TEDGlobal 2009
Cary Fowler: One seed at a time, protecting the future of food
Cary Fowler: Sjemenku po sjemenku, štitimo budućnost hrane
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Sorte pšenice, kukuruza i riže koje danas uzgajamo možda neće uspijevati u budućnosti kojoj prijete klimatske promjene. Cary Fowler vodi nas u ogromnu globalnu banku sjemenja, ukopanu u zaleđenu planinu u Norveškoj, koja čuva šaroliku grupu sjemenja prehrambenih biljaka za budućnost, kakva god ona bila.
Cary Fowler - Biodiversity archivist
Biodiversity warrior Cary Fowler wants to save the world from agricultural collapse, one seed at a time. Full bio
Biodiversity warrior Cary Fowler wants to save the world from agricultural collapse, one seed at a time. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
I've been fascinated with crop diversity for about 35 years from now,
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Fasciniran sam raznolikošću usjeva već 35 godina,
00:23
ever since I stumbled across a fairly obscure academic article
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otkad sam nabasao na prilično nezapažen znanstveni članak
00:28
by a guy named Jack Harlan.
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čovjeka po imenu Jack Harlan.
00:30
And he described the diversity within crops --
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On je opisao raznolikost unutar usjeva –
00:33
all the different kinds of wheat and rice and such --
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sve moguće različite vrste pšenice i riže i slično –
00:36
as a genetic resource.
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kao genetički resurs.
00:38
And he said, "This genetic resource," --
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Rekao je: "Ovaj genetički resurs"-
00:41
and I'll never forget the words --
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nikad neću zaboraviti te riječi -
00:43
"stands between us and catastrophic starvation
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"stoji između nas i gladi katastrofalnih razmjera
00:46
on a scale we cannot imagine."
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kakvu ne možemo ni zamisliti."
00:49
I figured he was either really on to something,
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Zaključio sam da ili u tome stvarno ima nešto
00:52
or he was one of these academic nutcases.
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ili je on samo još jedan poludjeli znanstvenik.
00:54
So, I looked a little further,
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Zatim sam istraživao malo dublje
00:56
and what I figured out was that he wasn't a nutcase.
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i zaključio kako nije bio lud.
00:59
He was the most respected scientist in the field.
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Bio je najuvaženiji znanstvenik na tom polju.
01:03
What he understood was that biological diversity -- crop diversity --
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Shvatio je kako je biološka raznolikost - raznolikost usjeva -
01:09
is the biological foundation of agriculture.
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biološki temelj poljodjelstva.
01:12
It's the raw material, the stuff, of evolution in our agricultural crops.
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Ona je sirovina, materijal evolucije u našim poljodjelskim kulturama.
01:17
Not a trivial matter.
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To nije mala stvar.
01:19
And he also understood that that foundation was crumbling,
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Također je shvatio da se taj temelj uništava,
01:24
literally crumbling.
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doslovce uništava.
01:26
That indeed, a mass extinction was underway
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Da je u tijeku masovno izumiranje
01:30
in our fields, in our agricultural system.
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na našim poljima, u našem poljodjelskom sustavu.
01:34
And that this mass extinction was taking place
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I da se to masovno izumiranje događa,
01:37
with very few people noticing
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a primjećuje ga vrlo malo ljudi,
01:39
and even fewer caring.
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a još je manjem broju ljudi uopće stalo.
01:42
Now, I know that many of you don't stop
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Znam da mnogi od vas ne razmišljaju
01:44
to think about diversity in agricultural systems
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o raznolikosti u poljodjelskim sustavima
01:47
and, let's face it, that's logical.
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i, budimo realni, to je i logično.
01:49
You don't see it in the newspaper every day.
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To ne viđate svaki dan u novinama.
01:52
And when you go into the supermarket, you certainly don't see a lot of choices there.
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A kad odete u supermarket, ondje svakako ne vidite velik izbor.
01:55
You see apples that are red, yellow, and green and that's about it.
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Vidite jabuke koje su crvene, žute ili zelene, i to je uglavnom to.
02:00
So, let me show you a picture of one form of diversity.
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Pokazat ću vam sliku jednog oblika raznolikosti.
02:04
Here's some beans,
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Ovo je grah,
02:06
and there are about 35 or 40 different
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a na slici je oko 35 ili 40
02:10
varieties of beans on this picture.
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različitih sorti graha.
02:14
Now, imagine each one of these varieties as being distinct from another
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Zamislite da se svaka od ovih sorti razlikuje od ostalih
02:18
about the same way as a poodle from a Great Dane.
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otprilike jednako kao pudlica od njemačke doge.
02:20
If I wanted to show you a picture of all the dog breeds in the world,
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Kad bih vam htio pokazati slike svih pasmina pasa na svijetu,
02:25
and I put 30 or 40 of them on a slide, it would take about 10 slides
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i kad bih ih stavio 30 ili 40 na jedan slajd, trebalo bi mi oko 10 slajdova
02:29
because there about 400 breeds of dogs in the world.
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jer postoji oko 400 pasmina pasa na svijetu.
02:33
But there are 35 to 40,000 different varieties of beans.
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Ali zato ima 35 do 40 000 različitih sorti graha.
02:37
So if I were to going to show you all the beans in the world,
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Pa kad bih vam krenuo pokazivati sve vrste graha na svijetu,
02:40
and I had a slide like this, and I switched it every second,
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i kad bih imao ovakav slajd i prikazao novi svake sekunde,
02:44
it would take up my entire TED talk,
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to bi potrajalo moj cijeli TED govor
02:46
and I wouldn't have to say anything.
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i ne bih morao reći baš ništa.
02:50
But the interesting thing is that this diversity -- and the tragic thing is --
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Zanimljiva stvar jest to da ta raznolikost - tragična je stvar -
02:55
that this diversity is being lost.
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da se ova raznolikost gubi.
02:58
We have about 200,000 different varieties of wheat,
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Imamo oko 200 000 različitih sorti pšenice
03:02
and we have about 2 to 400,000 different varieties of rice,
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i imamo oko 200 do 400 000 različitih vrsta riže,
03:07
but it's being lost.
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ali to se gubi.
03:09
And I want to give you an example of that.
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Želio bih vam dati primjer toga.
03:11
It's a bit of a personal example, in fact.
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Ovo je zapravo ponešto osoban primjer.
03:13
In the United States, in the 1800s -- that's where we have the best data --
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U SAD-u, početkom 19. st. - od tada imamo najbolje podatke -
03:18
farmers and gardeners were growing 7,100
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farmeri i vrtlari uzgajali su 7100
03:23
named varieties of apples.
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imenovanih sorta jabuka.
03:26
Imagine that. 7,100 apples with names.
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Zamislite to. 7100 jabuka s imenom.
03:30
Today, 6,800 of those are extinct,
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Danas je od toga njih 6800 izumrlo,
03:35
no longer to be seen again.
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i nikad ih više nećemo vidjeti.
03:38
I used to have a list of these extinct apples,
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Nekad sam imao popis tih izumrlih jabuka
03:40
and when I would go out and give a presentation,
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pa kad bih držao neko predavanje,
03:42
I would pass the list out in the audience.
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popis bih proslijedio publici.
03:44
I wouldn't tell them what it was, but it was in alphabetical order,
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Ne bih rekao o čemu se radi, ali popis je bio poredan po abecedi,
03:47
and I would tell them to look for their names, their family names,
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pa bih rekao da potraže svoje ime, prezime,
03:50
their mother's maiden name.
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ili majčino djevojačko prezime.
03:52
And at the end of the speech, I would ask, "How many people have found a name?"
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Na kraju govora upitao bih: "Koliko je ljudi pronašlo ime?"
03:56
And I never had fewer than two-thirds of an audience hold up their hand.
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I nikad se nije dogodilo da je manje od dvije trećine publike diglo ruke.
04:01
And I said, "You know what? These apples come from your ancestors,
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A ja bih rekao: "Znate što? Te jabuke dolaze od vaših predaka,
04:07
and your ancestors gave them the greatest honor they could give them.
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a vaši su im preci iskazali najveću počast koju su mogli.
04:12
They gave them their name.
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Dali su im svoje ime.
04:15
The bad news is they're extinct.
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Loša je vijest da su izumrle.
04:17
The good news is a third of you didn't hold up your hand. Your apple's still out there.
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Dobra je vijest da trećina vas nije digla ruke. Vaše jabuke još uvijek postoje.
04:22
Find it. Make sure it doesn't join the list."
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Pronađite ih. Pobrinite se da ne dođu na ovaj popis."
04:27
So, I want to tell you that the piece of the good news is
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Dakle, htio sam vam reći da je dobra vijest
04:30
that the Fowler apple is still out there.
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da sorta jabuka Fowler još uvijek postoji.
04:35
And there's an old book back here,
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A evo ovdje je jedna stara knjiga
04:37
and I want to read a piece from it.
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iz koje bih vam htio pročitati odlomak.
04:44
This book was published in 1904.
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Objavljena je 1904. godine.
04:47
It's called "The Apples of New York" and this is the second volume.
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Zove se "Jabuke New Yorka" i ovo je drugi svezak.
04:50
See, we used to have a lot of apples.
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Vidite, nekoć smo imali mnogo jabuka.
04:53
And the Fowler apple is described in here --
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Ovdje je opisana jabuka Fowler -
04:57
I hope this doesn't surprise you --
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nadam se da vas ovo neće iznenaditi --
05:01
as, "a beautiful fruit."
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"prekrasno voće".
05:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:09
I don't know if we named the apple or if the apple named us, but ...
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Ne znam jesmo li mi dali ime jabuci ili ona nana, ali...
05:13
but, to be honest, the description goes on
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da budem iskren, opis se nastavlja
05:17
and it says that it "doesn't rank high in quality, however."
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i kaže kako "ipak ne postiže visoku kvalitetu".
05:21
And then he has to go even further.
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A onda on mora nastaviti dalje.
05:23
It sounds like it was written by an old school teacher of mine.
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Zvuči kao da je to pisao moj stari učitelj.
05:26
"As grown in New York, the fruit usually fails to develop properly in size and quality
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"Budući da se uzgaja u New Yorku, plodovi se obično ne razvijaju do pravilne veličine i kvalitete
05:32
and is, on the whole, unsatisfactory."
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pa su općenito nezadovoljavajući.'
05:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:42
And I guess there's a lesson to be learned here,
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I pretpostavljam kako je ovdje mjesto da naučimo lekciju,
05:44
and the lesson is: so why save it?
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a lekcija je: zašto ju sačuvati?
05:47
I get this question all the time. Why don't we just save the best one?
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Takva pitanja mi stalno ponavljaju. Zašto ne sačuvamo samo najbolje?
05:51
And there are a couple of answers to that question.
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Nekoliko je odgovora na to pitanje.
05:53
One thing is that there is no such thing as a best one.
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Jedno je da nema najboljega.
05:57
Today's best variety is tomorrow's lunch for insects or pests or disease.
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Ono što je danas najbolje sutra će uništiti kukci ili štetočine ili bolesti.
06:02
The other thing is that maybe that Fowler apple
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Drugo je da je možda ta jabuka Fowler
06:05
or maybe a variety of wheat that's not economical right now
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ili sorta pšenice koja sada nije ekonomična
06:10
has disease or pest resistance
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otporna na bolesti ili štetočine
06:12
or some quality that we're going to need for climate change that the others don't.
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ili ima neku drugu kvalitetu koja će nam trebati nakon klimatskih promjena, a koju druge nemaju.
06:16
So it's not necessary, thank God,
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Dakle, nije neophodno, Bogu hvala,
06:20
that the Fowler apple is the best apple in the world.
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da jabuka Fowler bude najbolja od svih jabuka na svijetu.
06:23
It's just necessary or interesting that it might have one good, unique trait.
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Samo je nužno ili zanimljivo da bi mogla imati jedno dobro, jedinstveno svojstvo.
06:29
And for that reason, we ought to be saving it.
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Iz tog bismo je razloga trebali sačuvati.
06:32
Why? As a raw material, as a trait we can use in the future.
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Zašto? Kao sirovi materijal, kao osobinu koju ćemo iskoristiti u budućnosti.
06:38
Think of diversity as giving us options.
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Zamislite raznolikost kao nešto što nam daje mogućnosti.
06:46
And options, of course, are exactly what we need in an era of climate change.
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A mogućnosti su, naravno, upravo ono što nam treba u doba klimatskih promjena.
06:53
I want to show you two slides,
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Želim vam pokazati dva slajda,
06:55
but first, I want to tell you that we've been working at the Global Crop Diversity Trust
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ali prvo vam želim reći kako u Zakladi za globalnu raznolikost usjeva radimo
06:59
with a number of scientists -- particularly at Stanford and University of Washington --
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s brojnim znanstvenicima, posebno sa sveučilišta Stanford i Washington,
07:03
to ask the question: What's going to happen to agriculture in an era of climate change
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i postavljamo pitanje: Što će biti s poljodjelstvom u doba klimatskih promjena
07:07
and what kind of traits and characteristics do we need in our agricultural crops
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te koje vrste odlika i karakteristika trebamo kod naših poljodjelskih kultura
07:11
to be able to adapt to this?
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kako bismo se tome prilagodili?
07:14
In short, the answer is that in the future, in many countries,
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Ukratko, odgovor je kako će u budućnosti u mnogim zemljama
07:18
the coldest growing seasons are going to be hotter
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najhladnija sezona rasta postati vrelija
07:22
than anything those crops have seen in the past.
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od svega što su ti usjevi ikad doživjeli.
07:25
The coldest growing seasons of the future,
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Najhladnije sezone rasta u budućnosti
07:28
hotter than the hottest of the past.
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bit će vrelije od najvrelijih u prošlosti.
07:31
Is agriculture adapted to that?
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Je li poljodjelstvo prilagođeno tome?
07:33
I don't know. Can fish play the piano?
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Ne znam. Može li riba svirati klavir?
07:36
If agriculture hasn't experienced that, how could it be adapted?
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Ako poljodjelstvo to nije nikada iskusilo, kako bi moglo biti prilagođeno?
07:41
Now, the highest concentration of poor and hungry people in the world,
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Najveća koncentracija siromašnih i gladnih ljudi na svijetu
07:45
and the place where climate change, ironically, is going to be the worst
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i mjesto gdje će klimatske promjene, ironično, biti najgore
07:48
is in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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jest Južna Azija i subsaharski pojas Afrike.
07:51
So I've picked two examples here, and I want to show you.
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Zato sam izabrao dva primjera koja bih vam htio pokazati.
07:54
In the histogram before you now,
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U histogramu koji je pred vama
07:56
the blue bars represent the historical range of temperatures,
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plavi stupci prikazuju povijesni raspon temperatura,
08:00
going back about far as we have temperature data.
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koji prikazuje podatke o temperaturi od početaka mjerenja.
08:02
And you can see that there's some difference
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Kao što vidite, postoje razlike
08:05
between one growing season and another.
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od jedne do druge sezone rasta.
08:07
Some are colder, some are hotter and it's a bell shaped curve.
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Neke su hladnije, neke toplije, a sve u svemu, to je zvonolika krivulja.
08:10
The tallest bar is the average temperature for the most number of growing seasons.
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Najviši je stupac prosječna temperatura najvećeg broja sezona rasta.
08:16
In the future, later this century, it's going to look like the red,
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U budućnosti, kasnije ovoga stoljeća, izgledat će kao crveni stupci,
08:20
totally out of bounds.
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potpuno izvan granica.
08:22
The agricultural system and, more importantly, the crops in the field in India
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Poljodjelski sustav i, još važnije, kulture na poljima Indije,
08:26
have never experienced this before.
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nikada prije to nisu iskusili.
08:29
Here's South Africa. The same story.
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Ovo je Južna Afrika. Ista priča. .
08:33
But the most interesting thing about South Africa is
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Ali najzanimljivija stvar s Južnom Afrikom jest
08:35
we don't have to wait for 2070 for there to be trouble.
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da ne moramo čekati 2070. godinu da bi tamo došlo do problema.
08:39
By 2030, if the maize, or corn, varieties, which is the dominant crop --
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Do 2030. godine, ako sorte kukuruza, koji je dominantna kultura –
08:43
50 percent of the nutrition in Southern Africa are still in the field --
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50% prehrane Južne Afrike još uvijek je u polju –
08:47
in 2030, we'll have a 30 percent decrease in production of maize
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2030. godine imat ćemo pad u proizvodnji kukuruza od 30%
08:52
because of the climate change already in 2030.
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uslijed klimatskih promjena.
08:56
30 percent decrease of production in the context of increasing population,
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Pad od 30% u proizvodnji u kontekstu povećanja populacije,
09:00
that's a food crisis. It's global in nature.
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to je kriza hrane. Ona je globalna u svojoj naravi.
09:03
We will watch children starve to death on TV.
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Na TV-u ćemo gledati djecu kako umiru od gladi.
09:06
Now, you may say that 20 years is a long way off.
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Možete reći kako je 20 godina još jako daleko.
09:09
It's two breeding cycles for maize.
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To je samo dva uzgojna ciklusa za kukuruz.
09:11
We have two rolls of the dice to get this right.
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Imamo samo dva kruga bacanja kockica da ovo riješimo kako treba.
09:14
We have to get climate-ready crops in the field,
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Moramo zasijati kulture pripremljene za klimatske promjene,
09:17
and we have to do that rather quickly.
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i trebamo to učiniti prilično brzo.
09:21
Now, the good news is that we have conserved.
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Dobra je vijest da smo čuvali.
09:24
We have collected and conserved a great deal of biological diversity,
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Prikupili smo i sačuvali veliki dio biološke raznolikosti,
09:26
agricultural diversity, mostly in the form of seed,
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poljodjelske raznolikosti, većinom u obliku sjemena,
09:30
and we put it in seed banks, which is a fancy way of saying a freezer.
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i smjestili je u banku sjemenja, koja je zapravo obični hladnjak.
09:35
If you want to conserve seed for a long term
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Ako želite sačuvati sjeme na dulje vrijeme
09:38
and you want to make it available to plant breeders and researchers,
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i želite ga učiniti dostupnim uzgajivačima biljaka i istraživačima,
09:41
you dry it and then you freeze it.
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prvo ga osušite, a zatim zamrznete.
09:44
Unfortunately, these seed banks are located around the world in buildings
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Nažalost, te su banke sjemenja razmještene po svijetu
09:47
and they're vulnerable.
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u raznim zgradama i ranjive su.
09:49
Disasters have happened. In recent years we lost the gene bank,
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Događale su se katastrofe. Nedavno smo izgubili banku gena,
09:52
the seed bank in Iraq and Afghanistan. You can guess why.
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banke sjemenja u Iraku i Afganistanu. Pogađajte zašto.
09:56
In Rwanda, in the Solomon Islands.
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U Ruandi, na Solomonskim otocima.
09:58
And then there are just daily disasters that take place in these buildings,
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A zatim su tu i svakodnevne katastrofe koje se događaju u tim zgradama,
10:01
financial problems and mismanagement and equipment failures,
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financijski problemi i greške u vođenju, kvarovi opreme
10:05
and all kinds of things, and every time something like this happens,
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razne stvari, a svaki put kad se to dogodi
10:08
it means extinction. We lose diversity.
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to znači izumiranje. Gubimo raznolikost.
10:11
And I'm not talking about losing diversity in the same way that you lose your car keys.
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Ne govorim o gubitku raznolikosti kao kad izgubite ključ svog auta.
10:16
I'm talking about losing it in the same way that we lost the dinosaurs:
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Govorim o tome gubitku kao da smo izgubili dinosaure;
10:20
actually losing it, never to be seen again.
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stvarno smo ih izgubili i više ih nikad nećemo vidjeti.
10:22
So, a number of us got together and decided that, you know, enough is enough
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I tako nas se okupila nekolicina i odlučila da bi bilo dosta
10:26
and we need to do something about that and we need to have a facility
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i da trebamo učiniti nešto u vezi toga i moramo imati objekt
10:30
that can really offer protection for our biological diversity of --
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koji stvarno nudi zaštitu za našu biološku raznolikost --
10:35
maybe not the most charismatic diversity.
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možda ne baš najkarizmatičniju raznolikost.
10:37
You don't look in the eyes of a carrot seed quite in the way you do a panda bear,
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Sjeme mrkve ne gledate u oči jednako kao pandu,
10:43
but it's very important diversity.
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ali to je vrlo važna raznolikost.
10:46
So we needed a really safe place, and we went quite far north to find it.
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Dakle, trebali smo stvarno sigurno mjesto i otišli smo daleko na sjever da bismo ga pronašli.
10:55
To Svalbard, in fact.
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Na Svalbard, zapravo.
10:57
This is above mainland Norway. You can see Greenland there.
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To je iznad norveškog kopna. Odatle možete vidjeti Grenland.
11:00
That's at 78 degrees north.
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To je na 78. stupnju sjeverno.
11:02
It's as far as you can fly on a regularly scheduled airplane.
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Dalje od toga ne možete letjeti redovitom zrakoplovnom linijom.
11:07
It's a remarkably beautiful landscape. I can't even begin to describe it to you.
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To je krajolik jedinstvene ljepote. Ne mogu vam ga ni opisati.
11:11
It's otherworldly, beautiful.
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Izgleda kao s drugog svijeta, predivno.
11:13
We worked with the Norwegian government
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Surađivali smo s norveškom vladom
11:16
and with the NorGen, the Norwegian Genetic Resources Program,
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i s NorGenom, Norveškim programom genetičkih resursa,
11:20
to design this facility.
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na dizajnu ovoga objekta.
11:22
What you see is an artist's conception of this facility,
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Ovo što vidite jest umjetnički koncept tog objekta,
11:25
which is built in a mountain in Svalbard.
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koji je izgrađen u planini na Svalbardu.
11:28
The idea of Svalbard was that it's cold,
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Ideja za Svalbald bila je da je ondje hladno,
11:31
so we get natural freezing temperatures.
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tako da imamo prirodne temperature smrzavanja.
11:34
But it's remote. It's remote and accessible
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Ali daleko je. Daleko je, ali je dostupan
11:38
so it's safe and we don't depend on mechanical refrigeration.
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i zato siguran, a i ne ovisimo o mehaničkom hlađenju.
11:43
This is more than just an artist's dream, it's now a reality.
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Ovo nije samo umjetnička zamisao, ovo je sada stvarnost.
11:49
And this next picture shows it in context, in Svalbard.
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Sljedeća slika to pokazuje u kontekstu, na Svalbardu.
11:54
And here's the front door of this facility.
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Ovo su ulazna vrata objekta.
11:59
When you open up the front door,
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Kad otvorite ulazna vrata,
12:02
this is what you're looking at. It's pretty simple. It's a hole in the ground.
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vidjet ćete ovo. Vrlo je jednostavno. To je rupa u zemlji.
12:05
It's a tunnel, and you go into the tunnel,
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To je tunel, a vi uđete u tunel,
12:08
chiseled in solid rock, about 130 meters.
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isklesan u tvrdoj stijeni, oko 130 metara.
12:11
There are now a couple of security doors, so you won't see it quite like this.
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Sad ima nekoliko sigurnosnih vrata, tako da nećete vidjeti baš ovo.
12:15
Again, when you get to the back, you get into an area that's really my favorite place.
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Kad dođete do kraja, dolazite do prostora koji mi je najdraži.
12:20
I think of it as sort of a cathedral.
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Meni je to kao katedrala.
12:22
And I know that this tags me as a bit of a nerd, but ...
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I znam sad ispadam pomalo štreber, ali...
12:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:29
Some of the happiest days of my life have been spent ...
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Neke od najsretnijih dana svog života proveo sam…
12:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:34
in this place there.
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na tom mjestu.
12:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:42
If you were to walk into one of these rooms, you would see this.
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Kad biste ušli u neku od ovih prostorija, vidjeli biste ovo.
12:50
It's not very exciting, but if you know what's there, it's pretty emotional.
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Nije naročito uzbudljivo, ali ako znate što je to, vrlo je emotivno.
12:55
We have now about 425,000
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Sad imamo oko 425 000
12:59
samples of unique crop varieties.
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uzoraka jedinstvenih sorti usjeva.
13:03
There's 70,000 samples of different varieties of rice
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70 000 sorti riže nalazi se
13:07
in this facility right now.
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u tom objektu u ovom trenutku.
13:10
About a year from now, we'll have over half a million samples.
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Za oko godinu dana, imat ćemo više od pola milijuna uzoraka.
13:13
We're going up to over a million, and someday we'll basically have samples --
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Ići ćemo i preko milijuna, a jednog ćemo dana u biti imati uzorke --
13:17
about 500 seeds --
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oko 500 sjemenki --
13:19
of every variety of agricultural crop that can be stored in a frozen state
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od svake vrste poljodjelskih kultura koje se mogu uskladištiti u smrznutom stanju
13:24
in this facility.
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u ovom objektu.
13:26
This is a backup system for world agriculture.
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Ovo je sigurnosni sustav za poljodjelstvo svijeta.
13:29
It's a backup system for all the seed banks. Storage is free.
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Ovo je sigurnosni sustav za sve banke sjemenja. Skladištenje je besplatno.
13:33
It operates like a safety deposit box.
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Funkcionira po principu sefa za sigurne pologe.
13:36
Norway owns the mountain and the facility, but the depositors own the seed.
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Norveška posjeduje planinu i objekt, ali deponenti posjeduju sjeme.
13:42
And if anything happens, then they can come back and get it.
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Ako se išta dogodi, oni mogu doći i uzeti polog.
13:46
This particular picture that you see shows the national collection of the United States,
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Slika koju gledate prikazuje nacionalnu zbirku SAD-a,
13:50
of Canada, and an international institution from Syria.
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Kanade te jedne međunarodne institucije iz Sirije.
13:54
I think it's interesting in that this facility, I think,
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Mislim da je zanimljivo kako je ovaj objekt, mislim,
13:58
is almost the only thing I can think of these days where countries,
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gotovo jedina stvar koja mi pada na pamet ovih dana,
14:02
literally, every country in the world --
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gdje doslovno svaka zemlja na svijetu --
14:05
because we have seeds from every country in the world --
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zato što imamo sjemenje iz svake zemlje na svijetu --
14:07
all the countries of the world have gotten together
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sve su se zemlje svijeta okupile
14:10
to do something that's both long term, sustainable and positive.
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kako bi učinile nešto što je istovremeno dugoročno, održivo i pozitivno.
14:16
I can't think of anything else that's happened in my lifetime that way.
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Ne mogu se sjetiti ničeg drugog što se dogodilo tijekom mog života na taj način.
14:19
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that I have a solution
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Ne mogu vas gledati u oči i reći da imam rješenje
14:24
for climate change, for the water crisis.
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za klimatske promjene, za krizu vode.
14:29
Agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supplies on earth.
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Poljodjelstvo troši 70% zaliha pitke vode na Zemlji.
14:33
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that there is such a solution
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Ne mogu vas gledati i oči i reći da postoji kakvo rješenje
14:36
for those things, or the energy crisis, or world hunger, or peace in conflict.
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za te probleme, ili za krizu energije, ili glad u svijetu, ili mir u sukobima.
14:41
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that I have a simple solution for that,
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Ne mogu vas gledati u oči i reći da imam jednostavno rješenje za to,
14:44
but I can look you in the eyes and tell you that we can't solve any of those problems
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ali vas mogu gledati u oči i reći da ne možemo riješiti nijedan od ovih problema
14:50
if we don't have crop diversity.
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ako nemamo raznolikost usjeva.
14:52
Because I challenge you to think of an effective, efficient, sustainable
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Izazivam vas da pronađete učinkovito, efikasno, održivo rješenje
15:00
solution to climate change if we don't have crop diversity.
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za klimatske promjene u slučaju da nemamo raznolikost usjeva.
15:04
Because, quite literally, if agriculture doesn't adapt to climate change,
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Jer, sasvim doslovno, ako se poljodjelstvo ne prilagodi klimatskim promjenama,
15:10
neither will we.
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nećemo ni mi.
15:12
And if crops don't adapt to climate change, neither will agriculture,
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A ako se kulture ne prilagode klimatskim promjenama, neće ni poljodjelstvo,
15:17
neither will we.
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ni mi.
15:19
So, this is not something pretty and nice to do.
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Dakle, ovo nije nešto zgodno i lijepo za raditi.
15:22
There are a lot of people who would love to have this diversity exist
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Ima mnogo ljudi koji bi rado imali tu raznolikost
15:25
just for the existence value of it.
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samo radi vrijednosti tog postojanja.
15:27
It is, I agree, a nice thing to do.
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To je, slažem se, lijepo za učiniti.
15:30
But it's a necessary thing to do.
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Ali to je i neophodno za učiniti.
15:32
So, in a very real sense, I believe that we, as an international community,
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Stoga, vrlo racionalno, vjerujem da se mi, kao međunarodna zajednica,
15:38
should get organized to complete the task.
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moramo organizirati kako bismo dovršili ovu zadaću.
15:41
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a wonderful gift
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Globalni trezor sjemenja na Svalbardu prekrasan je dar
15:44
that Norway and others have given us,
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koji su nam Norveška i drugi dali,
15:46
but it's not the complete answer.
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ali to nije cijeli odgovor.
15:48
We need to collect the remaining diversity that's out there.
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Moramo skupiti ostatak raznolikosti koja postoji.
15:51
We need to put it into good seed banks
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Trebamo je staviti u dobre banke sjemenja
15:54
that can offer those seeds to researchers in the future.
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koje će moći ponuditi to sjeme istraživačima u budućnosti.
15:58
We need to catalog it. It's a library of life,
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Moramo to katalogizirati. To je knjižnica života,
16:00
but right now I would say we don't have a card catalog for it.
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ali rekao bih da u ovom trenutku nemamo kartični katalog za nju.
16:04
And we need to support it financially.
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I trebamo to financijski poduprijeti.
16:07
My big idea would be that while we think of it as commonplace
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Moja velika zamisao bila bi da dok smatramo normalnim
16:12
to endow an art museum or endow a chair at a university,
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financiranje muzeja ili odjela na sveučilištima,
16:17
we really ought to be thinking about endowing wheat.
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zapravo bismo trebali razmišljati o financiranju pšenice.
16:21
30 million dollars in an endowment would take care
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Dar od 30 milijuna dolara bio bi dovoljan
16:25
of preserving all the diversity in wheat forever.
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da zauvijek očuvamo raznolikost pšenice.
16:29
So we need to be thinking a little bit in those terms.
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I zato bismo pomalo trebali razmišljati na taj način.
16:32
And my final thought is that we, of course, by conserving wheat,
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Moja završna misao je, naravno, da bismo očuvanjem pšenice,
16:40
rice, potatoes, and the other crops,
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riže, krumpira i drugih kultura,
16:43
we may, quite simply, end up saving ourselves.
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mogli, sasvim jednostavno, na kraju spasiti sami sebe.
16:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cary Fowler - Biodiversity archivistBiodiversity warrior Cary Fowler wants to save the world from agricultural collapse, one seed at a time.
Why you should listen
Tucked away under the snows of the Arctic Circle is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Sometimes called the doomsday vault, it's nothing less than a backup of the world's biological diversity in a horticultural world fast becoming homogenous in the wake of a flood of genetically identical GMOs.
For Cary Fowler, a self-described Tennessee farm boy, this vault is the fulfillment of a long fight against shortsighted governments, big business and potential disaster. Inside the seed vault, Fowler and his team work on preserving wheat, rice and hundreds of other crops that have nurtured humanity since our ancestors began tending crops -- and ensuring that the world's food supply has the diversity needed to stand against the omnipresent threats of disease, climate change and famine.
Cary Fowler | Speaker | TED.com