TEDGlobal 2014
Tasso Azevedo: Hopeful lessons from the battle to save rainforests
Tasso Azevedo: Nádejné poučenie z boja za pralesy
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„Zachráňme pralesy“ je ochranársky slogan starý ako svet, ale Tasso Azevedo nás nadchne tým, ako sa nám dnes v tomto boji darí. Po neuveriteľných stratách v deväťdesiatych rokoch pomáhajú nové zákony (a transparentné dáta) spomaliť deforestáciu v Brazílii. Stačí to? Ešte nie. Má päť nápadov, čo podniknúť ďalej. A pýta sa, či nám lekcia, ktorú sme získali v Brazílii, pomôže vyriešiť ešte väčší problém: svetovú zmenu klímy.
Tasso Azevedo - Forester and sustainability activist
Tasso Azevedo has helped reduce the rate of deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest by 75 percent — and inspired similar efforts around the world. Full bio
Tasso Azevedo has helped reduce the rate of deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest by 75 percent — and inspired similar efforts around the world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When the Portuguese arrived
in Latin America about 500 years ago,
in Latin America about 500 years ago,
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Keď pred 500 rokmi prišli
Portugalci do Latinskej Ameriky,
Portugalci do Latinskej Ameriky,
00:17
they obviously found
this amazing tropical forest.
this amazing tropical forest.
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samozrejme tam našli nádherný prales.
00:20
And among all this biodiversity
that they had never seen before,
that they had never seen before,
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A v tej záplave biodiverzity,
akú nikdy predtým nevideli,
akú nikdy predtým nevideli,
00:25
they found one species that caught
their attention very quickly.
their attention very quickly.
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ich pozornosť rýchlo upútal jeden strom.
00:29
This species, when you cut the bark,
you find a very dark red resin
you find a very dark red resin
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Keď narežete kôru, nájdete
pod ňou tmavočervenú živicu,
pod ňou tmavočervenú živicu,
00:35
that was very good to paint
and dye fabric to make clothes.
and dye fabric to make clothes.
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ktorou sa dá maľovať
i farbiť látky na šaty.
i farbiť látky na šaty.
00:41
The indigenous people called
this species pau brasil,
this species pau brasil,
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Pôvodní obyvatelia volali strom
„červené drevo“, portugalsky „pau brasil“
„červené drevo“, portugalsky „pau brasil“
00:45
and that's the reason why this land became
"land of Brasil," and later on, Brazil.
"land of Brasil," and later on, Brazil.
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a preto krajina získala meno
„kraj brazilu“ a neskôr Brazília.
„kraj brazilu“ a neskôr Brazília.
00:51
That's the only country in the world
that has the name of a tree.
that has the name of a tree.
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Jediná krajina, ktorá nesie meno stromu.
00:56
So you can imagine that it's very cool
to be a forester in Brazil,
to be a forester in Brazil,
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Viete si teda predstaviť, že
byť v Brazílii lesníkom je super,
byť v Brazílii lesníkom je super,
01:01
among other reasons.
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okrem iných dôvodov.
01:03
Forest products are all around us.
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Všade okolo nás sú výrobky z dreva.
01:06
Apart from all those products,
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Okrem toho
01:08
the forest is very important
for climate regulation.
for climate regulation.
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je les veľmi dôležitý
pre reguláciu klímy.
pre reguláciu klímy.
01:12
In Brazil, almost 70 percent
of the evaporation that makes rain
of the evaporation that makes rain
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V Brazílii skoro 70 % výparu,
z ktorého vzniká dážď,
z ktorého vzniká dážď,
01:17
actually comes from the forest.
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pochádza z pralesa.
01:19
Just the Amazon pumps to the atmosphere
20 billion tons of water every day.
20 billion tons of water every day.
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Len Amazónia pumpuje do atmosféry
20 miliárd ton vody denne.
20 miliárd ton vody denne.
01:28
This is more than what the Amazon River,
which is the largest river in the world,
which is the largest river in the world,
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To je viac vody, než privedie do mora
Amazonka, najväčšia rieka sveta,
Amazonka, najväčšia rieka sveta,
01:33
puts in the sea per day,
which is 17 billion tons.
which is 17 billion tons.
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čo je 17 miliárd ton denne.
01:38
If we had to boil water to get
the same effect as evapotranspiration,
the same effect as evapotranspiration,
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Keby sme mali varom získať toľko pary,
že by nahradila evapotraspiráciu,
že by nahradila evapotraspiráciu,
01:43
we would need six months of the entire
power generation capacity of the world.
power generation capacity of the world.
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spotrebovali by sme šesť mesiacov
kapacity všetkých elektrární sveta.
kapacity všetkých elektrární sveta.
01:49
So it's a hell of a service for all of us.
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Je to ukrutná služba pre nás všetkých.
01:52
We have in the world
about four billion hectares of forests.
about four billion hectares of forests.
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Na svete máme asi
4 miliardy hektárov lesa.
4 miliardy hektárov lesa.
01:56
This is more or less China, U.S.,
Canada and Brazil all together,
Canada and Brazil all together,
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To je asi tak Čína, USA,
Kanada a Brazília dokopy,
Kanada a Brazília dokopy,
02:02
in terms of size, to have an idea.
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aby ste mali predstavu o mierke.
02:04
Three quarters of that
is in the temperate zone,
is in the temperate zone,
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Tri štrvtiny sú v miernom pásme
02:08
and just one quarter is in the tropics,
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a len štvrtina v trópoch,
02:12
but this one quarter, one billion
hectares, holds most of the biodiversity,
hectares, holds most of the biodiversity,
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ale táto štvrtina, miliarda hektárov,
nesie najviac biodiverzity,
nesie najviac biodiverzity,
02:18
and very importantly, 50 percent
of the living biomass, the carbon.
of the living biomass, the carbon.
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a čo je dôležité, polovicu všetkej
živej biomasy, uhlíka.
živej biomasy, uhlíka.
02:24
Now, we used to have
six billion hectares of forest --
six billion hectares of forest --
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Pred 2000 rokmi sme mali
6 miliárd hektárov lesa,
6 miliárd hektárov lesa,
02:28
50 percent more than
what we have -- 2,000 years ago.
what we have -- 2,000 years ago.
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o 50 % viac než máme dnes.
02:32
We've actually lost two billion hectares
in the last 2,000 years.
in the last 2,000 years.
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za posledných 2000 rokov
sme stratili dve miliardy hektárov.
sme stratili dve miliardy hektárov.
02:35
But in the last 100 years,
we lost half of that.
we lost half of that.
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Ale o polovicu z toho sme prišli
za posledných sto rokov.
za posledných sto rokov.
02:39
That was when we shifted
from deforestation of temperate forests
from deforestation of temperate forests
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Keď sme po odlesňovaní
mierneho pásma
mierneho pásma
02:44
to deforestation of tropical forests.
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začali odlesňovať tropické pralesy.
02:48
So think of this: In 100 years,
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Pozrime sa na to takto: za sto rokov
02:51
we lost the same amount
of forest in the tropics
of forest in the tropics
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sme stratili rovnakú plochu
tropického lesa,
tropického lesa,
02:55
that we lost in 2,000 years
in temperate forests.
in temperate forests.
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akú sme stratili za 2000 rokov
v miernom pásme.
v miernom pásme.
02:58
That's the speed of the destruction
that we are having.
that we are having.
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Taká je naša rýchlosť deštrukcie.
03:02
Now, Brazil is an important
piece of this puzzle.
piece of this puzzle.
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Brazília je dôležitý dielik
v tejto skladačke.
v tejto skladačke.
03:06
We have the second largest
forest in the world, just after Russia.
forest in the world, just after Russia.
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Máme druhý najväčší les sveta,
hneď po Rusku.
hneď po Rusku.
Konkrétne 12 % všetkých
lesov je v Brazílii,
lesov je v Brazílii,
03:10
It means 12 percent of all
the world's forests are in Brazil,
the world's forests are in Brazil,
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03:14
most of that in the Amazon.
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z toho väčšina v Amazónii.
03:16
It's the largest piece of forest we have.
It's a very big, large area.
It's a very big, large area.
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To je najväčší les, ktorý máme,
obrovská rozloha.
obrovská rozloha.
03:19
You can see that you could fit
many of the European countries there.
many of the European countries there.
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Vidíte, že by sa tam zmestilo
mnoho európskych krajín.
mnoho európskych krajín.
03:22
We still have 80 percent
of the forest cover.
of the forest cover.
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80 % je stále pokrytých lesom.
03:26
That's the good news.
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To je dobrá správa.
03:28
But we lost 15 percent in just 30 years.
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Ale 15 % sme stratili
len za posledných 30 rokov.
len za posledných 30 rokov.
03:32
So if you go with that speed,
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Ak to takto pôjde ďalej,
03:34
very soon, we will loose this powerful
pump that we have in the Amazon
pump that we have in the Amazon
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veľmi skoro stratíme tie mocné pľúca,
ktoré v Amazónii máme
ktoré v Amazónii máme
03:39
that regulates our climate.
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a ktoré regulujú našu klímu.
03:42
Deforestation was growing
fast and accelerating
fast and accelerating
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Rýchlosť odlesňovania stále rástla
03:44
at the end of the '90s
and the beginning of the 2000s.
and the beginning of the 2000s.
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na prelome tisícročí.
03:47
(Chainsaw sound)
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[Vývoj deforestácie v Amazónii]
03:51
(Sound of falling tree)
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(zvuk motorovej píly a padajúceho stromu)
03:55
Twenty-seven thousand
square kilometers in one year.
square kilometers in one year.
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27 tisíc kilometrov štvorcových za rok.
03:59
This is 2.7 million hectares.
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To je 2,7 milióna hektárov.
04:03
It's almost like half
of Costa Rica every year.
of Costa Rica every year.
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To je skoro ako
polovica Kostariky každý rok.
polovica Kostariky každý rok.
04:09
So at this moment -- this is 2003, 2004 --
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Vtedy – to sme v roku 2003, 2004 –
04:13
I happened to be coming to work
in the government.
in the government.
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som začal pracovať pre vládu.
04:18
And together with other teammates
in the National Forest Department,
in the National Forest Department,
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A spoločne s kolegami
zo štátnej lesnej správy
zo štátnej lesnej správy
04:22
we were assigned a task to join a team
and find out the causes of deforestation,
and find out the causes of deforestation,
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sme mali vytvoriť tím,
vyšetriť príčiny odlesňovania
vyšetriť príčiny odlesňovania
04:28
and make a plan to combat that
at a national level,
at a national level,
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a navrhnúť akčný plán
na celonárodnej úrovni,
na celonárodnej úrovni,
04:31
involving the local governments,
the civil society,
the civil society,
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ktorý by spájal
samosprávy, tretí sektor,
samosprávy, tretí sektor,
04:34
business, local communities,
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obchod, miestne komunity
04:36
in an effort that could
tackle those causes.
tackle those causes.
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v snahe bojovať proti príčinám.
04:39
So we came up with this plan
with 144 actions in different areas.
with 144 actions in different areas.
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Náš plán mal 144 návrhov
v rôznych odvetviach.
v rôznych odvetviach.
04:45
Now I will go through
all of them one by one --
all of them one by one --
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Tak si ich všetky prejdeme po poriadku.
04:47
no, just giving some examples
of what we had done in the next few years.
of what we had done in the next few years.
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Nie, len pár príkladov toho,
čo sa urobilo v nasledujúcich rokoch.
čo sa urobilo v nasledujúcich rokoch.
04:54
So the first thing, we set up a system
with the national space agency
with the national space agency
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Najprv sme spolu s NASA
vyvinuli systém,
vyvinuli systém,
04:59
that could actually see
where deforestation is happening,
where deforestation is happening,
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ktorý sleduje, kde deforestácia
práve prebieha,
práve prebieha,
05:02
almost in real time.
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skoro v reálnom čase.
05:04
So now in Brazil,
we have this system, DETER,
we have this system, DETER,
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Takže teraz máme v Brazílii systém, DETER,
05:06
where every month,
or every two months,
or every two months,
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kde každý mesiac – dva
05:10
we get information on
where deforestation is happening
where deforestation is happening
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dostaneme správy o
prebiehajúcom odlesňovaní,
prebiehajúcom odlesňovaní,
05:12
so we can actually act
when it's happening.
when it's happening.
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takže môžeme včas zasiahnuť.
05:15
And all the information
is fully transparent
is fully transparent
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Všetky informácie
sú transparentné,
sú transparentné,
05:17
so others can replicate that
in independent systems.
in independent systems.
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ktokoľvek môže naše výsledky
nezávisle replikovať.
nezávisle replikovať.
05:20
This allows us, among other things,
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Vďaka tomu sa nám podarilo,
okrem iného,
okrem iného,
05:22
to apprehend 1.4 million cubic meters
of logs that were illegally taken.
of logs that were illegally taken.
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zaistiť 1,4 milióna kubíkov dreva,
ktoré bolo vyťažené ilegálne.
ktoré bolo vyťažené ilegálne.
05:29
Part of that we saw and sell,
and all the revenue becomes a fund
and all the revenue becomes a fund
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Časť z toho sme napílili a predali
a z tých peňazí vznikol fond,
a z tých peňazí vznikol fond,
05:35
that now funds conservation projects
of local communities as an endowment fund.
of local communities as an endowment fund.
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z ktorého sa nadačne financujú
miestne ochranárske projekty.
miestne ochranárske projekty.
05:40
This also allows us
to make a big operation
to make a big operation
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Tiež sme vďaka tomu mohli
robiť veľké zásahy
robiť veľké zásahy
05:43
to seize corruption and illegal activities
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proti korupcii a nezákonnej činnosti,
05:45
that ended up having 700 people in prison,
including a lot of public servants.
including a lot of public servants.
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vo väzení skončilo 700 ľudí
vrátane mnohých verejných činiteľov.
vrátane mnohých verejných činiteľov.
05:52
Then we made the connection
that areas that have been doing
that areas that have been doing
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Potom sme zabezpečili, aby oblasti,
kde prebiehala nezákonná ťažba,
nedostali peniaze ani pôžičku.
nedostali peniaze ani pôžičku.
05:56
illegal deforestation should not get
any kind of credit or finance.
any kind of credit or finance.
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06:00
So we cut this through the bank system
and then linked this to the end users.
and then linked this to the end users.
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Prepojili sme to od bankového systému
až po koncových používateľov.
až po koncových používateľov.
06:05
So supermarkets,
the slaughterhouses, and so on
the slaughterhouses, and so on
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Takže supermarkety, bitúnky a podobne,
06:07
that buy products
from illegal clear-cut areas,
from illegal clear-cut areas,
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ktoré nakupujú produkty
z ilegálne vyrúbaných plôch,
z ilegálne vyrúbaných plôch,
06:10
they also can be liable
for the deforestation.
for the deforestation.
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by mali byť za odlesňovanie
tiež zodpovedné.
tiež zodpovedné.
06:14
So making all these connections to help
to push the problem down.
to push the problem down.
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To všetko preto, aby sme problém
riešili v jeho súvislostiach.
riešili v jeho súvislostiach.
06:18
And also we work a lot
on land tenure issues.
on land tenure issues.
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Dosť sa venujeme aj
majetkovým právam na pôdu.
majetkovým právam na pôdu.
06:21
It's very important for conflicts.
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To je pri konfliktoch veľmi dôležité.
06:23
Fifty million hectares
of protected areas were created,
of protected areas were created,
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Vytvorili sme 50 miliónov hektárov
chránených území,
chránených území,
06:26
which is an area the size of Spain.
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čo je asi rozloha Španielska.
06:32
And of those, eight million
were indigenous lands.
were indigenous lands.
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Z toho osem miliónov patrí
pôvodným kmeňom.
pôvodným kmeňom.
06:36
Now we start to see results.
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Začínajú sa ukazovať výsledky.
06:40
So in the last 10 years,
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Za posledných 10 rokov
06:42
deforestation came down
in Brazil 75 percent.
in Brazil 75 percent.
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sa odlesňovanie v Brazílii znížilo o 75 %.
06:46
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
06:52
So if we compare it
with the average deforestation
with the average deforestation
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Ak to porovnáme s priemerným
tempom deforestácie
tempom deforestácie
06:55
that we had in the last decade,
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v predchádzajúcom desaťročí,
06:58
we saved 8.7 million hectares,
which is the size of Austria.
which is the size of Austria.
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zachránili sme 8,7 miliónov hektárov,
čo je rozloha Rakúska.
čo je rozloha Rakúska.
07:03
But more importantly,
it avoided the emission
it avoided the emission
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Čo je ešte dôležitejšie,
zabránili sme tak emisii
zabránili sme tak emisii
07:05
of three billion tons
of CO2 in the atmosphere.
of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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3 miliárd ton CO2 do atmosféry.
07:08
This is by far the largest contribution
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
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To je zďaleka najväčší ťah
v boji proti skleníkovým plynom
v boji proti skleníkovým plynom
07:13
until today, as a positive action.
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v histórii, ako pozitívna akcia.
07:17
One may think that when you do
these kinds of actions
these kinds of actions
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Človek by si myslel,
že také veľké zásahy
že také veľké zásahy
07:20
to decrease, to push down deforestation,
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proti deforestácii
07:24
you will have an economic impact
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budú mať ekonomický dopad,
07:26
because you will not have
economic activity or something like that.
economic activity or something like that.
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pretože sa prestane
obchodovať alebo tak.
obchodovať alebo tak.
07:30
But it's interesting to know
that it's quite the opposite.
that it's quite the opposite.
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Napodiv opak je pravdou.
07:33
In fact, in the period when we have
the deepest decline of deforestation,
the deepest decline of deforestation,
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V dobe, keď deforestácia
najviac klesala,
najviac klesala,
07:37
the economy grew, on average,
double from the previous decade,
double from the previous decade,
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sila ekonomiky sa zdvonásobila
oproti predchádzajúcej dekáde,
oproti predchádzajúcej dekáde,
07:42
when deforestation was actually going up.
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počas ktorej deforestácia rástla.
07:44
So it's a good lesson for us.
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To je pre nás dobré poučenie.
07:46
Maybe this is completely disconnected,
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Možno to spolu vôbec nesúvisí,
07:49
as we just learned by having
deforestation come down.
deforestation come down.
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ako sme práve zistili
po znížení deforestácie.
po znížení deforestácie.
07:53
Now this is all good news,
and it's quite an achievement,
and it's quite an achievement,
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Sú to všetko dobré správy,
veľký úspech
veľký úspech
07:57
and we obviously should be
very proud about that.
very proud about that.
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a právom naň môžeme byť hrdí.
08:00
But it's not even close to sufficient.
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Ale ani zďaleka to nestačí.
08:03
In fact, if you think about
the deforestation in the Amazon in 2013,
the deforestation in the Amazon in 2013,
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Vezmime si deforestáciu
v Amazónii za rok 2013,
v Amazónii za rok 2013,
08:08
that was over half a million hectares,
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bolo to vyše pol milióna hektárov,
08:11
which means that every minute,
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to znamená, že každú minútu
sa v Amazónii vyrúbe
sa v Amazónii vyrúbe
08:14
an area the size of two soccer fields
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plocha veľkosti dvoch futbalových ihrísk.
08:17
is being cut in the Amazon
last year, just last year.
last year, just last year.
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To bolo len minulý rok.
08:21
If we sum up the deforestation we have
in the other biomes in Brazil,
in the other biomes in Brazil,
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Ak to sčítame s odlesňovaním
v ostatných brazílskych biómoch,
v ostatných brazílskych biómoch,
08:25
we are talking about still the largest
deforestation rate in the world.
deforestation rate in the world.
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stále máme najväčšie
tempo deforestácie na svete.
tempo deforestácie na svete.
08:31
It's more or less like
we are forest heroes,
we are forest heroes,
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Ako keby sme boli lesní hrdinovia
08:34
but still deforestation champions.
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a šampióni deforestácie zároveň.
08:37
So we can't be satisfied,
not even close to satisfied.
not even close to satisfied.
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Nemôžme byť spokojní,
ani náhodou.
ani náhodou.
08:42
So the next step, I think,
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Takže podľa mňa
je ďalším krokom
je ďalším krokom
08:44
is to fight to have zero loss
of forest cover in Brazil
of forest cover in Brazil
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boj za nulovú stratu
zalesnenia v Brazílii,
zalesnenia v Brazílii,
08:48
and to have that as a goal for 2020.
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to si dať za cieľ do roku 2020.
08:52
That's our next step.
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To je náš ďalší krok.
08:53
Now I've always been interested
in the relationship
in the relationship
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Mňa vždy zaujímal vzťah
08:56
between climate change and forests.
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medzi klimatickou zmenou a lesmi.
08:58
First, because 15 percent of greenhouse
gas emissions come from deforestation,
gas emissions come from deforestation,
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Za prvé, deforestácia môže za
15 % emisií skleníkových plynov,
15 % emisií skleníkových plynov,
09:04
so it's a big part of the problem.
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takže je to veľká časť problému.
09:06
But also, forests can be
a big part of the solution
a big part of the solution
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Ale zároveň môžu byť lesy
veľkou časťou riešenia,
veľkou časťou riešenia,
09:09
since that's the best way we know
to sink, capture and store carbon.
to sink, capture and store carbon.
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pretože sú najlepším známym spôsobom
zachytávania a ukladania uhlíka.
zachytávania a ukladania uhlíka.
09:16
Now, there is another relationship
of climate and forests
of climate and forests
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Existuje ešte jedna spojitosť
medzi klímou a lesmi,
medzi klímou a lesmi,
09:19
that really stuck me in 2008
and made me change my career
and made me change my career
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ktorá ma v roku 2008 tak chytila,
že som sa pracovne preorientoval
že som sa pracovne preorientoval
09:23
from forests to working
with climate change.
with climate change.
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z lesov na klimatické zmeny.
09:27
I went to visit Canada,
in British Columbia,
in British Columbia,
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Navštívil som Kanadu,
Britskú Kolumbiu,
Britskú Kolumbiu,
09:29
together with the chiefs of
the forest services of other countries
the forest services of other countries
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spoločne s riaditeľmi
lesných správ ďalších krajín,
lesných správ ďalších krajín,
09:34
that we have a kind of alliance of them,
like Canada, Russia, India, China, U.S.
like Canada, Russia, India, China, U.S.
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s ktorými máme takú družbu,
Kanada, Rusko, India, Čína, USA.
Kanada, Rusko, India, Čína, USA.
09:41
And when we were there
we learned about this pine beetle
we learned about this pine beetle
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A tam sme sa stretli
s týmto lykožrútom
(Dendroctonus ponderosae),
(Dendroctonus ponderosae),
09:46
that is literally eating
the forests in Canada.
the forests in Canada.
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ktorý doslova zožiera
kanadské lesy.
kanadské lesy.
09:49
What we see here, those brown trees,
these are really dead trees.
these are really dead trees.
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Tie hnedé stromy, čo tu vidíme,
to sú mŕtve stromy.
to sú mŕtve stromy.
09:55
They are standing dead trees
because of the larvae of the beetle.
because of the larvae of the beetle.
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Stojace mŕtve stromy,
obete lariev lykožrúta.
obete lariev lykožrúta.
10:00
What happens is that this beetle
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Ide o to, že populácia tohto chrobáka
10:03
is controlled by
the cold weather in the winter.
the cold weather in the winter.
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býva regulovaná chladným počasím v zime.
10:06
For many years now, they don't have
the sufficient cold weather
the sufficient cold weather
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Veľa rokov však už nemajú
dostatočne chladné zimy na to,
dostatočne chladné zimy na to,
10:09
to actually control
the population of this beetle.
the population of this beetle.
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aby sa kôrovec nepremnožil.
10:13
And it became a disease
that is really killing billions of trees.
that is really killing billions of trees.
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Stal sa z neho mor,
ktorý zabíja miliardy stromov.
ktorý zabíja miliardy stromov.
10:20
So I came back with this notion
that the forest is actually
that the forest is actually
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Vrátil som sa teda s poznatkom,
že les je vlastne
že les je vlastne
10:24
one of the earliest and most affected
victims of climate change.
victims of climate change.
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jednou z prvých a najhorších
obetí klimatickej zmeny.
obetí klimatickej zmeny.
[Problém – Riešenie
– Obeť]
– Obeť]
10:29
So I was thinking,
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10:31
if I succeed in working
with all my colleagues
with all my colleagues
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Napadlo mi, že ak sa
nám s kolegami aj podarí
nám s kolegami aj podarí
10:35
to actually help to stop deforestation,
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zastaviť deforestáciu,
10:38
maybe we will lose the battle
later on for climate change
later on for climate change
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možno neskôr aj tak boj prehráme,
kvôli klimatickej zmene,
kvôli klimatickej zmene,
10:42
by floods, heat, fires and so on.
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prinášajúcej povodne,
teplo, požiare a podobne.
teplo, požiare a podobne.
10:46
So I decided to leave the forest service
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Takže som sa rozhodol
odísť z lesnej správy
odísť z lesnej správy
10:50
and start to work directly
on climate change,
on climate change,
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a pracovať priamo s klimatickou zmenou,
10:53
find a way to think and understand
the challenge, and go from there.
the challenge, and go from there.
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snažiť sa porozumieť tej výzve
a tam začať.
a tam začať.
10:57
Now, the challenge of climate change
is pretty straightforward.
is pretty straightforward.
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Výzva klimatickej zmeny je úplne jasná.
11:02
The goal is very clear.
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Cieľ je jednoznačný.
11:03
We want to limit the increase
of the average temperature
of the average temperature
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Chceme obmedziť nárast
priemernej teploty planéty na 2 °C.
priemernej teploty planéty na 2 °C.
11:07
of the planet to two degrees.
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11:10
There are several reasons for that.
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Z viacerých dôvodov.
11:11
I will not get into that now.
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Do toho teraz nebudem zachádzať.
11:13
But in order to get
to this limit of two degrees,
to this limit of two degrees,
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Ale aby sme docielili limit 2 °C,
11:17
which is possible for us to survive,
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ktorý by nám dovolil prežiť,
11:21
the IPCC, the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change,
Panel on Climate Change,
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Medzivládny panel o zmene klímy
(IPCC) stanovil,
(IPCC) stanovil,
11:26
defines that we have a budget of emissions
of 1,000 billion tons of CO2
of 1,000 billion tons of CO2
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že môžeme vypustiť celkovo
ešte tisíc miliárd ton CO2
ešte tisíc miliárd ton CO2
11:33
from now until the end of the century.
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od teraz až do konca storočia.
11:36
So if we divide this
by the number of years,
by the number of years,
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Ak toto číslo delíme počtom rokov,
11:39
what we have is an average budget
of 11 billion tons of CO2 per year.
of 11 billion tons of CO2 per year.
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máme priemerne
11 miliárd ton CO2 na rok.
11 miliárd ton CO2 na rok.
11:45
Now what is one ton of CO2?
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Čo je to tona CO2?
11:48
It's more or less what one small car,
running 20 kilometers a day,
running 20 kilometers a day,
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Asi toľko, čo ročne
vypustí malé auto
vypustí malé auto
pri 20 najazdenných kilometroch denne.
11:54
will emit in one year.
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11:56
Or it's one flight, one way,
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Alebo jednosmerný let
11:58
from São Paulo to Johannesburg
or to London, one way.
or to London, one way.
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zo São Paula do Johannesburgu
alebo do Londýna.
alebo do Londýna.
12:02
Two ways, two tons.
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Tam a späť, dve tony.
12:03
So 11 billion tons is twice that.
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Takže 11 miliárd ton je dvakrát toľko.
12:07
Now the emissions today
are 50 billion tons, and it's growing.
are 50 billion tons, and it's growing.
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Dnes sú ročné emisie
50 miliárd ton a stále rastú.
50 miliárd ton a stále rastú.
12:14
It's growing and maybe
it will be 61 by 2020.
it will be 61 by 2020.
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Rastú a do roku 2020
to možno bude 61 gigaton.
to možno bude 61 gigaton.
12:18
Now we need to go down to 10 by 2050.
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Do roku 2050 to treba
stiahnuť na 10.
stiahnuť na 10.
12:23
And while this happens,
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A dovtedy
12:25
the population will grow
from seven to nine billion people,
from seven to nine billion people,
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populácia vzrastie zo 7 na 9 miliárd,
12:28
the economy will grow
from 60 trillion dollars in 2010
from 60 trillion dollars in 2010
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ekonomika vzrastie
zo 60 triliónov dolárov v roku 2010
zo 60 triliónov dolárov v roku 2010
12:31
to 200 trillion dollars.
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na 200 triliónov dolárov.
12:33
And so what we need to do
is to be much more efficient
is to be much more efficient
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Takže potrebujeme
veľké zvýšenie účinnosti,
veľké zvýšenie účinnosti,
12:37
in a way that we can go
from seven tons of carbon per capita
from seven tons of carbon per capita
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aby sme sa za siedmich ton CO2
na osobu a rok
na osobu a rok
12:42
per person, per year,
into something like one.
into something like one.
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dostali na približne jednu tonu.
12:47
You have to choose.
You take the airplane or you have a car.
You take the airplane or you have a car.
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Treba si vybrať.
Budeme lietať či budeme mať autá.
Budeme lietať či budeme mať autá.
Nízkouhlíková ekonomika
12:52
So the question is, can we make it?
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Otázka je: Zvládneme to?
12:54
And that's the exactly the same question
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To je úplne rovnaká otázka,
12:56
I got when I was developing
a plan to combat deforestation.
a plan to combat deforestation.
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akú som si kládol pri zostavovaní
plánu na boj s deforestáciou.
plánu na boj s deforestáciou.
13:01
It's such a big problem, so complex.
Can we really do it?
Can we really do it?
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Je to obrovský problém, taký komplexný.
Zvládneme to?
Zvládneme to?
13:05
I think so. Think of this:
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Ja myslím, že áno.
Pozrime sa na to takto:
Pozrime sa na to takto:
13:08
Deforestation means 60 percent
of the greenhouse gas emissions
of the greenhouse gas emissions
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Deforestácia spôsobila 60 %
emisií skleníkových plynov
emisií skleníkových plynov
v Brazílii v poslednom desaťročí.
13:13
in Brazil in the last decade.
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13:15
Now it's a little bit
less than 30 percent.
less than 30 percent.
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Teraz sme niečo pod 30 percentami.
13:17
In the world, 60 percent is energy.
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Na svete je tých 60 % energia.
13:21
So if we can tackle directly the energy,
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Ak sa popasujeme priamo s energiou,
13:25
the same way we could
tackle deforestation,
tackle deforestation,
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rovnako ako sme sa
popasovali s deforestáciou,
popasovali s deforestáciou,
13:27
maybe we can have a chance.
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možno máme šancu.
13:29
So there are five things
that I think we should do.
that I think we should do.
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Je päť vecí, ktoré by sme
podľa mňa mali urobiť.
podľa mňa mali urobiť.
13:33
First, we need to disconnect development
from carbon emissions.
from carbon emissions.
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Za prvé, treba odviazať rozvoj
od uhlíkových emisií.
od uhlíkových emisií.
13:37
We don't need to clear-cut all the forests
to actually get more jobs
to actually get more jobs
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Nemusíme premeniť všetky lesy na holoruby,
aby sme vytvorili pracovné miesta,
aby sme vytvorili pracovné miesta,
13:43
and agriculture and have more economy.
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pozdvihli poľnohospodárstvo a ekonomiku.
13:45
That's what we proved
when we decreased deforestation
when we decreased deforestation
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To sme dokázali znížením deforestácie.
13:48
and the economy continued to grow.
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Ekonomika stále rastie.
To isté sa môže stať v energetike.
13:50
Same thing could happen
in the energy sector.
in the energy sector.
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13:54
Second, we have to move
the incentives to the right place.
the incentives to the right place.
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Za druhé, treba priviesť finančné
podnety na správne miesta.
podnety na správne miesta.
13:57
Today, 500 billion dollars a year
goes into subsidies for fossil fuels.
goes into subsidies for fossil fuels.
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Dnes ide 500 miliárd dolárov ročne
na dotácie do fosílnych palív.
na dotácie do fosílnych palív.
Alebo prečo nezavedieme cenu za uhlík
a nedotujeme radšej obnoviteľné zdroje?
a nedotujeme radšej obnoviteľné zdroje?
14:03
Why don't we put a price on carbon
and transfer this to the renewable energy?
and transfer this to the renewable energy?
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14:08
Third, we need to measure
and make it transparent
and make it transparent
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Za tretie, treba merať a zverejniť,
14:11
where, when and who
is emitting greenhouse gases
is emitting greenhouse gases
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kde, kedy a kto vypúšťa skleníkové plyny,
14:14
so we can have actions specifically
for each one of those opportunities.
for each one of those opportunities.
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aby sme mohli cielene zasiahnuť
v každom z prípadov.
v každom z prípadov.
14:19
Fourth, we need to leapfrog
the routes of development,
the routes of development,
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Za štvrté, musíme preskočiť
niektoré cesty rozvoja,
niektoré cesty rozvoja,
14:23
which means, you don't need
to go to the landline telephone
to go to the landline telephone
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predsa nepotrebujete najprv
zaviesť telefónnu linku,
zaviesť telefónnu linku,
14:26
before you get to the mobile phones.
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aby ste mohli prejsť na mobily.
14:29
Same way we don't need
to go to fossil fuels
to go to fossil fuels
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Rovnako nemusíme
priviesť fosílne palivá
priviesť fosílne palivá
14:31
to the one billion people
who don't have access to energy
who don't have access to energy
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miliarde ľudí, ktorí zatiaľ
nemajú prístup k energiám,
nemajú prístup k energiám,
14:33
before we get to the clean energy.
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predtým ako prejdú
na čisté energie.
na čisté energie.
14:36
And fifth and last,
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Za piate, to je posledné,
14:37
we need to share responsibility
between governments,
between governments,
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treba, aby vlády, spoločnosti
a občianska spoločnosť
a občianska spoločnosť
14:40
business and civil society.
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spolu zdieľali zodpovednosť.
14:43
There is work to do for everybody,
and we need to have everybody on board.
and we need to have everybody on board.
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Každý má na tom svoj diel práce,
a treba, aby sa jej chopil.
a treba, aby sa jej chopil.
14:48
So to finalize,
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Na záver,
14:49
I think the future is not like a fate
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myslím, že budúcnosť nie je ako osud,
14:53
that you have to just go
as business as usual goes.
as business as usual goes.
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na ktorý pasívne čakáte,
akoby sa nič nedialo.
akoby sa nič nedialo.
14:56
We need to have the courage
to actually change the route,
to actually change the route,
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Potrebujeme odvahu zmeniť svoju cestu,
14:59
invest in something new,
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investovať do niečoho nového,
15:01
think that we can actually
change the route.
change the route.
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veriť, že zmeniť cestu naozaj dokážeme.
15:04
I think we are doing this
with deforestation in Brazil,
with deforestation in Brazil,
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S týmto sme v Brazílii
pristúpili k deforestácii
pristúpili k deforestácii
15:07
and I hope we can do it also
with climate change in the world.
with climate change in the world.
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a dúfam, že celosvetovo tak
môžeme pristúpiť ku klimatickej zmene.
môžeme pristúpiť ku klimatickej zmene.
15:10
Thank you.
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Ďakujem vám.
15:11
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tasso Azevedo - Forester and sustainability activistTasso Azevedo has helped reduce the rate of deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest by 75 percent — and inspired similar efforts around the world.
Why you should listen
Tasso Azevedo founded the Brazilian non-governmental organization Imaflora in 1995 to create alternatives to deforestation. It became the leading environmental certification institution in Brazil. In 2003 he was appointed as the first director general of Brazil's National Forest Service.
In that job, by showing how the health of the Amazon rainforest is directly connected to his country’s economic stability and energy security, he led the implementation of an innovative framework of incentives for sustainable forestry that contributed to reduce the ate of deforestation in the Amazon by 75 percent -- and Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions by one-third. Today, Azevedo is focused on addressing climate change globally.
Tasso Azevedo | Speaker | TED.com