebali pričati
koju bismo trebali pričati
08:48
and I don't like it
that the flashier aspects of it
that the flashier aspects of it
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i ne volim što ovi blještavi dijelovi
08:52
are drowning all of this out.
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zasjenjuju sve ovo.
08:54
Lots of scientists did a lot of work
to make CRISPR happen,
to make CRISPR happen,
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Puno znanstvenika radilo je na tome
da se CRISPR dogodi,
da se CRISPR dogodi,
08:58
and what's interesting to me
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i ono što mi je zanimljivo mi je
09:00
is that these scientists
are being supported by our society.
are being supported by our society.
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da su ovi znanstvenici
poduprti od strane društva.
poduprti od strane društva.
09:05
Think about it.
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Razmislite o tome.
09:06
We've got an infrastructure that allows
a certain percentage of people
a certain percentage of people
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Imamo infrastrukturu koja dozvoljava
određenom postotku ljudi
određenom postotku ljudi
09:10
to spend all their time doing research.
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da troši svo svoje vrijeme istraživajući.
09:14
That makes us all the inventors of CRISPR,
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To nas sve čini izumiteljima CRISPR-a,
09:18
and I would say that makes us all
the shepherds of CRISPR.
the shepherds of CRISPR.
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i čini nas pastirima CRISPR-a.
09:23
We all have a responsibility.
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Svi imamo odgovornost.
09:25
So I would urge you to really learn
about these types of technologies,
about these types of technologies,
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Tako da bih urgirala da zaista naučite
nešto o ovim tehnologijama,
nešto o ovim tehnologijama,
09:30
because, really, only in that way
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jer, zapravo, samo na taj način
09:32
are we going to be able to guide
the development of these technologies,
the development of these technologies,
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ćemo moći voditi razvoj
ovih tehnologija,
ovih tehnologija,
09:36
the use of these technologies
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uporabu ovih tehnologija
09:38
and make sure that, in the end,
it's a positive outcome --
it's a positive outcome --
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i biti sigurni da je na kraju
rezultat pozitivan --
rezultat pozitivan --
09:43
for both the planet and for us.
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i za planet i za nas.
09:46
Thanks.
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Hvala.
09:47
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocateEllen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public.
Why you should listen
In 2009, after many years of working as a molecular biologist in the biotech industry, together with TED Fellow Oliver Medvedik, Jorgensen founded Genspace, a nonprofit community laboratory dedicated to promoting citizen science and access to biotechnology. Despite criticism that bioresearch should be left to the experts, the Brooklyn-based lab continues to thrive, providing educational outreach, cultural events and a platform for science innovation at the grassroots level. At the lab, amateur and professional scientists conduct award-winning research on projects as diverse as identifying microbes that live in Earth's atmosphere and (Jorgensen's own pet project) DNA-barcoding plants, to distinguish between species that look alike but may not be closely related evolutionarily. Fast Company magazine named Genspace one of the world's "Top 10 innovative companies in education."
Ellen Jorgensen | Speaker | TED.com