TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Jessica Green: Apakah kita menyaring mikroba yang salah?
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Apakah kita harus menjaga makhluk luar agar tetap di luar rumah sakit? Ahli ekologi dan TED Fellow Jessica Green menemukan bahwa ventilasi mekanis memang menghilangkan banyak jenis mikroba, namun jenis yang salah: mikroba yang tertinggal di rumah sakit jauh lebih mungkin adalah patogen.
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Humans in the developed world
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Manusia di negara maju
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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menghabiskan lebih dari 90 persen hidupnya di dalam ruangan
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where they breathe in and come into contact
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di mana mereka bernafas dan bersinggungan
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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dengan triliunan bentuk kehidupan yang tidak kasat mata:
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microorganisms.
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mikroorganisme.
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Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Gedung adalah ekosistem kompleks
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that are an important source
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yang merupakan sumber penting
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of microbes that are good for us,
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dari mikroba yang baik bagi kita
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and some that are bad for us.
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dan beberapa yang buruk bagi kita.
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What determines the types and distributions
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Hal apa yang menentukan jenis dan penyebaran
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of microbes indoors?
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dari mikroba di dalam ruangan?
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Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Gedung didiami oleh mikroba dari udara
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that enter through windows
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yang masuk melalui jendela
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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dan melalui sistem ventilasi mekanis.
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And they are brought inside
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Dan mikroba terbawa ke dalam gedung
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by humans and other creatures.
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oleh manusia dan makhluk lainnya.
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The fate of microbes indoors
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Nasib dari mikroba di dalam ruangan
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depends on complex interactions
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tergantung pada hubungan kompleksnya
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with humans,
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dengan manusia,
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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dan dengan lingkungan buatan manusia.
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And today, architects and biologists
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Dan kini, arsitek dan ahli biologi
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are working together
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bekerja bersama
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to explore smart building design
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untuk membuat rancangan gedung cerdas
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that will create
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yang akan menciptakan
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healthy buildings for us.
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gedung yang sehat bagi kita.
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Kita menghabiskan banyak waktu
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in buildings
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di dalam gedung
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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yang merupakan lingkungan yang sangat terkendali,
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like this building here --
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seperti gedung ini --
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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lingkungan dengan sistem ventilasi mekanis
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that include filtering,
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termasuk penyaring udara,
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heating and air conditioning.
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pemanas, dan AC.
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Mengingat jumlah waktu yang kita habiskan di dalam ruangan,
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it's important to understand
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sangat penting untuk memahami
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how this affects our health.
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bagaimana hal ini mempengaruhi kesehatan kita.
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At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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Di Pusat Biologi dan Lingkungan Buatan,
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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kami mengadakan kajian di rumah sakit
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where we sampled air
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di mana kami mengambil contoh udara
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and pulled the DNA
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dan mengambil DNA
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out of microbes in the air.
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dari mikroba di udara.
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And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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Dan kami melihat tiga jenis ruangan berbeda.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Kami melihat pada ruangan berventilasi mekanis
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which are the data points in the blue.
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yaitu titik berwarna biru.
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Kami melihat ruangan dengan ventilasi alami
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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di mana rumah sakit mengijinkan kami mematikan ventilasi mekanis
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in a wing of the building
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di bagian sayap gedung
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and pry open the windows
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dan membongkar jendela
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that were no longer operable,
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yang tidak digunakan lagi,
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but they made them operable for our study.
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namun ruangan ini digunakan dalam kajian kami.
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And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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Dan kami juga mengambil contoh udara luar.
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If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Jika Anda melihat sumbu X dari grafik ini,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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Anda akan melihat apa yang biasanya kita inginkan --
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which is keeping the outdoors out --
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yaitu menjaga makhluk di luar tetap di luar --
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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kita melakukannya dengan ventilasi mekanis.
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So if you look at the green data points,
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Jadi jika Anda melihat titik berwarna hijau
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which is air that's outside,
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yaitu udara luar,
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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Anda melihat ada banyak keanekaragaman mikroba,
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or variety of microbial types.
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atau keragaman jenis mikroba.
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But if you look at the blue data points,
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Namun jika Anda melihat titik berwarna biru,
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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yaitu udara berventilasi mekanis,
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it's not as diverse.
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keragamannya tidak sebanyak itu.
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But being less diverse
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Namun kurangnya keanekaragaman
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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tidak selalu baik bagi kesehatan kita.
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If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Jika Anda melihat sumbu Y dari grafik ini,
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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Anda akan melihat, pada udara berventilasi mekanis,
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you have a higher probability
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ada peluang yang lebih besar
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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untuk menemui patogen potensial,
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or germ,
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atau kuman,
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than if you're outdoors.
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dibandingkan di udara luar.
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So to understand why this was the case,
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Jadi untuk memahami mengapa hal ini terjadi,
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we took our data
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kami mengambil data ini
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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dan mengaturnya di dalam sebuah diagram,
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which is a statistical map
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yaitu peta statistik
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that tells you something
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yang memberi tahu Anda
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about how related the microbial communities are
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mengenai seberapa jauh hubungan komunitas mikroba
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in the different samples.
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pada contoh yang berbeda.
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The data points that are closer together
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Titik-titik yang berdekatan
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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memiliki komunitas mikroba yang lebih serupa
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than data points that are far apart.
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daripada titik-titik yang berjauhan.
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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Dan hal pertama yang dapat Anda lihat dalam grafik ini
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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adalah, jika Anda melihat pada titik berwarna biru,
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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yaitu udara berventilasi mekanis,
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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data itu bukanlah bagian dari titik berwarna hijau,
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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yang merupakan udara luar.
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What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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Apa yang kami temukan adalah udara berventilasi mekanis
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looks like humans.
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terlihat seperti manusia.
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It has microbes on it
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Ada mikroba di dalamnya
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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yang umumnya berhubungan dengan kulit kita,
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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dan dengan mulut kita, air liur kita.
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And this is because
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Dan ini karena
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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kita mengeluarkan mikroba terus menerus.
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So all of you right now
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Jadi Anda semua saat ini
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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saling berbagi mikroba satu sama lain.
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And when you're outdoors,
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Dan saat Anda di luar,
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that type of air has microbes
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udara luar mengandung mikroba
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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yang umumnya berhubungan dengan daun dan tanah.
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Why does this matter?
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Mengapa hal ini penting?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Hal ini penting karena industri kesehatan
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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adalah industri dengan pemakaian energi paling intensif kedua
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in the United States.
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di Amerika Serikat.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Rumah sakit menggunakan 2½ kali
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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energi yang dipakai gedung perkantoran.
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And the model that we're working with
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Dan model yang kita kerjakan
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in hospitals,
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di rumah sakit,
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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dan juga banyak gedung lainnya,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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adalah menjaga makhluk hidup di luar tetap di luar.
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And this model
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dan model ini
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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tidak selalu menjadi yang terbaik bagi kesehatan kita.
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And given the extraordinary amount
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Dan mengingat jumlah yang luar biasa
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of nosocomial infections,
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dari infeksi nosokomial,
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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atau infeksi yang didapatkan di rumah sakit,
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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ini merupakan petunjuk bahwa inilah waktu yang tepat
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to reconsider our current practices.
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untuk mempertimbangkan kembali praktek kita.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Sama seperti kita mengelola taman nasional,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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di mana kita mendorong pertumbuhan spesies tertentu
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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dan mencegah tumbuhnya spesies lain,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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kami bekerja menuju ke pemikiran tentang gedung
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using an ecosystem framework
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dalam bingkai ekosistem
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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di mana kita dapat mendorong jenis mikroba
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that we want to have indoors.
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yang kita inginkan di dalam ruangan.
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I've heard somebody say
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Saya mendengar seseorang mengatakan
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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bahwa kesehatan Anda sama dengan usus Anda.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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Dan karena alasan ini, banyak orang makan yogurt probiotik
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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sehiingga dapat mendorong flora usus yang sehat.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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Dan apa yang kita inginkan
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is to be able to use this concept
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adalah dapat menggunakan konsep ini
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to promote a healthy group
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untuk mendorong kelompok mikroorganisme
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of microorganisms inside.
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yang sehat di dalam tubuh.
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Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
05:16
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com