TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Jessica Green: Filtriramo li pogrešne mikrobe?
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Trebalo li držati vanjski svijet podalje od bolnica? Ekologinja i TED kolegica Jessica Green je pronašla kako se mehanička ventilacija rješava mnogih vrsta mikroba, ali onih pogrešnih: oni koji ostaju u bolnici imaju veće šanse da budu patogeni.
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Humans in the developed world
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Ljudi u razvijenom svijetu
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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provode više od 90 posto svog života u zatvorenom prostoru,
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
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gdje udišu i dolaze u kontakt
00:23
with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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s trilijunima oblika života koji su nevidljivi golom oku:
00:26
microorganisms.
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mikroorganizmima.
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Zgrade su kompleksni ekosustavi
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that are an important source
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i one su važan izvor
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
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mikroba koji nam pogoduju,
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and some that are bad for us.
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i nekih koji nisu dobri za nas.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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Što određuje vrste i distribuciju
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of microbes indoors?
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mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru?
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Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Zgrade su kolonozirane mikrobima iz zraka
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that enter through windows
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koji ulaze kroz prozore
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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i kroz mehaničke sustave ventilacije.
00:49
And they are brought inside
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I donose ih unutra
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
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ljudi i druga stvorenja.
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
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Sudbina mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru
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depends on complex interactions
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ovisi o kompleksnim interakcijama
00:58
with humans,
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s ljudima,
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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i s okruženjem koje su ljudi sagradili.
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And today, architects and biologists
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I danas, arhitekti i biolozi
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are working together
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rade zajedno
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to explore smart building design
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kako bi istražili pametan dizajn zgrada
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that will create
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koji će stvoriti
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
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zdrave zgrade za nas.
01:14
We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Provodimo nevjerojatne količine vremena
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in buildings
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u zgradama
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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koje su ekstremno kontrolirana okruženja,
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like this building here --
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poput ove zgrade ovdje --
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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okruženja koja imaju mehaničke sustave ventilacije
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that include filtering,
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koji uključuju filtriranje,
01:28
heating and air conditioning.
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grijanje i klimu.
01:30
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Uzimajući u obzir količinu vremena koju provodimo u zatvorenom prostoru,
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it's important to understand
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važno je shvatiti
01:34
how this affects our health.
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kako to utječe na naše zdravlje.
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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U Centru za biologiju i građevni okoliš,
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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proveli smo istraživanje u bolnici
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where we sampled air
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gdje smo uzeli uzorak zraka
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and pulled the DNA
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i izvadili DNK
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out of microbes in the air.
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iz mikroba u zraku.
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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I promatrali smo tri različite vrste soba.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Promatrali smo sobe koje imaju mehaničku ventilaciju,
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which are the data points in the blue.
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što predstavlja plave točke u podacima.
01:55
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Promatrali smo sobe s prirodnom ventilacijom,
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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gdje su nam bolnice dopustile da isključimo mehaničku ventilaciju
02:00
in a wing of the building
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u krilu zgrade
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and pry open the windows
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i otvorili smo prozore polugom
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that were no longer operable,
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koji više nisu bili upotrebljivi,
02:06
but they made them operable for our study.
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ali su ih osposobili za naše istraživanje.
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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I isto tako smo uzeli uzorak vanjskog zraka.
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Ukoliko pogledate x-os ovog grafa,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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vidjeti ćete da ono što mi često radimo --
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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a to je da držimo vanjski svijet vani --
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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uspijeli smo to napraviti s mehaničkom ventilacijom.
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So if you look at the green data points,
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Dakle, ako pogledate zelene točke podataka,
02:23
which is air that's outside,
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koje predstavljaju zrak koji se nalazi vani,
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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vidjeti ćete kako postoji velika količina raznolikosti mikroba,
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
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ili različitost mikrobskih vrsta.
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
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Ali ako pogledate plave točke podataka,
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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koje predstavljaju mehaničko ventiliran zrak,
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it's not as diverse.
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nije toliko raznolik.
02:37
But being less diverse
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Ali biti manje raznolik
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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nije nužno dobro za naše zdravlje.
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Ukoliko pogledate y-os ovog grafa,
02:44
you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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vidjeti ćete da, u mehanički ventiliranom zraku,
02:47
you have a higher probability
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imate veće šanse
02:49
of encountering a potential pathogen,
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susretanja potencijalnog patogena,
02:51
or germ,
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ili klice,
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than if you're outdoors.
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nego kada ste vani.
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So to understand why this was the case,
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Stoga, da bismo razumjeli zašto je to slučaj,
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we took our data
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uzeli smo naše podatke
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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i stavili ih u koordinacijski dijagram,
03:02
which is a statistical map
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koji predstavlja statističku mapu
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that tells you something
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koja vam govori nešto
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about how related the microbial communities are
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o tome kako su povezane zajednice mikroba
03:08
in the different samples.
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u različitim uzorcima.
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The data points that are closer together
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Podatkovne točke koje su bliže jedna drugoj
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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imaju zajednice mikroba koje su sličnije
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than data points that are far apart.
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od podatkovnih točaka koje su udaljene jedna od druge.
03:17
And the first things that you can see from this graph
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I prve stvari koje možete vidjeti iz ovog grafa
03:19
is, if you look at the blue data points,
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je, ako promatrate plave točke podataka,
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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koje predstavljaju mehanički ventiliran zrak,
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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one nisu samo podskup zelenih točaka podataka,
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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koje predstavljaju vanjski zrak.
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What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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Ono što smo otkrili je kako mehanički ventiliran zrak
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looks like humans.
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izgleda poput ljudi.
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It has microbes on it
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Ima na sebi mikrobe
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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koji se često poistovjećuju s našom kožom
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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i s našim ustima, našom pljuvačkom.
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And this is because
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A to je zbog toga jer
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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konstantno prosipamo mikrobe.
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So all of you right now
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Dakle, svi vi upravo sada
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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dijelite svoje mikrobe jedni s drugima.
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And when you're outdoors,
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A kada ste vani,
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that type of air has microbes
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ta vrsta zraka sadrži mikrobe
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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koji se često poistovjećuju s listovima biljaka i s nečistoćom.
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Why does this matter?
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Zašto je to važno?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Važno je jer je zdravstvena industrija
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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druga po redu najintenzivnija industrija u iskorištavanju energije
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in the United States.
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u Sjedinjenim Državama.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Bolnice koriste dva i pol puta
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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više energije nego uredske zgrade.
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And the model that we're working with
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A model s kojim radimo
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in hospitals,
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u bolnicama,
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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i isto tako u mnogim, mnogim drugim zgradama,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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je držati vanjski svijet vani.
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And this model
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A taj model
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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nije nužno najbolji za naše zdravlje.
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And given the extraordinary amount
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I uzimajući u obzir enormnu količinu
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of nosocomial infections,
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nozokomijalnih infekcija,
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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ili infekcija stečenih u bolnici,
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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to je znak kako je pravo vrijeme
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to reconsider our current practices.
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da razmotrimo našu trenutnu praksu.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Dakle, kao što rukovodimo nacionalnim parkovima,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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gdje promoviramo rast nekih vrsta
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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i kočimo rast nekih drugih,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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radimo prema razmišljanju o zgradama
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using an ecosystem framework
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koristeći okvir ekosustava
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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gdje možemo promovirati vrste mikroba
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that we want to have indoors.
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koje želimo imati u zatvorenom prostoru.
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I've heard somebody say
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Čula sam kako je netko rekao
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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kako ste zdravi koliko i vaše crijevo.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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I iz tog razloga, mnogi ljudi jedu probiotične jogurte
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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kako bi promovirali zdravu crijevnu floru.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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A ono što na kraju želimo učiniti
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is to be able to use this concept
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je biti u mogućnosti koristiti taj koncept
05:10
to promote a healthy group
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kako bi promovirali zdravu grupu
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of microorganisms inside.
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mikroorganizama u unutrašnjosti.
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Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com