TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Jessica Greenová: Filtrujeme nesprávne mikróby?
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Mali by sme nemocnice izolovať od vonkajšieho sveta? Ekologička a členka programu TED Fellows Jessica Greenová zistila, že mechanická ventilácia nás zbavuje mnohých druhov mikróbov, avšak tých nesprávnych. Tie, ktoré ostávajú v nemocniciach, majú oveľa vyššiu šancu byť patogénmi.
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Humans in the developed world
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Ľudia v rozvinutom svete
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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trávia viac ako 90 percent života vnútri budov,
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where they breathe in and come into contact
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kde vdychujú a prichádzajú do kontaktu
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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s biliónmi živých foriem, ktoré sú pre voľné oko neviditeľné,
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microorganisms.
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s mikroorganizmami.
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Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Budovy sú komplexné ekosystémy,
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that are an important source
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ktoré sú dôležitým zdrojom mikróbov,
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of microbes that are good for us,
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ktoré sú pre nás dobré
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and some that are bad for us.
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a niektorých, ktoré sú pre nás zlé.
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What determines the types and distributions
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Čo určuje typy a rozdelenie
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of microbes indoors?
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mikróbov vnútri budov?
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Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Budovy sú kolonizované mikróbmi nachádzajúcimi sa vo vzduchu,
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that enter through windows
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ktoré dnu vstupujú oknami,
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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cez mechanické ventilačné systémy
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And they are brought inside
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a prinášajú ich
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by humans and other creatures.
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aj ľudia a iné živočíchy.
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The fate of microbes indoors
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Osud mikróbov vnútri budov
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depends on complex interactions
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závisí od komplexnej interakcie
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with humans,
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s ľuďmi
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and with the human-built environment.
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a s prostredím, ktoré ľudia vytvorili.
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And today, architects and biologists
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Architekti a biológovia
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are working together
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dnes navzájom spolupracujú,
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to explore smart building design
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aby preskúmali sofistikovaný dizajn budov,
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that will create
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ktorý nám vytvorí
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healthy buildings for us.
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zdraviu prospešné budovy.
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Neobyčajne veľké množstvo času
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in buildings
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trávime v budovách,
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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ktoré sú extrémne kontrolovaným prostredím,
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like this building here --
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ako je aj táto budova,
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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prostredím, ktoré má mechanické ventilačné systémy,
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that include filtering,
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ktoré v sebe zahŕňa filtrovanie,
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heating and air conditioning.
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vykurovanie a klimatizáciu.
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Vzhľadom na množstvo času, ktoré trávime vnútri budov,
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it's important to understand
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je dôležité pochopiť,
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how this affects our health.
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ako to vplýva na naše zdravie.
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At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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V Centre pre biológiu a zastavané priestory
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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sme uskutočnili štúdiu v nemocnici,
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where we sampled air
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v ktorej sme odobrali vzorky vzduchu
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and pulled the DNA
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a vytiahli DNA
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out of microbes in the air.
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z mikróbov vo vzduchu.
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And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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Pozreli sme sa na tri rozličné typy miestností.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Pozreli sme sa na miestnosti, ktoré sa vetrali mechanicky,
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which are the data points in the blue.
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čo sú modré body.
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Pozreli sme sa na miestnosti, ktoré sa vetrali prirodzene,
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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keď nám nemocnica dovolila vypnúť mechanickú ventiláciu
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in a wing of the building
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v jednom krídle budovy
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and pry open the windows
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a páčením otvoriť okná,
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that were no longer operable,
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ktorými sa už nedalo hýbať,
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but they made them operable for our study.
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ale na účely našej štúdie ich otvorili.
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And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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Takisto sme odobrali vzorku vzduchu vonku mimo budovu.
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If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Keď sa na tomto grafe pozriete na os x,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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uvidíte, že to, čo obvykle chceme spraviť,
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which is keeping the outdoors out --
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a to je snaha izolovať od nás vonkajší priestor,
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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sme dosiahli mechanickou ventiláciou.
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So if you look at the green data points,
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Ak sa pozriete na tieto zelené body,
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which is air that's outside,
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ktoré predstavujú vonkajší vzduch,
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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uvidíte, že sú tam veľmi rozmanité mikróby
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or variety of microbial types.
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alebo celá škála ich druhov.
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But if you look at the blue data points,
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Ak sa však pozriete na modré body,
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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ktoré predstavujú mechanicky vetraný vzduch,
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it's not as diverse.
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ich rozmanitosť tu nie je taká vysoká.
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But being less diverse
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To, že nie je taká vysoká,
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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však nie je nevyhnutne dobré pre naše zdravie.
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If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Ak sa na tomto grafe pozriete na os y,
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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uvidíte, že v mechanicky vetranom vzduchu
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you have a higher probability
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máte vyššiu šancu
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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na stretnutie sa s potenciálnym patogénom
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or germ,
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alebo zárodkom,
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than if you're outdoors.
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ako keby ste boli vonku.
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So to understand why this was the case,
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Aby sme pochopili, prečo je to tak,
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we took our data
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zobrali sme naše dáta
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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a vložili ich do tohto grafu,
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which is a statistical map
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ktorý predstavuje štatistickú mapu
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that tells you something
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a hovorí vám niečo o tom,
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about how related the microbial communities are
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ako sú komunity mikróbov v rozličných vzorkách
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in the different samples.
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medzi sebou príbuzné.
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The data points that are closer together
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Body, ktoré sú k sebe bližšie,
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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majú komunity mikróbov, ktoré sú si podobnejšie ako body,
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than data points that are far apart.
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ktoré sú od seba ďaleko.
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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Prvá vec, ktorú môžete z tohto grafu vyčítať, je,
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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že ak sa pozriete na modré body,
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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ktoré predstavujú mechanicky vetraný vzduch,
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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tak tie nie sú jednoduchou podmnožinou zelených bodov,
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which are the outdoor air.
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ktoré predstavujú vonkajší vzduch.
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What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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Zistili sme, že mechanicky vetraný vzduch
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looks like humans.
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vyzerá ako ľudia.
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It has microbes on it
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Má v sebe mikróby,
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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ktoré sa obvykle spájajú s našou pokožkou,
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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ústami a slinami.
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And this is because
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Je to preto,
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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lebo my všetci neustále vypúšťame mikróby.
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So all of you right now
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Práve teraz
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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ich všetci navzájom zdieľate.
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And when you're outdoors,
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Keď ste vonku,
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that type of air has microbes
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tak ten typ vzduchu má mikróby,
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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ktoré sa zvyčajne spájajú s listami rastlín a pôdou.
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Why does this matter?
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Prečo na tom záleží?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Je to dôležité, pretože oblasť zdravotnej starostlivosti
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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je priemyslom s druhou najvyššou energetickou náročnosťou
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in the United States.
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v USA.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Nemocnice spotrebujú dvaapolkrát viac energie
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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ako kancelárske budovy
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And the model that we're working with
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a model, s ktorým pracujeme
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in hospitals,
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v nemocniciach
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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a tiež v mnohých, mnohých rôznych budovách,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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je snaha izolovať nás od vonkajšieho sveta.
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And this model
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Tento model
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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nemusí byť pre naše zdravie nevyhnutne najlepší.
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And given the extraordinary amount
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Vzhľadom na neobyčajné množstvo
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of nosocomial infections,
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nozokomiálnych infekcií
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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alebo infekcií získaných v nemocnici
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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je to dôkaz toho, že je pravý čas
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to reconsider our current practices.
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na prehodnotenie našich súčasných zvyklostí.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Presne tak, ako spravujeme národné parky,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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kde podporujeme rast niektorých druhov
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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a spomaľujeme rast iných,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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smeruje naša práca k premýšľaniu o budovách,
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using an ecosystem framework
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ktoré používajú rámec ekosystému,
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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kde môžeme podporovať druhy mikróbov,
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that we want to have indoors.
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ktoré chceme mať vo vnútri.
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I've heard somebody say
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Počula som niekoho povedať,
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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že ste takí zdraví ako vaša tráviaca sústava.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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Mnohí ľudia preto konzumujú probiotické jogurty,
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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aby mohli podporovať zdravú črevnú flóru.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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To, čo napokon chceme urobiť, je,
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is to be able to use this concept
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že budeme schopní uplatniť tento koncept
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to promote a healthy group
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na podporu zdraviu prospešných
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of microorganisms inside.
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mikroorganizmov vnútri budov.
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Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
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(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com