TED2006
Helen Fisher: Why we love, why we cheat
Helen Fisher nám povie o tom, prečo milujeme a podvádzame
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Antropologička Helen Fisher sa zaoberá zložitou témou -- láska -- objasňuje jej vývoj, biochemický základ a spoločenský význam. V závere upozorňuje na potenciálnu hrozbu, ktorá pramení v nadmernom užívaní antidepresív.
Helen Fisher - Anthropologist, expert on love
Anthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love. Full bio
Anthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Dnes by som rada hovorila o dvoch najrozšírenejších spoločenských trendoch nadchádzajúceho storočia
00:25
I'd like to talk today
about the two biggest social trends
about the two biggest social trends
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00:30
in the coming century,
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00:31
and perhaps in the next 10,000 years.
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alebo možno ďalších 10 000 rokov.
Chcela by som ale začať s mojou publikáciou o romantickej láske,
00:34
But I want to start
with my work on romantic love,
with my work on romantic love,
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00:38
because that's my most recent work.
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pretože ide o moju ostatnú prácu.
To, čo som urobila ja s mojimi kolegami bolo, že sme 32 ľudí, ktorí boli bláznivo zaľúbení,
00:41
What I and my colleagues did was put
32 people, who were madly in love,
32 people, who were madly in love,
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00:45
into a functional MRI brain scanner.
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skúmali prostredníctvom funkčného MRI skenera mozgu.
17, ktorí boli bláznivo zaľúbení a ich láska bola opätovaná
00:48
17 who were madly in love
and their love was accepted;
and their love was accepted;
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a 15, ktorí boli bláznivo zaľúbení a dostali kopačky.
00:51
and 15 who were madly in love
and they had just been dumped.
and they had just been dumped.
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Preto vám chcem povedať najskôr o tomto,
00:54
And so I want to tell you
about that first,
about that first,
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a potom prejsť k tomu, kde si myslím, že sa láska uberá.
00:57
and then go on into where
I think love is going.
I think love is going.
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01:01
(Laughter)
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01:03
"What 'tis to love?" Shakespeare said.
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Shakespeare sa opýtal: "Čo znamená ľúbiť?"
Myslím, že naši predkovia -- ľudské bytosti -- si lámu hlavu nad touto otázkou
01:07
I think our ancestors --
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01:09
I think human beings have been
wondering about this question
wondering about this question
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odvtedy, odkedy sedeli okolo ohniska alebo ležali a dívali sa na hviezdy pred miliónmi rokov.
01:13
since they sat around their campfires
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01:15
or lay and watched
the stars a million years ago.
the stars a million years ago.
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01:19
I started out by trying to figure out
what romantic love was
what romantic love was
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Začala som tým, že som sa snažila prísť na to, čo je to romantická láska
prostredníctvom 45 ročného výskumu -- výlučne psychologického výskumu,
01:22
by looking at the last 45 years
of the psychological research
of the psychological research
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01:28
and as it turns out,
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a tak sa ukázalo, že existuje veľmi špecifická skupina vecí, ktoré sa dejú, keď sa zaľúbime.
01:29
there's a very specific group of things
that happen when you fall in love.
that happen when you fall in love.
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Prvá vec, ktorá sa stane, je to, čo nazývam --
01:34
The first thing that happens is,
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01:36
a person begins to take on
what I call, "special meaning."
what I call, "special meaning."
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že osoba nadobudne to, čomu hovorím "špeciálny význam."
Ako mi raz jeden vodič kamiónu povedal:
01:40
As a truck driver once said to me,
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„Svet mal nový stred. Tým stredom bola Mary Anne."
01:42
"The world had a new center,
and that center was Mary Anne."
and that center was Mary Anne."
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01:46
George Bernard Shaw said it differently.
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Goerge Bernard Shaw to povedal trošku inak.
Povedal: „Láska spočíva v preceňovaní rozdielov medzi jednou ženou a inou."
01:48
"Love consists of overestimating
the differences
the differences
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01:51
between one woman and another."
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Skutočne je to to, čo robíme. (Smiech)
01:53
And indeed, that's what we do.
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01:55
(Laughter)
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01:58
And then you just focus on this person.
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Potom sa iba zameriate na túto osobu.
02:01
You can list what you
don't like about them,
don't like about them,
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Môžete urobiť zoznam toho, čo na nich nemáte radi,
potom to ale dáte bokom a zameriate sa na to, čo robíte.
02:04
but then you sweep that aside
and focus on what you do.
and focus on what you do.
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02:07
As Chaucer said, "Love is blind."
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Ako povedal Chaucer: „Láska je slepá."
02:11
In trying to understand romantic love,
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V snahe pochopiť romantickú lásku
02:13
I decided I would read poetry
from all over the world,
from all over the world,
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som sa rozhodla, že budem čítať poéziu z celého sveta.
02:16
and I just want to give
you one very short poem
you one very short poem
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Chcela by som vám povedať jednu veľmi krátku čínsku báseň z ôsmeho storočia,
02:19
from eighth-century China,
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pretože je to takmer dokonalý príklad muža, ktorý je úplne zameraný na určitú ženu.
02:20
because it's an almost perfect example
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02:22
of a man who is focused totally
on a particular woman.
on a particular woman.
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Podobá sa to trošku tomu, keď ste do niekoho bezhlavo zaľúbení
02:26
It's a little bit like when you are
madly in love with somebody
madly in love with somebody
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a prídete na parkovisko.
02:29
and you walk into a parking lot --
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Jej/jeho auto je iné ako ktorékoľvek na parkovisku.
02:31
their car is different
from every other car in the parking lot.
from every other car in the parking lot.
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Jej/jeho pohár na víno pri večery je iný ako ktorýkoľvek iný pohár na víno na večierku.
02:34
Their wine glass at dinner
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02:36
is different from every other wine glass
at the dinner party.
at the dinner party.
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02:39
And in this case, a man got hooked
on a bamboo sleeping mat.
on a bamboo sleeping mat.
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Takýmto spôsobom sa jeden človek stal závislým na bambusovom koberčeku na spanie.
Bolo to takto. Je to o človeku menom Yuan Chen:
02:44
And it goes like this.
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02:45
It's by a guy called Yuan Zhen.
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„Nedokážem dať preč bambusový koberček na spanie.
02:48
"I cannot bear to put away
the bamboo sleeping mat.
the bamboo sleeping mat.
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Noc, kedy som Ťa priviedol domov, sledoval som Ťa, ako si ho rozbalila."
02:51
The night I brought you home,
I watched you roll it out."
I watched you roll it out."
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Stal sa závislým od spacieho koberčeka,
02:55
He became hooked on a sleeping mat,
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pravdepodobne kvôli zvýšenej aktivite dopamínu v mozgu,
02:57
probably because of elevated activity
of dopamine in his brain,
of dopamine in his brain,
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tak ako je to u vás alebo u mňa.
03:00
just like with you and me.
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Nielen, že táto osoba má špeciálny význam,
03:02
But anyway, not only does this person
take on special meaning,
take on special meaning,
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ale aj vy upriamite svoju pozornosť na ňu.
03:05
you focus your attention on them.
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03:07
You aggrandize them.
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Zvýšite ju. No máte intenzívnu energiu.
03:09
But you have intense energy.
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Podľa slov jedného Polynézana: „Cítil som sa akoby som skákal do neba."
03:11
As one Polynesian said,
"I felt like jumping in the sky."
"I felt like jumping in the sky."
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Ste hore celú noc. Prechádzate sa do svitania.
03:15
You're up all night.
You're walking till dawn.
You're walking till dawn.
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Cítite veľkú eufóriu, keď sa veci uberajú dobrým smerom,
03:18
You feel intense elation
when things are going well;
when things are going well;
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upadáte do strašnej beznádeje, keď veci idú zle.
03:21
mood swings into horrible despair
when things are going poorly.
when things are going poorly.
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Skutočná závislosť na tejto osobe.
03:24
Real dependence on this person.
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Tak ako mi povedal jeden obchodník v New Yorku: „Čokoľvek, čo má rada ona, mám rád ja."
03:27
As one businessman in New York said to me,
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03:29
"Anything she liked, I liked."
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Jednoduché. Romantická láske je veľmi jednoduchá.
03:32
Simple. Romantic love is very simple.
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03:35
You become extremely sexually possessive.
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Stanete sa extrémne sexuálne majetnícki.
03:37
You know, if you're just sleeping
with somebody casually,
with somebody casually,
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Poznáte to, ak práve spíte s niekým náhodne,
03:40
you don't really care
if they're sleeping with somebody else.
if they're sleeping with somebody else.
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naozaj sa nezaujímate, či spí aj s niekým iným.
Ale, od momentu kedy sa zaľúbite,
03:43
But the moment you fall in love,
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sa stanete extrémne sexuálne majetníckym voči danej osobe.
03:45
you become extremely
sexually possessive of them.
sexually possessive of them.
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Myslím, že to má Darwinovskú príčinu.
03:47
I think there's a Darwinian
purpose to this.
purpose to this.
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03:50
The whole point of this
is to pull two people together
is to pull two people together
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Podstatou je pritiahnuť k sebe dvoch ľudí
dostatočne silno na to, aby začali spolu vychovávať deti.
03:53
strongly enough to begin
to rear babies as a team.
to rear babies as a team.
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03:57
But the main characteristics
of romantic love are craving:
of romantic love are craving:
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No hlavným znakom romantickej lásky je túžba,
04:00
an intense craving
to be with a particular person,
to be with a particular person,
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intenzívna túžba byť s určitým človekom, nielen sexuálne, ale aj emocionálne.
04:04
not just sexually, but emotionally.
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04:06
It would be nice to go to bed with them,
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Bolo by pekné skončiť s ňou/ním v posteli,
ale chcete, aby vám telefonoval/a, pozýval/a vás von,
04:10
but you want them to call you
on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,
on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,
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04:14
to tell you that they love you.
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hovoril/a vám, že vás ľúbi, atď.
04:17
The other main characteristic
is motivation.
is motivation.
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Druhým hlavným znakom je motivácia.
Motor vo vašom mozgu sa naštartuje a vy chcete túto osobu.
04:22
The motor in the brain begins to crank,
and you want this person.
and you want this person.
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04:25
And last but not least,
it is an obsession.
it is an obsession.
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A v neposlednom rade, je to posadnutosť.
Pred tým, ako som posadila ľudí pred prístroje,
04:28
Before I put these people
in the MRI machine,
in the MRI machine,
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04:32
I would ask them all kinds of questions.
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opýtala som sa ich rôzne druhy otázok.
04:34
But my most important question
was always the same.
was always the same.
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No moja najdôležitejšia otázka bola vždy rovnaká.
„Aké percento dňa a noci myslíte na danú osobu?"
04:37
It was: "What percentage of the day
and night do you think about this person?"
and night do you think about this person?"
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Samozrejme, odpovedali: „Celý deň. Celú noc. Nikdy na ňu/neho nemôžem prestať myslieť."
04:42
And indeed, they would say,
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"All day. All night.
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04:46
I can never stop thinking
about him or her."
about him or her."
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04:49
And then, the very last question --
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Úplne posledná otázka, na ktorú som sa ich pýtala --
04:51
I would always have to work
myself up to this question,
myself up to this question,
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vždy som sa musela k tej otázke sama dopracovať --
pretože nie som psychológ.
04:54
because I'm not a psychologist.
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Nepracujem s ľuďmi v žiadnej traumatickej situácii.
04:55
I don't work with people
in any kind of traumatic situation.
in any kind of traumatic situation.
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Moja posledná otázka bola vždy rovnaká.
04:59
My final question was always the same.
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Opýtala som sa: „Zomreli by ste pre ňu/pre neho?"
05:01
I would say,
"Would you die for him or her?"
"Would you die for him or her?"
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Títo ľudia, ako inak, odpovedali: „Áno!"
05:04
And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!"
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ako keby som sa ich opýtala, či by mi podali soľ.
05:06
as if I had asked them to pass the salt.
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Šokovalo ma to.
05:08
I was just staggered by it.
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05:12
So we scanned their brains,
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Tak sme urobili snímky ich mozgov, keď sa pozerali na fotografiu ich miláčika a keď sa pozerali na neutrálnu fotografiu
05:15
looking at a photograph
of their sweetheart
of their sweetheart
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05:17
and looking at a neutral photograph,
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s úlohou pomedzi na rozptýlenie.
05:18
with a distraction task in between.
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Tak sme mohli zistiť nasledovné -- videli sme ten istý mozog, keď bol v stave činnosti
05:20
So we could look at the same brain
when it was in that heightened state
when it was in that heightened state
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05:25
and when it was in a resting state.
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a keď bol v stave pokoja.
Spozorovali sme aktivitu v mnohých častiach mozgu.
05:28
And we found activity
in a lot of brain regions.
in a lot of brain regions.
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V podstate, jednou z najdôležitejších bola časť mozgu,
05:30
In fact, one of the most important
was a brain region
was a brain region
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ktorá sa aktivuje, keď cítite nával kokaínu.
05:33
that becomes active
when you feel the rush of cocaine.
when you feel the rush of cocaine.
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Vlastne presne to sa deje.
05:37
And indeed, that's exactly what happens.
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05:40
I began to realize that romantic love
is not an emotion.
is not an emotion.
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Začala som si uvedomovať, že romantická láska nie je emócia.
V skutočnosti som si vždy myslela, že to je sled emócií,
05:45
In fact, I had always thought
it was a series of emotions,
it was a series of emotions,
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od veľmi silných po veľmi slabé.
05:47
from very high to very low.
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05:49
But actually, it's a drive.
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Ale v skutočnosti je to hnacia sila. Prichádza od motora mysle,
05:51
It comes from the motor of the mind,
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05:53
the wanting part of the mind,
the craving part of the mind.
the craving part of the mind.
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neuspokojivej časti mysle, žiadostivej časti mysle.
Druhu mysle -- časti mysle --
05:57
The kind of part of the mind
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05:58
when you're reaching
for that piece of chocolate,
for that piece of chocolate,
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keď siahate po kúsku čokolády,
keď chcete získať povýšenie v práci.
06:01
when you want to win
that promotion at work.
that promotion at work.
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Motor mozgu. Hnacia sila.
06:05
The motor of the brain.
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06:07
It's a drive.
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06:08
And in fact, I think it's more powerful
than the sex drive.
than the sex drive.
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V skutočnosti si myslím, že je mocnejšia ako sexuálny pud.
Viete, ak niekoho požiadate, aby s vami išiel do postele, a on povie: „Nie ďakujem."
06:11
You know, if you ask somebody
to go to bed with you,
to go to bed with you,
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06:14
and they say, "No, thank you,"
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obvykle nespáchate samovraždu, alebo neupadnete do klinickej depresie.
06:15
you certainly don't kill yourself
or slip into a clinical depression.
or slip into a clinical depression.
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Určite však na celom svete ľudia, ktorí sú v láske odmietnutí, pre ňu zabíjajú.
06:19
But certainly, around the world,
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06:22
people who are rejected
in love will kill for it.
in love will kill for it.
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Ľudia žijú pre lásku. Pre lásku zabíjajú. Pre lásku zomierajú.
06:27
People live for love.
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06:28
They kill for love.
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06:29
They die for love.
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06:31
They have songs, poems, novels,
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Majú piesne, básne, romány, sochy, maľby, mýty, legendy.
06:34
sculptures, paintings, myths, legends.
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Vo vyše 175 spoločnostiach, ľudia zanechali zmienku o tomto mocnom systéme mozgu.
06:38
In over 175 societies,
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people have left their evidence
of this powerful brain system.
of this powerful brain system.
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Uvažovaním som dospela k tomu, že je to jeden z najmocnejších systémov mozgu na zemi,
06:45
I have come to think
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it's one of the most powerful
brain systems on Earth
brain systems on Earth
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tak pre obrovskú radosť, ako aj pre obrovské utrpenie.
06:49
for both great joy and great sorrow.
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Tiež som dospela k tomu, že je to jeden z troch,
06:52
And I've also come to think
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06:53
that it's one of three
basically different brain systems
basically different brain systems
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v princípe odlišných, systémov mozgu, ktoré sa vyvinuli z párenia a reprodukcie.
06:57
that evolved from mating and reproduction.
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Prvým je sexuálny pud: túžba po sexuálnom uspokojení.
06:59
One is the sex drive:
the craving for sexual gratification.
the craving for sexual gratification.
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07:03
W.H. Auden called it
an "intolerable neural itch,"
an "intolerable neural itch,"
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W.H. Auden to nazval: „neznesiteľné neurčité svrbenie,"
07:06
and indeed, that's what it is.
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a v podstate je to ono.
Do istej miery vás to neustále vyrušuje, ako keď ste hladní.
07:09
It keeps bothering you
a little bit, like being hungry.
a little bit, like being hungry.
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Druhým z týchto systémov mozgu je romantická láska:
07:13
The second of these three brain
systems is romantic love:
systems is romantic love:
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07:16
that elation, obsession of early love.
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tá eufória a posadnutosť láskou, ktorá je v začiatkoch.
07:18
And the third brain system is attachment:
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Tretím systémom mozgu je náklonnosť:
pocit harmónie a bezpečia, ktorý môžete cítiť k dlhodobému partnerovi.
07:21
that sense of calm and security
you can feel for a long-term partner.
you can feel for a long-term partner.
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07:25
And I think that the sex drive
evolved to get you out there,
evolved to get you out there,
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Myslím si, že sexuálny pud sa vyvinul preto, aby ste sa k tomu dopracovali,
prostredníctvom celej škály partnerov.
07:28
looking for a whole range of partners.
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Viete, čo cítite, keď iba obchádzate autom stále dookola.
07:30
You can feel it when you're just
driving along in your car.
driving along in your car.
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Nemusí to byť zamerané na nikoho.
07:33
It can be focused on nobody.
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Myslím si, že romantická láska sa vyvinula aby zabránila plytvaniu vašou partnerskou energiou
07:35
I think romantic love evolved
to enable you to focus your mating energy
to enable you to focus your mating energy
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07:38
on just one individual at a time,
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iba na jednu osobu v danom čase,
07:40
thereby conserving mating time and energy.
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a týmto šetrí reprodukčný čas a energiu.
07:43
And I think that attachment,
the third brain system,
the third brain system,
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Myslím, že náklonnosť, ako tretí systém,
sa vyvinula, aby nám umožnila tolerovať tento spôsob ľudského bytia --- (Smiech) --
07:46
evolved to enable you to tolerate
this human being
this human being
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07:49
at least long enough to raise
a child together as a team.
a child together as a team.
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aspoň tak dlho, aby ste spolu vychovali dieťa.
07:55
So with that preamble,
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Týmto úvodom by som chcela prejsť k diskusii o dvoch najdômyselnejších sociálnych trendoch.
07:57
I want to go into discussing
the two most profound social trends.
the two most profound social trends.
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08:03
One of the last 10,000 years
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Jeden za posledných 10 000 rokov a druhý -- určite za posledných 25 rokov --
08:06
and the other,
certainly of the last 25 years,
certainly of the last 25 years,
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ktoré budú mať vplyv na tieto tri odlišné sféry mozgu:
08:10
that are going to have an impact
on these three different brain systems:
on these three different brain systems:
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neovládateľná túžba, romantická láska a hlboká náklonnosť k partnerovi.
08:15
lust, romantic love
and deep attachment to a partner.
and deep attachment to a partner.
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Po prvé, ženy vstupujú na pracovný trh.
08:19
The first is women working,
moving into the workforce.
moving into the workforce.
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Dívala som sa na 130 spoločností v demografickej ročenke OSN.
08:26
I've looked at 130 societies
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08:29
through the demographic yearbooks
of the United Nations.
of the United Nations.
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Všade na svete, v 129 z nich, ženy prichádzajú na pracovný trh --
08:31
Everywhere in the world,
129 out of 130 of them,
129 out of 130 of them,
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08:36
women are not only moving
into the job market --
into the job market --
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08:38
sometimes very, very slowly,
but they are moving into the job market --
but they are moving into the job market --
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niekedy veľmi, veľmi pomaly, ale prichádzajú --
08:42
and they are very slowly closing
that gap between men and women
that gap between men and women
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a veľmi pomaly zmenšujú priepasť medzi mužmi a ženami
08:46
in terms of economic power,
health and education.
health and education.
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pokiaľ ide o ekonomickú silu, zdravotníctvo a vzdelanie.
Prebieha to veľmi pomaly.
08:50
It's very slow.
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08:51
For every trend on this planet,
there's a counter-trend.
there's a counter-trend.
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Každý trend na tejto planéte má aj trend opačný.
08:54
We all know of them, but nevertheless --
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Všetci o nich vieme, ale napriek tomu -- existuje jedno staré arabské príslovie.
08:57
the Arabs say, "The dogs may bark,
but the caravan moves on."
but the caravan moves on."
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Arabi hovoria: „Psy štekajú a karavána ide ďalej."
Samozrejme, karavána ide ďalej.
09:03
And, indeed, that caravan is moving on.
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Ženy vstupujú späť na pracovný trh.
09:05
Women are moving back into the job market.
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Vrátim, späť na pracovný trh, pretože to nie je nič nové.
09:08
And I say back into the job market,
because this is not new.
because this is not new.
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Milióny rokov, na afrických pastvinách,
09:12
For millions of years,
on the grasslands of Africa,
on the grasslands of Africa,
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ženy dochádzali do práce, aby pozbierali svoju úrodu zeleniny.
09:15
women commuted to work
to gather their vegetables.
to gather their vegetables.
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Prišli domov so 60 až 80 percentami jedla na večeru.
09:18
They came home with 60 to 80 percent
of the evening meal.
of the evening meal.
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09:22
The double income family was the standard.
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Dvojitý príjem rodiny predstavoval štandard.
09:25
And women were regarded
as just as economically,
as just as economically,
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Ženy boli považované za ekonomicky, spoločensky a sexuálne rovnocenné mužom.
09:29
socially and sexually powerful as men.
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09:32
In short, we're really
moving forward to the past.
moving forward to the past.
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V skratke, skutočne sa vraciame do minulosti.
Ďalej, najhorším vynálezom ženy bol pluh.
09:37
Then, women's worst
invention was the plow.
invention was the plow.
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S nástupom pluhového poľnohospodárstva, došlo k výraznému posilneniu úlohy muža.
09:42
With the beginning of plow agriculture,
men's roles became extremely powerful.
men's roles became extremely powerful.
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Ženy prišli o svoju starovekú pracú zberačiek,
09:46
Women lost their ancient
jobs as collectors,
jobs as collectors,
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ale potom s nástupom priemyselnej revolúcie a po priemyselnej revolúcii
09:50
but then with the industrial revolution
and the post-industrial revolution
and the post-industrial revolution
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sa dostávajú opäť na pracovný trh.
09:54
they're moving back into the job market.
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V krátkosti, získavajú postavenie, ktoré mali už pred milión rokmi,
09:56
In short, they are acquiring the status
that they had a million years ago,
that they had a million years ago,
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10 000 rokmi a 100 000 rokmi.
10:01
10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago.
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10:04
We are seeing now one
of the most remarkable traditions
of the most remarkable traditions
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Teraz vidíme jednu z najpozoruhodnejších tradícií v histórii ľudstva,
10:09
in the history of the human animal.
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ktorá bude mať vplyv.
10:13
And it's going to have an impact.
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Obvykle venujem celú prednášku vplyvu žien na obchod.
10:15
I generally give a whole lecture
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10:16
on the impact of women
on the business community.
on the business community.
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Poviem iba zopár vecí a potom prejdem k sexu a láske.
10:18
I'll say just a couple of things,
and then go on to sex and love.
and then go on to sex and love.
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Existuje veľa rodových rozdielov,
10:22
There's a lot of gender differences;
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každý, kto si myslí, že muži a ženy sú si podobní, nikdy nemal dcéru alebo syna.
10:23
anybody who thinks men and women are alike
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10:26
simply never had a boy and a girl child.
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Neviem, prečo tomu tak je, že chcú uvažovať o mužoch a ženách ako o podobných.
10:28
I don't know why they want to think
that men and women are alike.
that men and women are alike.
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Je veľa toho, čo máme spoločné, ale aj veľké množstvo toho,
10:31
There's much we have in common,
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10:32
but there's a whole lot
that we do not have in common.
that we do not have in common.
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čo nemáme spoločné.
10:35
We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes,
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1976
Sme -- podľa slov Teda Hughesa,
10:37
"I think that we are like two feet.
We need each other to get ahead."
We need each other to get ahead."
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„Myslím, že sme boli stvorení -- ako dve nohy. Potrebujeme obe, aby sme dokázali kráčať vpred."
Nevyvinuli sme sa ale tak, aby sme zdieľali ten istý mozog.
10:42
But we did not evolve
to have the same brain.
to have the same brain.
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10:45
And we're finding more and more
gender differences in the brain.
gender differences in the brain.
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Stále nachádzame viac a viac rodových rozdielov v mozgu.
Uvediem iba zopár z nich, aby sme sa dostali k sexu a láske.
10:49
I'll only just use a couple
and then move on to sex and love.
and then move on to sex and love.
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10:52
One of them is women's verbal ability.
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Jedným z nich je ženská schopnosť verbálnej komunikácie. Ženy vedia rozprávať.
10:54
Women can talk.
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10:55
Women's ability to find the right word
rapidly, basic articulation
rapidly, basic articulation
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Schopnosť ženy nájsť správne slovo rýchlo, základná artikulácia,
10:59
goes up in the middle
of the menstrual cycle,
of the menstrual cycle,
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stúpa v strede menštruačného cyklu, keď hladina estrogénu vrcholí.
11:02
when estrogen levels peak.
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No i počas menštruácie, sú lepšie ako priemerný muž.
11:03
But even at menstruation,
they're better than the average man.
they're better than the average man.
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Ženy vedia rozprávať.
11:07
Women can talk.
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Robia to už milióny rokov, slová boli nástrojmi žien.
11:09
They've been doing it for a million years;
words were women's tools.
words were women's tools.
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11:12
They held that baby
in front of their face,
in front of their face,
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Držali dieťa pred svojou tvárou,
prihovárajúc sa mu, karhajúc ho, vzdelávajúc ho za pomoci slov.
11:14
cajoling it, reprimanding it,
educating it with words.
educating it with words.
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V podstate sa stávajú veľmi účinnou silou.
11:18
And, indeed, they're becoming
a very powerful force.
a very powerful force.
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11:21
Even in places like India and Japan,
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Dokonca aj na miestach ako sú India a Japonsko,
kde sa ženy nie až tak rýchlo dostávajú na bežný trh práce,
11:27
where women are not moving rapidly
into the regular job market,
into the regular job market,
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11:30
they're moving into journalism.
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sa presadzujú v žurnalistike.
11:32
And I think that the television
is like the global campfire.
is like the global campfire.
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Myslím, že televízia je ako globálny táborák.
11:36
We sit around it and it shapes our minds.
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Sedíme okolo nej a ona formuje naše mysle.
11:40
Almost always, when I'm on TV,
the producer who calls me,
the producer who calls me,
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Takmer vždy, keď idem do TV, producent, ktorý mi volá,
ktorý sa vyjadruje k tomu, o čom budeme hovoriť, je žena.
11:44
who negotiates what we're going to say,
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11:47
is a woman.
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Solženicyn raz povedal:
11:48
In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said,
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„Mať veľkého spisovateľa znamená mať inú vládu."
11:50
"To have a great writer
is to have another government."
is to have another government."
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Dnes 54 percent ľudí, ktorí sú v Amerike spisovateľmi, sú ženy.
11:54
Today 54 percent of people
who are writers in America are women.
who are writers in America are women.
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Je to jeden z veľkého množstva znakov žien, ktorým
11:59
It's one of many,
many characteristics that women have
many characteristics that women have
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obohatia pracovný trh.
12:02
that they will bring into the job market.
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Majú neskutočné zručnosti, komunikačné zručnosti.
12:04
They've got incredible people skills,
negotiating skills.
negotiating skills.
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Sú vysoko tvorivé.
12:09
They're highly imaginative.
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12:10
We now know the brain circuitry
of imagination, of long-term planning.
of imagination, of long-term planning.
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V súčasnosti poznáme v mozgu systém predstavivosti a dlhodobého plánovania.
Inklinujú k tomu byť mysliteľmi.
12:15
They tend to be web thinkers.
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12:17
Because the female parts
of the brain are better connected,
of the brain are better connected,
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Časti mozgu u žien sú lepšie prepojené,
preto sú schopné zozbierať viac druhov informácií, keď uvažujú,
12:20
they tend to collect more
pieces of data when they think,
pieces of data when they think,
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dávajú ich do oveľa komplexnejších väzieb, vnímajú viac podmienky a výsledky.
12:23
put them into more complex patterns,
see more options and outcomes.
see more options and outcomes.
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Majú sklon byť kontextuálnymi, holistickými mysliteľmi, čo nazývam sieťovým myslením.
12:28
They tend to be contextual,
holistic thinkers,
holistic thinkers,
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12:32
what I call web thinkers.
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12:33
Men tend to -- and these are averages --
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Muži majú sklon -- hovoríme o priemeroch --- majú sklon zbavovať sa toho, čo považujú za irelevantné,
12:35
tend to get rid of what they regard
as extraneous,
as extraneous,
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vzhľadom na to, čo robia, a pohybovať sa vo viac postupných väzbách myslenia.
12:38
focus on what they do,
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12:39
and move in a more
step-by-step thinking pattern.
step-by-step thinking pattern.
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Oba spôsoby myslenia sú veľmi dobré.
12:45
They're both perfectly good
ways of thinking.
ways of thinking.
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Aby sme mohli napredovať, potrebujeme oba.
12:48
We need both of them to get ahead.
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12:50
In fact, there's many more
male geniuses in the world.
male geniuses in the world.
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V skutočnosti je na svete oveľa viac mužov géniov.
12:53
And there's also many more
male idiots in the world.
male idiots in the world.
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Aj keď --- na svete je tiež oveľa viac mužov idiotov. (Smiech)
12:56
(Laughter)
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Keď mužský mozog pracuje správne, pracuje extrémne dobre.
12:58
When the male brain works well,
it works extremely well.
it works extremely well.
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Ja -- ja si skutočne myslím, že sa pohybujeme smerom ku spoločnosti vytváranej spoluprácou,
13:01
And what I really think
that we're doing is,
that we're doing is,
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13:04
we're moving towards
a collaborative society,
a collaborative society,
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ku spoločnosti, v ktorej schopnosti tak mužov ako aj žien sú chápané,
13:07
a society in which the talents
of both men and women
of both men and women
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13:09
are becoming understood
and valued and employed.
and valued and employed.
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ocenené a využité.
13:13
But in fact, women moving
into the job market
into the job market
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Skutočnosť, že ženy prichádzajú na pracovný trh, má veľký dopad
13:16
is having a huge impact
on sex and romance and family life.
on sex and romance and family life.
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na sex, lásku a rodinný život.
Predovšetkým, ženy začínajú dávať priechod svojej sexualite.
13:22
Foremost, women are starting
to express their sexuality.
to express their sexuality.
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13:27
I'm always astonished
when people come to me and say,
when people come to me and say,
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2626
Vždy žasnem, keď za mnou prídu ľudia s otázkou:
„Prečo sú muži takí sukničkári?"
13:30
"Why is it that men are so adulterous?"
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Odpovedám: „Prečo si myslíte, že muži sú viac neverní ako ženy?"
13:32
"Why do you think
more men are adulterous than women?"
more men are adulterous than women?"
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2713
„Ale nuž -- muži sú väčší záletníci!"
13:35
"Well, men are more adulterous!"
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Moja odpoveď: „S kým si myslíte, že títo muži spávajú?"
13:36
And I say, "Who do you think
these men are sleeping with?"
these men are sleeping with?"
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Základná matematika! (Smiech)
13:39
(Laughter)
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13:41
And -- basic math!
264
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1728
Každopádne.
13:42
Anyway.
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V západnom svete, mladé dievčatá začínajú --
13:44
In the Western world,
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3596
13:47
women start sooner at sex,
have more partners,
have more partners,
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ženy začínajú so sexom skôr, majú viac partnerov,
13:50
express less remorse
for the partners that they do,
for the partners that they do,
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2885
majú menej výčitiek, že týchto partnerov majú.
13:53
marry later, have fewer children,
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2682
vydávajú sa neskôr, majú menej detí, opúšťajú nevydarené manželstvá kvôli lepším.
13:56
leave bad marriages
in order to get good ones.
in order to get good ones.
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2905
13:59
We are seeing the rise
of female sexual expression.
of female sexual expression.
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3979
Vidíme vzostup ženskej sexuality a jej vyjadrovania.
V skutočnosti sa vraciame späť k sexualite,
14:03
And, indeed, once again we're moving
forward to the kind of sexual expression
forward to the kind of sexual expression
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4721
ktorá tu bola pravdepodobne pred miliónmi rokov na afrických savanách,
14:08
that we probably saw on the grasslands
of Africa a million years ago,
of Africa a million years ago,
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3684
14:11
because this is the kind
of sexual expression that we see
of sexual expression that we see
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pretože ide o ten druh sexuality, ktorý vidíme
14:14
in hunting and gathering societies today.
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2258
u dnešných spoločenstiev lovcov a zberačov.
14:17
We're also returning
to an ancient form of marriage equality.
to an ancient form of marriage equality.
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3976
Vraciame sa tiež k starovekej podobe manželskej rovnosti.
Hovorí sa, že 21. storočie
14:22
They're now saying that the 21st century
277
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4556
14:26
is going to be the century of what
they call the "symmetrical marriage,"
they call the "symmetrical marriage,"
278
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3976
bude storočím tzv. „symetrického manželstva",
14:30
or the "pure marriage,"
or the "companionate marriage."
or the "companionate marriage."
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5384
alebo „čistého manželstva" alebo „družného manželstva."
Ide o manželstvo medzi seberovnými,
14:36
This is a marriage between equals,
280
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3568
14:39
moving forward to a pattern
281
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ktoré je kompatibilné so starovekým vzorom.
14:42
that is highly compatible
with the ancient human spirit.
with the ancient human spirit.
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3134
14:46
We're also seeing a rise of romantic love.
283
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2539
Pozorujeme taktiež nárast romantickej lásky.
14:49
91 percent of American women
and 86 percent of American men
and 86 percent of American men
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4226
91 percent amerických žien a 86 percent amerických muźov
by si nezobralo niekoho, kto má každú jednu vlastnosť, ktorú u partnera očakávajú,
14:53
would not marry somebody
who had every single quality
who had every single quality
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4603
14:58
they were looking for in a partner,
286
873663
1816
ak do nej/neho nie sú zaľúbení.
15:00
if they were not in love with that person.
287
875503
2763
Ľudia na celom svete, v 37 skúmaných spoločnostiach,
15:03
People around the world,
in a study of 37 societies,
in a study of 37 societies,
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878290
3519
chú byť zaľúbení do osoby, ktorú si zoberú.
15:06
want to be in love
with the person that they marry.
with the person that they marry.
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3637
Dohodnuté manželstvá sa začínajú vytrácať z ľudského života.
15:10
Indeed, arranged marriages are
on their way off this braid of human life.
on their way off this braid of human life.
290
885946
6054
15:20
I even think that marriages
might even become more stable
might even become more stable
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895618
2794
Dokonca si myslím, že manželstvá začínajú byť stabilnejšími,
vďaka druhému svetovému trendu.
15:23
because of the second great world trend.
292
898436
3754
Prvým je príchod žien na pracovný trh,
15:27
The first one being women
moving into the job market,
moving into the job market,
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902214
2762
15:29
the second one being
the aging world population.
the aging world population.
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2850
druhým je celosvetové starnutie populácie.
15:32
They're now saying that in America,
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907874
2427
Uvádza sa, že v súčasnosti v Amerike
možno výrazom stredný vek označiť populáciu do 85 rokov.
15:35
that middle age should be regarded
as up to age 85.
as up to age 85.
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910325
3651
V najvyššej vekovej kategórii od 76 do 85 je totiž
15:39
Because in that highest
age category of 76 to 85,
age category of 76 to 85,
297
914642
4879
40 percent ľudí nemá žiadne vážne zdravotné problémy.
15:44
as much as 40 percent of people
have nothing really wrong with them.
have nothing really wrong with them.
298
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3431
15:47
So we're seeing there's a real
extension of middle age.
extension of middle age.
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3382
Skutočne teda pozorujeme predlžovanie stredného veku.
15:51
For one of my books,
I looked at divorce data in 58 societies.
I looked at divorce data in 58 societies.
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926714
5262
V jednej z mojich kníh som si vyhľadala údaje o rozvodoch v 58 spoločnostiach.
15:56
And as it turns out, the older you get,
the less likely you are to divorce.
the less likely you are to divorce.
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4231
Ukázalo sa, že čím starší ste, tým je menej pravdepodobné, že sa rozvediete.
To je dôvod, prečo je úroveň rozvodovosti teraz v Amerike stabilná,
16:01
So the divorce rate right now
is stable in America,
is stable in America,
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3601
dokonca začína klesať.
16:05
and it's actually beginning to decline.
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940221
2334
16:07
It may decline some more.
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942579
1602
Je možné, že poklesne ešte viac.
Povedala by som, že s Viagrou, náhradou estrogénov, s náhradami kĺbov
16:11
I would even say that with Viagra,
305
947133
3999
16:15
estrogen replacement, hip replacements
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951156
3815
a s neuveriteľne zaujímavými ženami
16:19
and the incredibly interesting women
307
954995
1981
16:21
-- women have never been
as interesting as they are now.
as interesting as they are now.
308
957000
3105
-- ženy neboli nikdy také zaujímavé ako sú dnes.
Nikdy predtým neboli na tejto planéte ženy také vzdelané, také zaujímavé, také schopné.
16:24
Not at any time on this planet
have women been so educated,
have women been so educated,
309
960129
3458
16:28
so interesting, so capable.
310
963611
1947
Vážne si preto myslím, že ak niekedy počas evolúcie človeka nastane čas,
16:30
And so I honestly think that if there
really was ever a time in human evolution
really was ever a time in human evolution
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965962
5379
kedy budeme mať príležitosť uzatvoriť dobré manželstvá, tak je to práve teraz.
16:36
when we have the opportunity to make
good marriages, that time is now.
good marriages, that time is now.
312
971365
3865
16:41
However, there's always kinds
of complications in this.
of complications in this.
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976516
3201
Napriek tomu tu existujú isté komplikácie.
V týchto troch systémoch mozgu: túžba, romantická láska a náklonnosť --
16:44
These three brain systems
-- lust, romantic love and attachment --
-- lust, romantic love and attachment --
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979741
4717
nie vždy spolu súvisia.
16:49
don't always go together.
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1354
Mimochodom, môžu spolu súvisieť.
16:50
They can go together, by the way.
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1699
Práve preto náhodný sex nie je až taký náhodný.
16:52
That's why casual sex isn't so casual.
317
987583
1952
S orgazmom dostanete dávku dopamínu.
16:54
With orgasm you get a spike of dopamine.
318
989559
2269
Dopamín je spojený s romantickou láskou,
16:56
Dopamine's associated with romantic love,
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991852
2096
a preto sa môžete zaľúbiť do niekoho, s kým ste mali iba náhodný sex.
16:58
and you can just
fall in love with somebody
fall in love with somebody
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993972
2023
17:00
who you're just having casual sex with.
321
996019
1863
S orgazmom potom pocítite skutočný nával oxytocínu a vazopresínu,
17:02
With orgasm, then you get a real rush
of oxytocin and vasopressin --
of oxytocin and vasopressin --
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997906
3436
ktoré sú spojené s náklonnosťou.
17:06
those are associated with attachment.
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1001366
2031
Toto je dôvod, prečo môžete zažiť pocit kozmického spojenia s niekým,
17:08
This is why you can feel such a sense
of cosmic union with somebody
of cosmic union with somebody
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1003421
3959
s kým ste sa práve milovali.
17:12
after you've made love to them.
325
1007404
1849
Tieto tri systému mozgu: túžba, romantická láska a náklonnosť,
17:14
But these three brain systems:
lust, romantic love and attachment,
lust, romantic love and attachment,
326
1009277
4699
17:18
aren't always connected to each other.
327
1014000
2481
však nie sú vždy navzájom prepojené.
17:21
You can feel deep attachment
to a long-term partner
to a long-term partner
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1017000
3251
Môžete cítiť hlbokú náklonnosť k dlhodobému partnerovi,
zatiaľ čo cítite intenzívnu romantickú lásku k niekomu inému,
17:25
while you feel intense
romantic love for somebody else,
romantic love for somebody else,
329
1020275
4092
zatiaľ čo prežívate túžbu po úplne odlišných ľuďoch.
17:29
while you feel the sex drive for people
unrelated to these other partners.
unrelated to these other partners.
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1024391
5453
Stručne povedané, v danom čase sme schopní milovať viac ako jedného partnera.
17:35
In short, we're capable of loving
more than one person at a time.
more than one person at a time.
331
1030312
5029
V skutočnosti, môžete v noci ležať v posteli
17:40
In fact, you can lie in bed at night
332
1035714
1992
a prechádzať od hlbokého pocitu náklonnosti voči jednej osobe,
17:42
and swing from deep feelings
of attachment for one person
of attachment for one person
333
1037730
3246
17:45
to deep feelings
of romantic love for somebody else.
of romantic love for somebody else.
334
1041000
3432
k hlbokému pocitu romantickej lásky k niekomu inému.
Je to akoby sa v našej hlave konalo zasadnutie komisie,
17:49
It's as if there's a committee meeting
going on in your head
going on in your head
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1044456
2881
keď sa snažíte rozhodnúť, čo ďalej.
17:52
as you are trying to decide what to do.
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1047361
3127
Z tohto dôvodu si skutočne nemyslím, že sme zvieraťom stvoreným, aby bolo šťastné,
17:55
So I don't think, honestly,
337
1050512
1635
17:56
we're an animal
that was built to be happy;
that was built to be happy;
338
1052171
2015
sme zvieraťom stvoreným na reprodukciu.
17:59
we are an animal
that was built to reproduce.
that was built to reproduce.
339
1054210
2268
Myslím, že šťastie, ktoré nachádzame, si tvoríme.
18:01
I think the happiness we find, we make.
340
1056502
2935
18:04
And I think, however,
341
1059461
3482
Napriek tomu si myslím, že sme schopní budovať kvalitné vzťahy.
18:07
we can make good relationships
with each other.
with each other.
342
1062967
2667
18:10
So I want to conclude with two things.
343
1066000
2105
Takže by som to rada uzatvorila s dvomi vecami.
Chcela by som to uzatvoriť s obavou,
18:12
I want to conclude with a worry,
344
1068129
2047
ktorú mám a s úžasným príbehom.
18:15
and with a wonderful story.
345
1070200
2929
Tá obava sa týka antidepresív.
18:19
The worry is about antidepressants.
346
1074287
2689
V Spojených štátoch je každoročne predpísaných vyše 100 miliónov antidepresív.
18:23
Over 100 million prescriptions
of antidepressants
of antidepressants
347
1078631
5132
18:28
are written every year
in the United States.
in the United States.
348
1083787
2821
Tieto lieky sa stávajú bežnými.
18:31
And these drugs are going generic.
349
1087100
2565
18:34
They are seeping around the world.
350
1089689
2483
Šíria sa do celého sveta.
Poznám jedno dievča, ktoré bolo na týchto antidepresívach, ktoré zvyšujú
18:37
I know one girl who's been
on these antidepressants,
on these antidepressants,
351
1092743
5233
18:42
SSRIs, serotonin-enhancing
antidepressants -- since she was 13.
antidepressants -- since she was 13.
352
1098000
3976
hladinu serotonínu (SSRI), od svojich trinástich rokov.
18:46
She's 23. She's been on them
ever since she was 13.
ever since she was 13.
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1102000
2976
Teraz má 23. Funguje na nich od svojich 13.
18:49
I've got nothing against people
who take them short term,
who take them short term,
354
1105000
3516
Nemám nič proti ľuďom, ktorí ich berú krátkodobo,
18:53
when they're going
through something horrible.
through something horrible.
355
1108540
2223
keď prežívajú ťažké obdobie.
18:55
They want to commit suicide
or kill somebody else.
or kill somebody else.
356
1110787
2355
Chcú spáchať samovraždu alebo zabiť niekoho iného.
Vtedy by som ich odporučila.
18:57
I would recommend it.
357
1113166
1068
Čoraz viac a viac ľudí ich však v Spojených štátoch berie dlhodobo.
18:59
But more and more people
in the United States
in the United States
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1114258
2459
19:01
are taking them long term.
359
1116741
2384
Tieto lieky skutočne zvyšujú hladinu serotonínu.
19:03
And indeed, what these drugs do
is raise levels of serotonin.
is raise levels of serotonin.
360
1119149
5365
Prostredníctvom zvýšenia hladiny serotonínu sa potlačí obeh dopamínu.
19:09
And by raising levels of serotonin,
you suppress the dopamine circuit.
you suppress the dopamine circuit.
361
1124974
4821
19:14
Everybody knows that.
362
1129819
1562
Každý o tom vie.
19:16
Dopamine is associated with romantic love.
363
1131944
2895
Dopamín sa spája s romantickou láskou.
19:21
Not only do they suppress
the dopamine circuit,
the dopamine circuit,
364
1136627
3150
Nielenže potlačia obeh dopamínu, ale aj zabijú sexuálnu energiu.
19:24
but they kill the sex drive.
365
1139801
1867
A keď ju zabijete, zabijete orgazmus.
19:27
And when you kill the sex drive,
you kill orgasm.
you kill orgasm.
366
1142316
3824
Keď zabijete orgazmus, zabijete tú záplavu látok spojených s náklonnosťou.
19:30
And when you kill orgasm,
367
1146164
1191
19:32
you kill that flood of drugs
associated with attachment.
associated with attachment.
368
1147379
3867
V mozgu je všetko prepojené.
19:36
The things are connected in the brain.
369
1151712
2264
19:38
And when you tamper with one brain system,
370
1154000
2656
Keď manipulujete s jedným systémom v ňom,
manipulujete aj s iným.
19:41
you're going to tamper with another.
371
1156680
1945
19:43
I'm just simply saying that a world
without love is a deadly place.
without love is a deadly place.
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1159000
4754
Jednoducho iba tvrdím, že svet bez lásky je hrozivým miestom.
19:49
So now --
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1164738
1002
Takže -- (Potlesk) -- ďakujem.
19:50
(Applause)
374
1165764
4212
19:54
Thank you.
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1170000
1703
Chcela by som skončiť príbehom a potom ešte poznámkou.
19:56
I want to end with a story.
376
1171727
1485
19:58
And then, just a comment.
377
1173839
1300
Romantickú lásku, sex a náklonnosť skúmam už 30 rokov.
20:01
I've been studying romantic love
and sex and attachment for 30 years.
and sex and attachment for 30 years.
378
1176741
4779
Som jednou z dvojičiek, preto sa zaujímam o to, prečo sme si všetci podobní.
20:08
I'm an identical twin;
I am interested in why we're all alike.
I am interested in why we're all alike.
379
1183774
3516
Prečo sme si ty a ja podobní, prečo sú si podobní Iračania s Japoncami,
20:12
Why you and I are alike,
why the Iraqis and the Japanese
why the Iraqis and the Japanese
380
1187925
3051
20:15
and the Australian Aborigines
and the people of the Amazon River
and the people of the Amazon River
381
1191000
3000
pôvodní obyvatelia Austrálie a ľudia z oblasti rieky Amazonky.
20:18
are all alike.
382
1194024
1000
20:20
And about a year ago,
383
1195777
2309
Asi pred rokom, ma oslovila internetová zoznamovacia služba Match.com
20:22
an Internet dating service,
Match.com, came to me
Match.com, came to me
384
1198110
2985
s tým, či by som im nenavrhla dizajn novej zoznamovacej stránky.
20:25
and asked me if I would design
a new dating site for them.
a new dating site for them.
385
1201119
3652
20:29
I said, "I don't know anything
about personality. You know?
about personality. You know?
386
1204795
2802
Povedala som: „Neviem nič o charaktere. Viete?
20:32
I don't know. Do you think
you've got the right person?"
you've got the right person?"
387
1207621
2720
Neviem. Myslíte si, že ste oslovili správnu osobu?"
Povedali: „Áno."
20:35
They said, "Yes."
388
1210365
1040
Priviedlo ma to k uvažovanou o tom, prečo sa do niekoho zaľúbime a do iného nie.
20:36
It got me thinking
about why it is that you fall in love
about why it is that you fall in love
389
1211429
3023
20:39
with one person rather than another.
390
1214476
1732
Tomu sa momentálne venujem, bude o tom moja ďalšia kniha.
20:41
That's my current project;
it will be my next book.
it will be my next book.
391
1216232
3443
Existuje veľa druhov dôvodov, prečo sa zaľúbite do niekoho skôr ako do niekoho iného.
20:45
There's all kinds of reasons
392
1220262
1539
20:46
that you fall in love
with one person rather than another.
with one person rather than another.
393
1221825
2753
Dôležité je načasovanie. Dôležitá je blízkosť.
20:49
Timing is important.
Proximity is important.
Proximity is important.
394
1224602
3286
Dôležité je tajomnosť. Zamilujete sa do niekoho, kto je do istej miery tajomný,
20:52
Mystery is important.
395
1227912
1380
20:54
You fall in love with somebody
who's somewhat mysterious,
who's somewhat mysterious,
396
1229316
2729
pretože tajomnosť sčasti zvyšuje hladinu dopamínu v mozgu,
20:56
in part because mystery
elevates dopamine in the brain,
elevates dopamine in the brain,
397
1232069
2678
čím vás pravdepodobne prevedie cez prah zamilovanosti.
20:59
probably pushes you
over that threshold to fall in love.
over that threshold to fall in love.
398
1234771
2766
Zamilujete sa do niekoho, kto spadá do toho, čo nazývam váš typ,
21:02
You fall in love with somebody
399
1237561
1429
21:03
who fits within
what I call your "love map,"
what I call your "love map,"
400
1239014
2095
podvedomý zoznam znakov, ktoré si vytvoríte v priebehu detstva počas dospievania.
21:05
an unconscious list of traits
401
1241133
2147
21:08
that you build in childhood
as you grow up.
as you grow up.
402
1243304
2314
Taktiež si myslím,
21:10
And I also think
that you gravitate to certain people,
that you gravitate to certain people,
403
1245642
3042
že inklinujete k určitým ľuďom, ktorí v skutočnosti nejakým spôsobom dopĺňajú váš systém mozgu.
21:13
actually, with somewhat
complementary brain systems.
complementary brain systems.
404
1248708
3268
21:16
And that's what I'm now
contributing to this.
contributing to this.
405
1252000
2287
Práve tomu sa v súčasnosti venujem.
No chcela by som vám povedať príbeh -- na ilustráciu.
21:19
But I want to tell you
a story, to illustrate.
a story, to illustrate.
406
1254311
3665
21:22
I've been carrying on here
about the biology of love.
about the biology of love.
407
1258000
2976
Zaoberám sa tu biológiou lásky.
Tiež by som sa chcela pár slovami zmieniť o kultúre --
21:26
I wanted to show you a little bit
about the culture of it, too,
about the culture of it, too,
408
1261709
3687
o jej čare.
21:30
the magic of it.
409
1265420
1167
21:32
It's a story that was told to me
410
1268000
3349
Tento príbeh mi povedal niekto, kto ho počul od niekoho iného --
21:36
by somebody who had
heard it just from one --
heard it just from one --
411
1271373
2461
pravdepodobne je pravdivý.
21:38
probably a true story.
412
1273858
1118
Bol to doktorand VŠ -- ja som na Rutgers a moji dvaja kolegovia --
21:41
It was a graduate student --
I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues --
I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues --
413
1276508
3468
21:44
Art Aron is at SUNY Stony Brook.
414
1280000
1976
Art Aron na SUNY Stony Brook.
21:46
That's where we put our people
in the MRI machine.
in the MRI machine.
415
1282000
2371
Tam posielame našich ľudí na magnetickú rezonanciu.
21:49
And this graduate student was madly
in love with another graduate student,
in love with another graduate student,
416
1285000
4563
Tento doktorand bol bláznivo zaľúbený do inej vysokoškolskej doktorandtky.
Ona do neho zaľúbená nebola.
21:54
and she was not in love with him.
417
1289587
2373
Všetci boli na konferencii v Pekingu.
21:58
And they were
all at a conference in Beijing.
all at a conference in Beijing.
418
1293206
2255
Poznal výsledky nášho výskumu: ak sa s niekým pustíte do niečoho originálneho,
22:01
And he knew from our work
419
1296485
3034
22:04
that if you go and do something
very novel with somebody,
very novel with somebody,
420
1299543
4408
môže to zdvihnúť hladinu dopamínu v mozgu
22:08
you can drive up
the dopamine in the brain,
the dopamine in the brain,
421
1303975
2001
22:10
and perhaps trigger this brain
system for romantic love.
system for romantic love.
422
1306000
3693
a možno aktivovať tento systém mozgu na romantickú lásku. (Smiech)
22:14
(Laughter)
423
1309717
2157
Rozhodol sa, že do toho zapojí vedu
22:16
So he decided he'd put science to work.
424
1311898
3886
a pozval tú slečnu na spoločnú jazdu na rikši.
22:21
And he invited this girl to go off
on a rickshaw ride with him.
on a rickshaw ride with him.
425
1316624
3334
22:25
And sure enough -- I've never been in one,
426
1320809
2069
Je isté -- hoci som to nikdy nezažila,
22:27
but apparently they go
all around the buses and the trucks
all around the buses and the trucks
427
1322902
2738
ale zrejme, prechádzali v nej okolo autobusov a nákladných áut,
čo je bláznivé, hlučné a vzrušujúce.
22:30
and it's crazy and it's noisy
and it's exciting.
and it's exciting.
428
1325664
2818
Počítal s tým, že toto zdvihne jej úroveň dopamínu
22:33
He figured that this would drive up
the dopamine,
the dopamine,
429
1328506
2286
a ona sa do neho zaľúbi.
22:35
and she'd fall in love with him.
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Tak sa viezli a ona vrieskala, tesne ho objímala
22:37
So off they go and she's squealing
and squeezing him
and squeezing him
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a smiala sa. Skvele sa bavila.
22:42
and laughing and having a wonderful time.
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22:44
An hour later they get down
off of the rickshaw,
off of the rickshaw,
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O hodinu neskôr vystupovali z rikše
22:48
and she throws her hands up and she says,
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a ona rozhodila rukami a povedala: „Nebolo to úžasné?"
22:51
"Wasn't that wonderful?"
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„Nebol ten vodič rikše nádherný chlap!"
22:54
And, "Wasn't that rickshaw
driver handsome!"
driver handsome!"
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22:57
(Laughter)
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(Smiech) (Potlesk)
23:00
(Applause)
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23:06
There's magic to love!
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Kúzlo lásky!
23:07
(Applause)
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Na záver by som chcela povedať, že pred miliónmi rokov, sa vyvinuli tri základné pudy:
23:09
But I will end by saying
that millions of years ago,
that millions of years ago,
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23:13
we evolved three basic drives:
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sexuálny pud, romantická láska a náklonnosť k dlhodobému partnerovi.
23:15
the sex drive, romantic love
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23:18
and attachment to a long-term partner.
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Tieto sú hlboko zakotvené v ľudskom mozgu.
23:20
These circuits are deeply
embedded in the human brain.
embedded in the human brain.
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Budú tu dovtedy, dokedy tu bude náš druh,
23:24
They're going to survive
as long as our species survives
as long as our species survives
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živé z toho, čo Shakespeare nazval „osudovým rozrušením."
23:28
on what Shakespeare called
"this mortal coil."
"this mortal coil."
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Ďakujem vám. (Potlesk)
23:31
Thank you.
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23:32
Chris Anderson: Helen Fisher!
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23:33
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Helen Fisher - Anthropologist, expert on loveAnthropologist Helen Fisher studies gender differences and the evolution of human emotions. She’s best known as an expert on romantic love.
Why you should listen
Fisher's several books lay bare the mysteries of our most treasured emotion: its evolution, its biochemical foundations and its vital importance to human society. Fisher describes love as a universal human drive (stronger than the sex drive; stronger than thirst or hunger; stronger perhaps than the will to live), and her many areas of inquiry shed light on timeless human mysteries like why we choose one partner over another. Her classic study, Anatomy of Love, first published in 1992, has just been re-issued in a fully updated edition, including her recent neuroimaging research on lust, romantic love and attachment as well as discussions of sexting, hooking up, friends with benefits, other contemporary trends in courtship and marriage, and a dramatic current trend she calls “slow love.”
Helen Fisher | Speaker | TED.com