TED2003
Steven Pinker: Human nature and the blank slate
Steven Pinker pripisuje stvari praznoj ploči
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Knjiga Stevena Pinkera "Prazna ploča" objašnjava da su svi ljudi rođeni s nekim urođenim svojstvima. Ovdje Pinker govori o svojim tezama i zbog čega ih neki ljudi nalaze nevjerojatno uznemirujućima.
Steven Pinker - Psychologist
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book
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Prije godinu dana govorio sam vam o knjizi
00:22
that I was just in the process of completing,
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koja je tada bila u procesu privođenja kraju,
00:25
that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today
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a u međuvremenu je izdana i želio bih vam danas govoriti
00:28
about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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o nekim polemikama koje je ova knjiga potakla.
00:32
The book is called "The Blank Slate,"
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Knjiga se zove "Prazna ploča",
00:34
based on the popular idea
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a zasnovana je na popularnoj ideji
00:36
that the human mind is a blank slate,
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da je ljudski um prazna ploča
00:38
and that all of its structure comes from
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i da cijela njegova struktura nastaje
00:41
socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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socijalizacijom, kulturom, roditeljstvom, iskustvom.
00:45
The "blank slate" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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"Prazna ploča" je bila utjecajna ideja u 20. stoljeću.
00:49
Here are a few quotes indicating that:
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Slijedi nekoliko citata koji to pokazuju:
00:52
"Man has no nature," from the historian
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"Čovjek nema prirode", od strane povijesničara
00:54
Jose Ortega y Gasset;
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Josea Ortege y Gasseta;
00:56
"Man has no instincts," from the
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"Čovjek nema instinkte", od strane
00:58
anthropologist Ashley Montagu;
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antropologa Ashleya Montagua;
01:00
"The human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors
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"Ljudski mozak je sposoban za cijeli raspon ponašanja,
01:03
and predisposed to none," from the late scientist Stephen Jay Gould.
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a za nijedan predodređen", od strane pokojnog znanstvenika Stephena Jay Goulda.
01:08
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind
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Postoji cijeli niz razloga za sumnju da je ljudski um
01:10
is a blank slate,
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prazna ploča,
01:12
and some of them just come from common sense.
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a neki od njih su jednostavno proizvod zdravog razuma.
01:14
As many people have told me over the years,
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Kao što mi je mnogo ljudi reklo tijekom godina,
01:17
anyone who's had more than one child
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bilo tko tko ima više od jednog djeteta
01:19
knows that kids come into the world
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zna da djeca dolaze na svijet
01:22
with certain temperaments and talents;
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s određenim ćudima i talentima;
01:24
it doesn't all come from the outside.
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ne dolazi sve to samo izvana.
01:27
Oh, and anyone who
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Također, bilo tko tko ima
01:29
has both a child and a house pet
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oboje, i dijete i kućnog ljubimca,
01:32
has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech,
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zasigurno je primijetio da će dijete, izloženo govoru,
01:34
will acquire a human language,
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usvojiti ljudski jezik,
01:36
whereas the house pet won't,
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dok s druge strane, ljubimac neće,
01:38
presumably because of some innate different between them.
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pretpostavljeno zbog nekih urođenih razlika između njih.
01:41
And anyone who's ever been
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I bilo tko tko je bio
01:43
in a heterosexual relationship knows that
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u heteroseksualnom odnosu zna
01:45
the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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da umove muškaraca i umove žena nije nemoguće razlikovati.
01:49
There are also, I think,
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Postoji također, čini mi se,
01:51
increasing results from
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sve veći broj rezultata
01:53
the scientific study of humans
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znanstvenih studija o ljudima
01:55
that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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koji zaista pokazuju da nismo rođeni praznih ploča.
01:58
One of them, from anthropology,
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Jedna od tih studija, iz antropologije,
02:01
is the study of human universals.
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je studija o ljudskim univerzalijama.
02:03
If you've ever taken anthropology, you know that it's a --
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Ukoliko ste ikada imali antropologiju, poznato vam je da postoji -
02:05
kind of an occupational
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vrsta profesionalnog
02:07
pleasure of anthropologists to show
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užitka kod antropologa u pokazivanju
02:09
how exotic other cultures can be,
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koliko druge kulture mogu biti egzotične
02:12
and that there are places out there where, supposedly,
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i da tamo vani postoje mjesta gdje je, pretpostavlja se,
02:14
everything is the opposite to the way it is here.
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sve drukčije od onoga kako je ovdje.
02:17
But if you instead
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Ali, ukoliko umjesto ovoga
02:19
look at what is common to the world's cultures,
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pogledate što je zajedničko svjetskim kulturama,
02:23
you find that there is an enormously rich set
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naći ćete da postoji izuzetno bogati niz
02:25
of behaviors and emotions
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ponašanja i emocija,
02:28
and ways of construing the world
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kao i načina tumačenja svijeta
02:30
that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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koji se mogu naći u svima od 6.000 neobičnih svjetskih kultura.
02:34
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,
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Antropolog Donald Brown ih je pokušao sve popisati,
02:37
and they range from aesthetics,
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i u rasponu su od estetike,
02:39
affection and age statuses
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privrženosti i starosne dobi,
02:42
all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather,
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pa sve do odbića, oružja, vremena,
02:45
attempts to control, the color white
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pokušaja kontrole, bijele boje
02:47
and a worldview.
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i pogleda na svijet.
02:49
Also, genetics and neuroscience
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Također, genetika i neuroznanost
02:51
are increasingly showing that the brain
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sve više pokazuju da je mozak
02:53
is intricately structured.
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složeno strukturiran.
02:56
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson
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Ovo je nedavna studija neurobiologa Paula Thompsona
02:58
and his colleagues in which they --
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i njegovih kolega u kojoj su,
03:00
using MRI --
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koristeći magnetnu rezonancu -
03:02
measured the distribution of gray matter --
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mjerili distribuciju sive tvari --
03:05
that is, the outer layer of the cortex --
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tj. vanjski sloj korteksa --
03:08
in a large sample of pairs of people.
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u velikom uzorku ljudskih parova.
03:11
They coded correlations in the thickness
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Označili su korelacije u debljini
03:15
of gray matter in different parts of the brain
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sive tvari u različitim djelovima mozga,
03:17
using a false color scheme, in which
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koristeći shemu lažnih boja kod koje
03:20
no difference is coded as purple,
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se nedostatak razlika označava ljubičastim,
03:23
and any color other than purple indicates
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a svaka boja koja nije ljubičasta pokazuje
03:25
a statistically significant correlation.
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statistički značajnu korelaciju.
03:27
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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Dakle, ovo se događa kad se ljudi spare nasumično.
03:30
By definition, two people picked at random
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Po definiciji, dvoje nasumično odabranih osoba
03:33
can't have correlations in the distribution
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ne mogu imati korelacije u distribuciji
03:35
of gray matter in the cortex.
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sive tvari u korteksu.
03:38
This is what happens in people who share
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Ovo se događa kod ljudi koji međusobno dijele
03:41
half of their DNA -- fraternal twins.
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polovicu svoje DNK -- dvojajčani blizanci.
03:44
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain
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Kao što možete vidjeti, veliki djelovi mozga
03:46
are not purple, showing that if one person
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nisu ljubičasti, što pokazuje da ukoliko jedna osoba
03:49
has a thicker bit of cortex
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ima deblji dio korteksa
03:52
in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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u tom području, ima ga i njegov dvojajčani blizanac.
03:55
And here's what happens if you
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A ovdje je ono što se dogodi kad
03:59
get a pair of people who share all their DNA --
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dovedete par osoba koje među sobom dijele sav svoj DNK --
04:01
namely, clones or identical twins.
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odnosno klonove ili jednojajčane blizance.
04:04
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are
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Možete vidjeti velika područja korteksa kod kojih postoji
04:08
massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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ogromna korelacija u distribuciji sive tvari.
04:11
Now, these aren't just
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I sad, ovo nisu samo
04:13
differences in anatomy,
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razlike u anatomiji,
04:15
like the shape of your ear lobes,
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poput oblika vaše ušne školjke,
04:17
but they have consequences in thought and behavior
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nego i one koje prouzrokuju posljedice za mišljenja i ponašanja,
04:21
that are well illustrated in this famous cartoon by Charles Addams:
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odlično ilustrirane u čuvenom crtanom filmu Charlesa Addamsa:
04:25
"Separated at birth, the Mallifert twins meet accidentally."
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"Razdvojeni pri rođenju, blizanci Mallifert se potom slučajno susreću."
04:30
As you can see, there are two inventors
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Kao što možete vidjeti, tu su dva izumitelja
04:32
with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting
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s identičnim izumom u svom krilu i susreću se
04:34
in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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u čekaonici odvjetnika za patente.
04:36
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because
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I sad, ovaj crtani film baš i ne pretjeruje, jer
04:39
studies of identical twins who were separated at birth
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studije jednojajčanih blizanaca razdvojenih pri rođenju,
04:42
and then tested in adulthood
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a zatim ispitivanih u odrasloj dobi,
04:44
show that they have astonishing similarities.
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pokazuju da oni imaju začuđujuće sličnosti.
04:47
And this happens in every pair of identical twins
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I ovo se događa kod svakog para jednojajčanih blizanaca
04:50
separated at birth ever studied --
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razdvojenih pri rođenju, koji su ikad istraživani --
04:52
but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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ali mnogo manje kod dvojajčanih blizanaca razdvojenih pri rođenju.
04:55
My favorite example is a pair of twins,
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Moj omiljeni primjer para blizanaca,
04:58
one of whom was brought up
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od kojih je jedan odgojen
05:00
as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,
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kao katolik u nacističkoj obitelji u Njemačkoj,
05:04
the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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a drugi odgojen u židovskoj obitelji na Trinidadu.
05:08
When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,
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Kad su ušli u laboratorij u Minnesoti,
05:10
they were wearing identical navy blue shirts with epaulettes;
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nosili su identične mornarsko plave majice s epoletama,
05:13
both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,
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oboje su voljeli umakati maslacem premazani prepečenac u kavu,
05:16
both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,
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oboje su imali gumene trake oko ručnog zgloba,
05:20
both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after,
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oboje su puštali vodu u toaletu prije i poslije njegova korištenja
05:23
and both of them liked to surprise people
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i oboje su voljeli iznenaditi ljude
05:26
by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump.
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kišući u prepunjenim dizalima kako bi ih promatrali kako skaču.
05:30
Now --
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I sad --
05:32
the story might seem to good to be true,
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priča možda zvuči predobro da bi bila istinita,
05:34
but when you administer
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ali kad upravljate
05:36
batteries of psychological tests,
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nizom psiholoških testova,
05:39
you get the same results -- namely,
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dobit ćete iste rezultate -- odnosno,
05:41
identical twins separated at birth show
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jednojajčani blizanci razdvojeni pri porodu pokazuju
05:43
quite astonishing similarities.
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porilično začuđujuće sličnosti.
05:45
Now, given both the common sense
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I sada, uzimajući u obzir oboje, kako zdrav razum
05:47
and scientific data
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tako i znanstvene podatke
05:49
calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,
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koji doktrinu prazne ploče dovode u pitanje,
05:51
why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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zbog čega je ona bila tako privlačno stajalište?
05:54
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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Dakle, postoji niz političkih razloga zbog kojih su je ljudi našli prikladnom.
05:57
The foremost is that if we're blank slates,
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U prvom redu, ukoliko smo mi prazne ploče,
06:00
then, by definition, we are equal,
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onda smo, po definiciji, jednaki,
06:02
because zero equals zero equals zero.
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jer nula je jednako nula je jednako nula je jednako nula.
06:05
But if something is written on the slate,
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Ali, ukoliko je nešto napisano na ploči,
06:07
then some people could have more of it than others,
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onda bi neki ljudi mogli imati više toga napisanog od drugih
06:09
and according to this line of thinking, that would justify
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i sukladno tom pravcu razmišljanja to bi opravdalo
06:11
discrimination and inequality.
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diskriminaciju i nejednakost.
06:14
Another political fear of human nature
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Drugi politički strah od ljudske prirode
06:17
is that if we are blank slates,
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jest u tome da, ukoliko smo mi prazne ploče,
06:19
we can perfect mankind --
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onda možemo usavršiti čovječanstvo --
06:21
the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species
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ostvariti stari san o dovođenju naše vrste do savršenstva
06:24
through social engineering.
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kroz društveni inženjering.
06:26
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts,
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S druge strane, ukoliko se rađamo s određenim instinktima,
06:28
then perhaps some of them might condemn us
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onda bi nas, možda, neki od njih mogli osuditi
06:30
to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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na sebičnost, pristranost i nasilnost.
06:34
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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Naime, u knjizi objašnjavam da su ovo u stvari logičke pogreške.
06:38
And just to make a long story short:
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Da skratim,
06:40
first of all, the concept of fairness
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prije svega, pojam pravičnosti
06:42
is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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nije isti kao i pojam istovjetnosti.
06:45
And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote
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Tako, kad je Thomas Jefferson zapisao
06:47
in the Declaration of Independence,
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u Deklaraciji o nezavisnosti,
06:49
"We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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"Istina koju smatramo bjelodanom
06:51
that all men are created equal,"
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jest da su svi ljudi stvoreni jednaki",
06:54
he did not mean "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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nije mislio reći "Istina koju smatramo bjelodanom
06:56
that all men are clones."
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jest da su svi ljudi klonovi."
06:59
Rather, that all men are equal in terms of their rights,
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Mislio je, naravno, da su svi ljudi stvoreni jednako u smislu njihovih prava,
07:02
and that every person ought to be treated
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kao i da se prema svakoj osobi treba odnositi
07:05
as an individual, and not prejudged
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kao prema individui, a ne o njoj unaprijed zaključivati
07:07
by the statistics of particular groups
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na temelju statistike određenih skupina
07:09
that they may belong to.
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kojima ona može pripadati.
07:12
Also, even if we were born
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Također, čak i da jesmo rođeni
07:14
with certain ignoble motives,
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s određenim neplemenitim motivima,
07:16
they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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oni ne bi dovodili automatski i do neplemenitog ponašanja.
07:19
That is because the human mind
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To je zbog toga što je ljudski mozak
07:21
is a complex system with many parts,
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složeni sustav s mnogo djelova
07:23
and some of them can inhibit others.
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i neki od njih mogu spriječiti one druge.
07:26
For example, there's excellent reason to believe
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Primjerice, postoji odličan razlog za vjerovanje
07:29
that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense,
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da se zaista svi ljudi rađaju s osjećajem za moralnost
07:33
and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us
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i da posjedujemo spoznajne sposobnosti koje nam omogućuju
07:36
to profit from the lessons of history.
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da učimo iz pouka povijesti.
07:38
So even if people did have impulses
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Čak i kada bi ljudi imali poticaje
07:40
towards selfishness or greed,
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za sebičnost ili pohlepu,
07:42
that's not the only thing in the skull,
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oni ne bi bili jedine stvari u našoj lubanji;
07:44
and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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postoje i drugi dijelovi uma koji im se mogu suprostaviti.
07:47
In the book, I
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U knjizi
07:49
go over controversies such as this one,
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razmatram kontroverze kao što je ova,
07:51
and a number of other hot buttons,
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kao i niz drugih osjetljivih tema,
07:54
hot zones, Chernobyls, third rails, and so on --
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vrućih zona, Chernobila, užarenih političkih tema i druge,
07:57
including the arts, cloning, crime,
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uključujući umjetnost, kloniranje, kriminal,
07:59
free will, education, evolution,
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slobodnu volju, obrazovanje, evoluciju,
08:01
gender differences, God, homosexuality,
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razlike među spolovima, Boga, homoseksualnost,
08:04
infanticide, inequality, Marxism, morality,
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čedomorstvo, nejednakost, marksizam, moralnost,
08:06
Nazism, parenting, politics,
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nacizam, roditeljstvo, politiku,
08:08
race, rape, religion, resource depletion,
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rase, religiju, siromaštvo resursima,
08:10
social engineering, technological risk and war.
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društveni inženjering, tehnološki rizik i rat.
08:13
And needless to say, there were certain risks
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Gotovo je bespotrebno i reći da su postojali određeni rizici
08:15
in taking on these subjects.
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pri odabiru ovih tema.
08:19
When I wrote a first draft of the book,
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Kad je prva skica ove knjige bila završena,
08:22
I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments,
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razdijelio sam je nizu kolega radi povratnih informacija
08:24
and here are some of
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i ovdje su neke
08:27
the reactions that I got:
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od reakcija koje sam dobio:
08:29
"Better get a security camera for your house."
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"Dobro bi ti bilo nabaviti sigurnosnu kameru za svoju kuću."
08:33
"Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers
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"Ne očekuj da ćeš ikada više dobiti neko priznanje, ponudu za posao
08:36
or positions in scholarly societies."
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ili položaj u školstvu."
08:39
"Tell your publisher not to list your hometown
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"Reci svom izdavaču da ne navede mjesto u kojem živiš
08:41
in your author bio."
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u tvom autorskom životopisu."
08:44
"Do you have tenure?"
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"Imaš li zajamčenu profesuru?"
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:48
Well, the book came out in October,
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Eto, knjiga je izašla u listopadu
08:50
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa strašno se nije dogodilo.
08:55
I -- I like --
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I eto --
08:58
There was indeed reason to be nervous,
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Naravno, postojao je razlog za uznemirenost
09:00
and there were moments in which I did feel nervous,
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i postojali su trenuci kad sam osjećao uznemirenost,
09:02
knowing the history
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poznavajući što se je u povijesti
09:04
of what has happened to people
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događalo ljudima
09:06
who've taken controversial stands
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koji su zauzimali kontroverzna stajališta
09:08
or discovered disquieting findings
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ili otkrivali uznemirujuće nalaze
09:11
in the behavioral sciences.
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u bihevioralnim znanostima.
09:13
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book,
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Postoje mnogi slučajevi, od kojih sam o nekima govorio i u knjizi,
09:16
of people who have been slandered, called Nazis,
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o ljudima koji su bili oklevetani, nazivani nacistima,
09:20
physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution
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fizički napadnuti, bili pod prijetnjom kaznenog progona
09:23
for stumbling across or arguing
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što su se osvrnuli ili raspravljali
09:27
about controversial findings.
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o kontroverznim nalazima.
09:30
And you never know when you're going to
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I čovjek nikad ne zna kad može
09:32
come across one of these booby traps.
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nagaziti na ovakve mine.
09:34
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists
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Moj omiljeni primjer su dvoje psihologa
09:36
who did research on left-handers,
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koji su proveli istraživanje o ljevorukim ljudima
09:39
and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average,
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i objavili neke podatke koji su pokazali da su ljevoruki ljudi u prosjeku
09:42
more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents
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podložniji bolestima, skloniji nesretnim slučajevima
09:45
and have a shorter lifespan.
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i imaju kraći životni vijek.
09:47
It's not clear, by the way, since then,
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Usput rečeno, nije baš jasno od tada,
09:49
whether that is an accurate generalization,
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je li ovo bila točna generalizacija,
09:52
but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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ali podaci su tada išli u prilog tome.
09:55
Well, pretty soon they were barraged
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I tako, vrlo brzo su bili zasuti
09:57
with enraged letters,
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gnjevnim pismima,
10:00
death threats,
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prijetnjama po život,
10:02
ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals,
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zabranom objavljivanja po toj temi u nizu znanstvenih časopisa,
10:05
coming from irate left-handers
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a sve od strane bijesnih ljevorukih ljudi
10:08
and their advocates,
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i njihovih odvjetnika;
10:10
and they were literally afraid to open their mail
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doslovno su se plašili otvarati poštu,
10:13
because of the venom and vituperation
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zbog verbalnog nasilja
10:16
that they had inadvertently inspired.
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kojeg su nesmotreno izazvali.
10:19
Well,
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Ipak,
10:21
the night is young, but the book has been out
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tek je početak, a knjiga je vani
10:23
for half a year,
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već pola godine
10:25
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa se strašno nije dogodilo.
10:27
None of the dire professional consequences
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Nijedna od strašnih profesionalnih posljedica
10:29
has taken place --
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se nije dogodila --
10:31
I haven't been
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nisam bio
10:33
exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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protjeran iz grada Cambridgea.
10:36
But what I wanted to talk about
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Ali, ono o čemu sam želio govoriti
10:38
are two of these hot buttons
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su dvije od ovih osjetljivih tema
10:41
that have aroused the strongest response
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koje su podigle najveću prašinu
10:45
in the 80-odd reviews
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od 80 neobičnih komentara
10:47
that The Blank Slate has received.
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koje je "Prazna ploča" zaprimila.
10:50
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds,
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Ostavit ću vam na nekoliko trenutaka popis
10:53
and see if you can guess which two
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da vidim možete li pogoditi koje su to dvije teme
10:55
-- I would estimate that probably two of these topics
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-- Procjenjujem da su vjerojatno dvije od ovih tema
10:57
inspired probably 90 percent
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potakle vjerojatno 90 posto
11:00
of the reaction in the various reviews
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reakcija u raznim člancima
11:03
and radio interviews.
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i radijskim intervjuima.
11:05
It's not violence and war,
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To nisu nasilje i rat,
11:07
it's not race, it's not gender,
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to nisu rase, to nisu spolovi,
11:09
it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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to nije marksizam, to nije nacizam.
11:12
They are: the arts and parenting.
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To su: umjetnost i roditeljstvo.
11:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:17
So let me tell you what
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Dozvolite mi, onda, da vam kažem što je
11:19
aroused such irate responses,
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pobudilo tako bijesne odgovore
11:21
and I'll let you decide if whether they --
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i ostavit ću vama da odlučite jesu li --
11:24
the claims are really that outrageous.
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navedene tvrdnje zaista tako uvredljive.
11:26
Let me start with the arts.
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Započet ću s umjetnošću.
11:29
I note that among the long list of human universals
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Ustanovio sam da je na dugom popisu ljudskih univerzalija,
11:31
that I presented a few slides ago
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koje sam predstavio prije nekoliko slajdova,
11:34
are art.
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umjetnost.
11:36
There is no society ever discovered
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Ne postoji nijedno društvo ikad otkriveno
11:39
in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something
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u najudaljenijem kutu svijeta, koje nije imalo nešto
11:42
that we would consider the arts.
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što bismo mogli smatrati umjetnošću.
11:46
Visual arts -- decoration of surfaces and bodies --
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Vizualne umjetnosti -- ukrašavanje površina i tijela --
11:48
appears to be a human universal.
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čine se ljudskom univerzalijom.
11:50
The telling of stories, music,
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Pričanje priča, glazba,
11:52
dance, poetry -- found in all cultures,
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ples, poezija -- nađeni su u svim kulturama
11:55
and many of the motifs and themes
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i mnogi motivi i teme
11:58
that
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koje nam --
12:01
give us pleasure in the arts
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pružaju zadovoljstvo u umjetnosti
12:03
can be found in all human societies:
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mogu se naći u svim ljudskim društvima:
12:07
a preference for symmetrical forms,
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veća naklonjenost simetričnim formama,
12:10
the use of repetition and variation,
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korištenje ponavljanja i varijacija,
12:12
even things as specific as the fact
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čak i specifične stvari kao činjenica
12:14
that in poetry all over the world,
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da u poeziji diljem svijeta
12:16
you have lines that are very close
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postoje stihovi koji približno
12:19
to three seconds long, separated by pauses.
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traju tri sekunde i koji su odvojeni stankama.
12:22
Now, on the other hand,
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I sad, s druge strane,
12:24
in the second half of the 20th century,
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u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća,
12:26
the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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učestalo se govori da umjetnost nazaduje.
12:29
And I have a collection,
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A ja imam kolekciju,
12:31
probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines
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vjerojatno 10-15 naslova iz istaknutih časopisa,
12:34
deploring the fact that
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koji žale zbog činjenice
12:36
the arts are in decline in our time.
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da umjetnost našeg vremena nazaduje.
12:39
I'll give you a couple of representative quotes:
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Podastrijet ću vam nekoliko tipičnih citata:
12:42
"We can assert with some confidence that our own period is
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"Mi možemo prilično pouzdano tvrditi da je naše vrijeme,
12:44
one of decline, that the standards of culture are lower
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vrijeme nazadovanja, da su standardi naše kulture niži
12:47
than they were 50 years ago, and that the evidences of this decline
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nego što su bili prije 50 godina i da su dokazi ovog nazadovanja
12:50
are visible in every department of human activity."
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vidljivi u svakom području ljudskog djelovanja."
12:53
That's a quote from T. S. Eliot, a little more than 50 years ago.
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To je citat od T. S. Eliota, prije nešto više od 50 godina.
12:56
And a more recent one:
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Evo i jednog nedavnog:
12:58
"The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time
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"Mogućnost zadržavanja visoke razine kulture u ovom našem vremenu
13:00
is becoming increasing problematical.
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postaje rastuće problematično.
13:03
Serious book stores are losing their franchise,
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Ozbiljne knjižare gube svoje franšize,
13:05
nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily
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neprofitni teatri preživljavaju prvenstveno
13:07
by commercializing their repertory,
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komercijalizirajući svoj repertoar,
13:09
symphony orchestras are diluting their programs,
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simfonijski orkestri razrijeđuju svoje programe,
13:11
public television is increasing its dependence
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javna televizija pojačava svoju ovisnost
13:13
on reruns of British sitcoms,
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o reprizama britanskih sitkoma,
13:16
classical radio stations are dwindling,
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klasične radijske postaje se gase,
13:18
museums are resorting to blockbuster shows, dance is dying."
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muzeji se okreću blockbuster predstavama, ples odumire."
13:20
That's from Robert Brustein,
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Ovo je izjavio Robert Brustein,
13:22
the famous drama critic and director,
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čuveni dramski kritičar i redatelj,
13:25
in The New Republic about five years ago.
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u listu Nova Republika prije pet godina.
13:28
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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Ali, zapravo, umjetnost nije u nazadovanju.
13:31
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room,
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Ne vjerujem da je to iznenađenje za bilo koga u ovoj prostoriji,
13:34
but by any standard
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ali prema bilo kojem standardu,
13:36
they have never been flourishing
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nije nikad ni cvjetala
13:38
to a greater extent.
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u nekoj većoj mjeri.
13:40
There are, of course, entirely new art forms
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Naravno, postoje potpuno novi oblici umjetnosti
13:43
and new media, many of which you've heard
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i novi mediji, za mnoge od kojih ste čuli
13:45
over these few days.
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i tijekom ovih nekoliko dana.
13:48
By any economic standard,
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Prema bilo kojem ekonomskom standardu,
13:50
the demand for art of all forms
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potražnja za umjetnošću svih oblika
13:53
is skyrocketing,
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probija plafon,
13:55
as you can tell from the price of opera tickets,
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kao što se može isčitati iz cijena ulaznica za operu,
13:57
by the number of books sold,
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po broju prodanih knjiga,
13:59
by the number of books published,
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po broju izdanih knjiga,
14:01
the number of musical titles released,
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po broju izdanih glazbenih naslova,
14:04
the number of new albums and so on.
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po broju novih albuma itd.
14:07
The only grain of truth to this
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Jedino zrnce istine
14:09
complaint that the arts are in decline
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u pritužbi da je umjetnost u nazadovanju
14:11
come from three spheres.
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dolazi iz tri sfere.
14:15
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s --
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Jedna je elitna umjetnost od 1930-ih --
14:18
say, the kinds of works performed
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točnije, vrsta djela kakva izvode
14:20
by major symphony orchestras,
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vodeći simfonijski orkestri,
14:22
where most of the repertory is before 1930,
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a gdje većina repertoara potječe od prije 1930.
14:26
or the works shown in
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ili radovi prikazani
14:28
major galleries and prestigious museums.
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u vodećim galerijama i prestižnim muzejima.
14:32
In literary criticism and analysis,
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U sklopu književne kitike i analize,
14:34
probably 40 or 50 years ago,
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vjerojatno prije 40 ili 50 godina,
14:36
literary critics were a kind of cultural hero;
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književni kritičari su bili vrsta kulturnih heroja;
14:39
now they're kind of a national joke.
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a danas su neka vrsta nacionalne šale.
14:41
And the humanities and arts programs
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Kao i humanistički i umjetnički kolegiji
14:44
in the universities, which by many measures,
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na sveučilištima, koji prema brojnim kriterijima,
14:46
indeed are in decline.
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zaista nazaduju.
14:48
Students are staying away in droves,
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Studenti se drže po strani,
14:50
universities are disinvesting
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sveučilišta prestaju investirati
14:52
in the arts and humanities.
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u umjetnost i humanističke znanosti.
14:54
Well, here's a diagnosis.
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Evo, ovdje je dijagnoza.
14:57
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission,
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Nisu mene pitali, ali prema njihovom vlastitom priznanju,
14:59
they need all the help that they can get.
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treba im sva moguća pomoć koju mogu dobiti.
15:02
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence
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I želio bih sugerirati da nije slučajnost
15:04
that this supposed decline
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da se je ovo pretpostavljeno nazadovanje
15:06
in the elite arts and criticism
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u elitniim umjetnostima i kritici
15:09
occurred in the same point in history in which
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pojavilo u istom povijesnom trenutku
15:11
there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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kad i uveliko rašireno poricanje ljudske prirode.
15:14
A famous quotation can be found --
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Postoji čuveni citat kojeg možete naći --
15:16
if you look on the web, you can find it in
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ukoliko potražite na webu; možete ga naći
15:18
literally scores
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u književnim zabilješkama
15:20
of English core syllabuses --
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engleskih temeljnih nastavnih planova --
15:23
"In or about December 1910,
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"U prosincu ili oko prosinca 1910.
15:26
human nature changed."
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ljudska se priroda promijenila."
15:28
A paraphrase of a quote by Virginia Woolf,
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Ovo je parafraziranje ili citiranje Virginie Wolff,
15:31
and there's some debate
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ali postoji određena rasprava
15:33
as to what she actually meant by that.
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o tome što je zapravo željela s time reći.
15:35
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses,
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Međutim, vrlo je jasno, promatrajući ove nastavne planove,
15:37
that -- it's used now
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da -- danas se kaže
15:39
as a way of saying that all forms
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kao nešto uobičajeno, da su svi oblici
15:43
of appreciation of art
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uvažavanja umjetnosti
15:45
that were in place for centuries, or millennia,
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već stoljećima, ili tisućama godina,
15:49
in the 20th century were discarded.
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u 20. stoljeću odbačeni.
15:52
The beauty and pleasure in art --
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Ljepota i zadovoljstvo u umjetnosti --
15:54
probably a human universal --
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kao vjerojatno ljudska univerzalija --
15:56
were -- began to be considered saccharine,
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počela se smatrati zašećerenom,
15:58
or kitsch, or commercial.
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kičem ili komercijalizacijom.
16:01
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "the impulse of modern art
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Barnett Newman je imao jedan čuveni citat da je moderna umjetnost
16:04
is the desire to destroy beauty" --
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želja za uništenjem ljepote,
16:07
which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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koja je smatrana buržoaskom i bez ukusa.
16:10
And here's just one example.
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I evo, ovdje je samo jedan primjer.
16:12
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example
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Želim reći, ovo je vjerojatno tipični primjer
16:15
of the visual depiction of the female form
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vizualnog prikaza ženskih oblina
16:18
in the 15th century;
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u 15. stoljeću;
16:20
here is a representative example
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ovdje je tipični primjer
16:22
of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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prikaza ženskih oblina u 20. stoljeću.
16:26
And, as you can see, there -- something has changed
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I kao što možete vidjeti ovdje -- nešto se promijenilo
16:28
in the way the elite arts
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u načinu na koji se elitne umjetnosti
16:30
appeal to the senses.
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obraćaju našim osjetilima.
16:32
Indeed, in movements of modernism
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I doista, u pokretima modernizma
16:34
and post-modernism,
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i post-modernizma,
16:36
there was visual art without beauty,
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postojala je vizualna umjetnost bez ljepote,
16:38
literature without narrative and plot,
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književnost bez pripovjedanja i radnje,
16:40
poetry without meter and rhyme,
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poezija bez metra i rime,
16:42
architecture and planning without ornament,
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arhitektura bez planiranja i ukrasa,
16:44
human scale, green space and natural light,
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ljudskih mjera, zelenih površina i prirodnog svjetla,
16:47
music without melody and rhythm,
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glazba bez melodije i ritma,
16:49
and criticism without clarity,
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kritika bez jasnoće,
16:51
attention to aesthetics and insight into the human condition.
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usmjeravanje pozornosti na estetiku i uvid u ljudske uvjete.
16:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:56
Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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Dozvolite da vam dam jedan primjer kao potvrdu ovog zadnjeg stajališta.
16:59
But here, there -- one of the most famous literary
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Evo, ovdje je -- jedna od najčuvenijih književnih
17:01
English scholars of our time
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engleskih učenjakinja našeg doba
17:03
is the Berkeley professor,
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je profesorica s Berkleya,
17:05
Judith Butler.
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Judith Butler.
17:07
And here is an example of
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A ovdje je primjer
17:09
one of her analyses:
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jedne od njezinih analiza:
17:12
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital
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"Pomak sa strukturalističkog pristupa prema kojem se kapital
17:14
is understood to structure social relations
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promatra kao onaj koji izgrađuje društvene odnose
17:16
in relatively homologous ways
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na relativno homologan način
17:18
to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition,
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do pogleda na hegemoniju u kojem su odnosi snaga predmet ponavljanja,
17:21
convergence and rearticulation
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konvergencije i reartikulacije
17:23
brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure,
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dovele su do pitanja privremenosti u promišljanju strukture,
17:26
and marked a shift from the form of Althusserian theory
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te označili pomak od oblika Althusserove teorije
17:28
that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects ..."
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koja uzima strukturalne cjeline kao teoretske objekte ..."
17:31
Well, you get the idea.
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Eto, shvatili ste o čemu se radi.
17:34
By the way, this is one sentence --
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Usput rečeno, ovo je jedna rečenica --
17:36
you can actually parse it.
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koju se u stvari može rastavljati.
17:40
Well, the argument in "The Blank Slate"
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Dakle, argument u Praznoj ploči
17:42
was that elite art and criticism
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je bio da je elitna umjetnost i kritika
17:44
in the 20th century,
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u 20. stoljeću,
17:46
although not the arts in general,
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mada ne i u umjetnosti u cjelini,
17:48
have disdained beauty, pleasure,
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prezirala ljepotu, užitak,
17:50
clarity, insight and style.
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jasnoću, uvid i stil.
17:53
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
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Ljudi se udaljavaju od elitne umjetnosti i kritike.
17:57
What a puzzle -- I wonder why.
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Kakvo iznenađenje -- baš se pitam zašto?
18:00
Well, this turned out to be probably
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Da vidimo, ovo se pokazalo kao vjerojatno
18:02
the most controversial claim in the book.
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najkontroverznija tvrdnja u knjizi.
18:04
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in
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Netko me pitao jesam li ovo umetnuo
18:06
in order to deflect ire
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kako bih skrenuo pozornost
18:09
from discussions of gender and Nazism
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s diskusija o spolovima, nacizmu,
18:12
and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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rasama itd. Suzdržat ću se od komentara.
18:16
But it certainly inspired
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Ali, to je zasigurno potaklo
18:19
an energetic reaction
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energične reakcije
18:22
from many university professors.
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od strane sveučilišnih profesora.
18:25
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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I dakle, druga osjetljiva tema je roditeljstvo.
18:28
And the starting point is the -- for that discussion
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I polazna točka je -- u toj je diskusiji
18:31
was the fact that we have all
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uključena činjenica da smo svi mi
18:33
been subject to the advice
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bili podložni savjetima
18:35
of the parenting industrial complex.
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od strane roditeljskog industrijskog sustava.
18:38
Now, here is -- here is a
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I sad, ovdje je -- ovdje je
18:40
representative quote from a besieged mother:
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tipična izjava majke koju su opsjedali:
18:43
"I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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"Preplavljena sam roditeljskim savjetima.
18:45
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids
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Od mene se očekuje mnogo fizičke aktivnosti s mojom djecom
18:47
so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit
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kako bi u njih mogla usaditi naviku fizičkog tjelovježbanja,
18:50
so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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tako da mogu odrasti i postati zdrave odrasle osobe.
18:52
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play
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Od mene se očekuje da se s njima na razne načine intelektualno igram,
18:54
so they'll grow up smart.
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tako da odrastu i budu pametni.
18:56
And there are all kinds of play -- clay for finger dexterity,
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A postoje razne vrste igara -- glina za deksternost prstiju,
18:59
word games for reading success, large motor play,
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igre riječi za uspjeh u čitanju, igre za grube motoričke vještine,
19:02
small motor play. I feel like I could devote my life
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igre za fine motoričke vještine. Čini mi se da bih mogla posvetiti cijeli svoj život
19:04
to figuring out what to play with my kids."
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pokušavajući odgonetnuti kako da se igram sa svojom djecom."
19:07
I think anyone who's recently been a parent can sympathize
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Mislim da svatko tko je nedavno postao roditelj može suosjećati
19:09
with this mother.
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s ovom majkom.
19:12
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
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Dakle, evo nekih otriježnjujućih činjenica o roditeljstvu.
19:15
Most studies of parenting on which this advice is based
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Većina studija o roditeljstvu na kojima se zasniva ovaj savjet
19:19
are useless. They're useless because they don't control
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su beskorisne. Beskorisne su jer ne mogu kontrolirati
19:22
for heritability. They measure some correlation
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nasljednost. One mjere neke korelacije
19:25
between what the parents do, how the children turn out
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između onoga što roditelji rade i kakva djeca na kraju ispadnu
19:28
and assume a causal relation:
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i pretpostavljaju uzročno-posljedičnu vezu:
19:30
that the parenting shaped the child.
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da je roditeljstvo oblikovalo dijete.
19:32
Parents who talk a lot to their kids
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Roditelji koji mnogo razgovaraju sa svojom djecom
19:34
have kids who grow up to be articulate,
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imaju djecu koja odrastu i postanu artikulirana,
19:36
parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up
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roditelji koji udaraju djecu po stražnjici imaju djecu koja odrastu
19:38
to be violent and so on.
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i postanu nasilna itd.
19:40
And very few of them control for the possibility
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A vrlo malo njih uzima u obzir mogućnost
19:43
that parents pass on genes for --
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da roditelji prenose gene na svoju djecu --
19:46
that increase the chances a child will be articulate
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koji povećavaju šanse da će dijete postati artikulirano,
19:48
or violent and so on.
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nasilno itd.
19:50
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children,
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Sve dok se ponovno ne izrade studije s usvojenom djecom,
19:53
who provide an environment
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kojima je osigurana okolina,
19:55
but not genes to their kids,
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ali ne i geni preneseni na djecu,
19:57
we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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nemamo nikakve mogućnosti znati jesu li ovi zaključci valjani.
20:00
The genetically controlled studies
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Genetski kontrolirane studije
20:02
have some sobering results.
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daju neke otriježnjujuće rezultate.
20:04
Remember the Mallifert twins:
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Prisjetimo se blizanaca Mallifert:
20:06
separated at birth, then they meet in the patent office --
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razdvojeni pri rođenju, zatim su se sreli u uredu za patente --
20:09
remarkably similar.
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čudesno slični.
20:11
Well, what would have happened if the Mallifert twins had grown up together?
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A sad, što bi se dogodilo da su blizanci Mallifert odrasli zajedno?
20:14
You might think, well, then they'd be even more similar,
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Možda ćete pomisliti, eto, da bi u tom slučaju bili još više slični,
20:17
because not only would they share their genes,
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jer ne samo da bi dijelili iste gene,
20:19
but they would also share their environment.
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nego bi dijelili i istu okolinu.
20:22
That would make them super-similar, right?
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Tako bi postali super-slični, zar ne?
20:24
Wrong. Identical twins, or any siblings,
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Pogrešno. Jednojajčani blizanci, ili bilo koja druga braća,
20:27
who are separated at birth are no less similar
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koji su razdvojeni pri rođenju, nisu ništa manje slični
20:31
than if they had grown up together.
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nego u slučaju da su odrasli zajedno.
20:33
Everything that happens to you in a given home
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Sve što vam se dogodi u određenom domu
20:35
over all of those years
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tijekom svih onih godina
20:37
appears to leave no permanent stamp
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čini se da ne ostavlja trajni pečat
20:39
on your personality or intellect.
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na vašu osobnost ili intelekt.
20:42
A complementary finding, from a completely different methodology,
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Jedan dodatni nalaz, dobijen potpuno različitom metodologijom,
20:45
is that adopted siblings reared together --
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nam kaže da usvojena spojena braća --
20:49
the mirror image of identical twins reared apart,
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kao zrcalna slika jednojajčanih odvojenih blizanaca,
20:51
they share their parents, their home,
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dijele svoje roditelje, svoj dom,
20:53
their neighborhood,
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svoje susjedstvo,
20:55
don't share their genes -- end up not similar at all.
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ali ne i roditeljske gene -- na kraju uopće ne ispadnu slični.
20:58
OK -- two different bodies of research with a similar finding.
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U redu -- dva različita istraživačka tima sa sličnim nalazima.
21:01
What it suggests is that children are shaped
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Ono što to u konačnici sugerira jest da se djeca oblikuju,
21:03
not by their parents over the long run,
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ne od strane svojih roditelja tijekom dugog perioda,
21:06
but in part -- only in part -- by their genes,
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nego dijelom -- samo dijelom -- od strane svojih gena,
21:09
in part by their culture --
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dijelom od strane svoje kulture --
21:11
the culture of the country at large
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općenito kulture zemlje
21:13
and the children's own culture, namely their peer group --
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i vlastite dječje kulture, točnije njihovih vršnjaka --
21:15
as we heard from Jill Sobule earlier today,
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i kao što smo danas ranije čuli od Jill Sobule,
21:18
that's what kids care about --
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to je ono za što se djeca zanimaju --
21:21
and, to a very large extent, larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge,
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i, u vrlo velikoj mjeri, većoj nego što je većina ljudi spremna priznati,
21:24
by chance: chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero;
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od strane slučajnosti: slučajnih događaja u neuralnim mrežama još u maternici;
21:27
chance events as you live your life.
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slučajnih događaja tijekom vašeg života.
21:31
So let me conclude
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Dozvolite mi, dakle, da zaključim
21:33
with just a remark
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s jednom opaskom,
21:35
to bring it back to the theme of choices.
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da se vratim natrag na temu izbora.
21:38
I think that the sciences of human nature --
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Mislim da će znanosti o ljudskoj prirodi --
21:40
behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology,
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bihevioralna genetika, evolucijska psihologija,
21:43
neuroscience, cognitive science --
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neuroznanost, kognitivna znanost --
21:45
are going to, increasingly in the years to come,
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sve više u godinama koje dolaze,
21:48
upset various dogmas,
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uznemiriti razne dogme,
21:51
careers and deeply-held political belief systems.
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karijere i duboko prihvaćene političke sustave vjerovanja.
21:54
And that presents us with a choice.
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I to nam sad ostavlja mogućnost izbora.
21:56
The choice is whether certain facts about humans,
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Izbor je hoćemo li određene činjenice o ljudima
21:59
or topics, are to be considered taboos,
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ili temama smatrati tabuima,
22:03
forbidden knowledge, where we shouldn't go there
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zabranjenim znanjem, za kojim ne bismo trebali posezati,
22:05
because no good can come from it,
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jer ništa se dobro ne može iz toga izroditi,
22:07
or whether we should explore them honestly.
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ili bismo ih trebali istraživati na pošten način.
22:10
I have my own
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Ja imam svoj vlastiti
22:12
answer to that question,
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odgovor na to pitanje,
22:14
which comes from a great artist of the 19th century,
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a on dolazi od velikog umjetnika 19. stoljeća,
22:17
Anton Chekhov, who said,
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Antona Čehova, koji je rekao,
22:20
"Man will become better when you show him
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"Čovjek će postati boljim kad mu pokažete
22:22
what he is like."
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kakav je."
22:24
And I think that the argument
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Mislim da se ovaj argument
22:26
can't be put any more eloquently than that.
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ne može rječitije formulirati od ovoga.
22:29
Thank you very much.
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Hvala Vam na pozornosti.
22:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Pinker - PsychologistSteven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature.
Why you should listen
Steven Pinker grew up in the English-speaking community of Montreal but has spent his adult life bouncing back and forth between Harvard and MIT. He is interested in all aspects of human nature: how we see, hear, think, speak, remember, feel and interact.
To be specific: he developed the first comprehensive theory of language acquisition in children, used verb meaning as a window into cognition, probed the limits of neural networks and showed how the interaction between memory and computation shapes language. He has used evolution to illuminate innuendo, emotional expression and social coordination. He has documented historical declines in violence and explained them in terms of the ways that the violent and peaceable components of human nature interact in different eras. He has written books on the language instinct, how the mind works, the stuff of thought and the doctrine of the blank slate, together with a guide to stylish writing that is rooted in psychology.
In his latest book, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, he writes about progress -- why people are healthier, richer, safer, happier and better educated than ever. His other books include The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, The Stuff of Thought, and The Better Angels of Our Nature.
Steven Pinker | Speaker | TED.com