TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Jessica Green: 我們過濾掉錯的微生物嗎？
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我們是否該將戶外空氣排除在醫院之外？生態學家，也是TED會員的Jessica Green發現機械通風確實可以去除很多種微生物，但卻是錯誤的種類：存留在醫院裡的極有可能是病原體。
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Humans in the developed world
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生活在已開發國家中的人們
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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超過百分之90的時間待在室內，
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
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他們呼吸且接觸
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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肉眼看不見的無數生物：
00:26
microorganisms.
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微生物。
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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建築物是複雜的生態系統，
00:30
that are an important source
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也是人們取得微生物的重要來源，
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
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不論是好的，
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and some that are bad for us.
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還是不好的微生物。
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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什麼因素決定了室內微生物的
00:39
of microbes indoors?
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種類和分布？
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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佔據在建築物內的空氣傳播微生物
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that enter through windows
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經由窗戶
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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和機械通風裝置進入室內。
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And they are brought inside
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也經由人類和其它生物
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
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帶入室內。
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
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室內微生物的命運
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depends on complex interactions
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取決於
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with humans,
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其與人類的互動
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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和與人造環境的互動
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And today, architects and biologists
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現今，建築師和生物學家
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are working together
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一起合作
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to explore smart building design
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探索聰慧的建築設計
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that will create
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以創造
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
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對人們健康的建築物。
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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我們花非常大量的時間
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in buildings
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待在建築物內，
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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建築物是被高度控制的環境，
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like this building here --
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像這座建築物--
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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裝設有機械通風系統
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that include filtering,
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包括過濾，
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heating and air conditioning.
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暖氣和空氣調節設備。
01:30
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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考量到我們待在室內的時間，
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it's important to understand
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了解這如何影響我們的健康
01:34
how this affects our health.
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是很重要的事。
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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在這座生物和人造環境中心裡，
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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我們進行一項醫院內的研究，
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where we sampled air
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我們取樣醫院裡的空氣，
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and pulled the DNA
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從空氣中的微生物
01:46
out of microbes in the air.
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擷取DNA。
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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我們著眼於三種不同類型的房間。
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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有機械通風設備的房間
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which are the data points in the blue.
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是圖表中的藍數據點。
01:55
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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我們研究自然通風的地方
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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是醫院允許我們關閉機械通風設備的房間
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in a wing of the building
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它們位於醫院的側翼
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and pry open the windows
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我們翹開的窗戶
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that were no longer operable,
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實際上早已不能使用，
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but they made them operable for our study.
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為了我們的研究，醫院恢復它們的功能。
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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我們也從戶外空氣中取樣。
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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如果你看此表的X軸，
02:13
you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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可觀察到我們普通的作法--
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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把戶外空氣排除在外--
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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我們藉由機械通風達成此目的。
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
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如果你看表中的綠數據點，
02:23
which is air that's outside,
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這是戶外的空氣，
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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你可看到有大量的微生物多樣性，
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
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或者多樣化的微生物種類。
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
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但如果你看藍數據點，
02:32
which is mechanically ventilated air,
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它們代表機械通風的空氣，
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it's not as diverse.
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種類沒那麼多樣化。
02:37
But being less diverse
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但是種類少
02:39
is not necessarily good for our health.
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不一定對我們的健康有益處。
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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如果你看表中的Y軸，
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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你可看到，機械通風的空氣中，
02:47
you have a higher probability
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你有較高的可能性
02:49
of encountering a potential pathogen,
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會接觸到潛在的病原體，
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or germ,
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或病菌，
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than if you're outdoors.
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在戶外時，可能性反而較小
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So to understand why this was the case,
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為了瞭解其背後的原因，
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we took our data
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我們把這些資料
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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排列在序列分布圖中，
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which is a statistical map
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形成一個統計地圖，
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that tells you something
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這個圖可告訴你
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about how related the microbial communities are
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在不同的樣本中
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in the different samples.
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微生物族群的關聯性。
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The data points that are closer together
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位置相近的點
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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帶有較類似的微生物族群，
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than data points that are far apart.
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位置距離較遠的點則反之
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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可從此圖表中發現的第一件事是
03:19
is, if you look at the blue data points,
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如果你看這些藍數據點
03:21
which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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它們代表機械通風的空氣，
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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他們不單純只是綠數據點的子集，
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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綠數據點代表戶外空氣。
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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我們所發現的是機械通風的空氣
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looks like humans.
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看似人類的。
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It has microbes on it
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漂浮其中的微生物
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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和我們的皮膚、嘴巴和唾液
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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有共通關連性。
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And this is because
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這是因為
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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我們全部的人不斷地散播微生物。
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So all of you right now
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現在你們全部的人
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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正在彼此分享彼此的微生物。
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And when you're outdoors,
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當你們在戶外時，
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that type of air has microbes
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空氣中所帶的微生物
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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和植物葉子還有土攘有關連性。
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Why does this matter?
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這為什麼重要呢？
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It matters because the health care industry
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其重要性在於醫療保健產業
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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排名美國第二大
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in the United States.
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高耗能產業。
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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醫院所耗能源
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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是辦公建築物的2.5倍。
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And the model that we're working with
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現今醫院奉行的
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in hospitals,
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典範，
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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同時也可見於很多不同建築之中，
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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是將戶外空氣排除在外。
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And this model
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而這個典範
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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不一定是對我們健康最有益處的。
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And given the extraordinary amount
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鑒於非常大量的
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of nosocomial infections,
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醫院感染，
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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或者經由醫院取得的感染，
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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這提醒我們，是時候
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to reconsider our current practices.
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重新考慮目前的常規是否合適。
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So just as we manage national parks,
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如同我們管理國家公園，
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where we promote the growth of some species
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當我們促進一些物種的成長時，
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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我們也抑制其它物種的成長，
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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我們正把生態系統的架構
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using an ecosystem framework
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應用到建築的思維裡，
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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提升我們想要移到室內的
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that we want to have indoors.
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某些微生物種類。
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I've heard somebody say
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我聽過人說
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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你的健康取決於你的腸道健康。
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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因此很多人吃益生菌優格
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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就是為了促進健康的腸道菌叢。
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And what we ultimately want to do
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我們的終極目標
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is to be able to use this concept
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是應用此概念
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to promote a healthy group
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促進室內的
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of microorganisms inside.
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健康微生物群。
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Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:16
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com