TEDGlobal 2013
Lesley Hazleton: The doubt essential to faith
Lesli Hejzlton (Lesley Hazleton): Sumnja neophodna za veru
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Prilikom pisanja biografije Muhameda, Lesli Hejzlton je bila zaintrigirana nečim: u noći kada je primio otkrovenje Kurana, sudeći po ranim opisima, njegova prva reakcija je bila sumnja, strahopoštovanje, čak i strah. Pa ipak, ovo iskustvo je postalo temelj njegovog verovanja. Hejzlton zahteva novo uvažavanje sumnje i preispitivanja kao osnove vere - i završetak svih vrsta fundamentalizama.
Lesley Hazleton - Writer, psychologist
Writer, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect. Full bio
Writer, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Writing biography is a strange thing to do.
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Pisanje biografije je čudna stvar.
00:18
It's a journey into the foreign territory
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To je putovanje na stranu teritoriju
00:20
of somebody else's life,
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nečijeg tuđeg života,
00:24
a journey, an exploration that can take you places
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putovanje, istraživanje
koje vas može odvesti na mesta
koje vas može odvesti na mesta
00:26
you never dreamed of going
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na koja nikad niste sanjali
da ćete otići
da ćete otići
00:29
and still can't quite believe you've been,
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i još ne možete da verujete gde ste bili,
00:31
especially if, like me, you're an agnostic Jew
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naročito ako ste, kao ja,
Jevrejin agnostik,
Jevrejin agnostik,
00:34
and the life you've been exploring
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a život koji istražujete
00:36
is that of Muhammad.
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je Muhamedov.
00:41
Five years ago, for instance,
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Pre pet godina, na primer,
00:44
I found myself waking each morning in misty Seattle
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zatekla sam sebe kako se budim
svakog jutra u tmurnom Sijetlu
svakog jutra u tmurnom Sijetlu
00:47
to what I knew was an impossible question:
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sa nečim za šta sam znala
da je nemoguće pitanje:
da je nemoguće pitanje:
00:50
What actually happened
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šta se zapravo dogodilo
00:54
one desert night,
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jedne noći u pustinji
00:55
half the world and almost half of history away?
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preko pola sveta
i skoro pola istorije unazad?
i skoro pola istorije unazad?
00:59
What happened, that is,
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To jest, šta se dogodilo
01:00
on the night in the year 610
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u noći 610. godine,
01:03
when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Koran
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kada je Muhamed primio
prvo otkrovenje Kurana
prvo otkrovenje Kurana
01:06
on a mountain just outside Mecca?
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na planini pored Meke?
01:11
This is the core mystical moment of Islam,
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Ovo je centralni
mistični momenat islama
mistični momenat islama
01:15
and as such, of course,
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i kao takav, naravno,
01:17
it defies empirical analysis.
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prkosi empirijskoj analizi.
01:20
Yet the question wouldn't let go of me.
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Pa ipak, nisam mogla
da se oslobodim tog pitanja.
da se oslobodim tog pitanja.
01:24
I was fully aware that for someone as secular as I am,
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Bila sam potpuno svesna
da se za nekoga ko je sekularan kao ja,
da se za nekoga ko je sekularan kao ja,
01:27
just asking it could be seen
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samo ovo pitanje
može protumačiti
može protumačiti
01:29
as pure chutzpah.
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kao čista drskost.
01:32
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:35
And I plead guilty as charged,
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Izjašnjavam se da sam kriva
01:37
because all exploration, physical or intellectual,
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jer su sva istraživanja,
fizička ili intelektualna,
fizička ili intelektualna,
01:41
is inevitably in some sense an act of transgression,
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neizbežno u nekom smislu
prestup
prestup
01:45
of crossing boundaries.
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ili prelaženje granica.
01:49
Still, some boundaries are larger than others.
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Ipak neke granice
su veće od drugih.
su veće od drugih.
01:55
So a human encountering the divine,
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Čovekovo pronalaženje božanskog,
01:58
as Muslims believe Muhammad did,
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kao što muslimani veruju
da je uradio Muhamed,
da je uradio Muhamed,
02:01
to the rationalist, this is a matter not of fact
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za racionalistu nije činjenica
02:04
but of wishful fiction,
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već poželjna fantazija
02:05
and like all of us, I like to think of myself as rational.
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i kao svi mi, volim za sebe
da mislim da sam racionalna.
da mislim da sam racionalna.
02:09
Which might be why when I looked at the earliest accounts
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To bi moglo da bude razlog što,
kad sam gledala najranije opise
kad sam gledala najranije opise
02:12
we have of that night,
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koje imamo o toj noći,
02:14
what struck me even more than what happened
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ono što me je pogodilo
čak i više od onoga što se dogodilo,
čak i više od onoga što se dogodilo,
02:17
was what did not happen.
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je ono što se nije dogodilo.
02:22
Muhammad did not come floating off the mountain
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Muhamed nije sišao lebdeći
sa planine
sa planine
02:25
as though walking on air.
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kao da hoda po vazduhu.
02:28
He did not run down shouting, "Hallelujah!"
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Nije strčao dole vičući:
"Aleluja!"
"Aleluja!"
02:31
and "Bless the Lord!"
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i "Hvaljen Gospod!".
02:33
He did not radiate light and joy.
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Nije sijao svetlošću i radošću.
02:37
There were no choirs of angels,
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Nije bilo horova anđela,
02:38
no music of the spheres, no elation, no ecstasy,
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harmonije sfera, euforije, ekstaze,
02:42
no golden aura surrounding him,
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nije bilo zlatne aure oko njega,
02:45
no sense of an absolute, fore-ordained role
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osećaja savršenosti,
predodređene uloge
predodređene uloge
02:50
as the messenger of God.
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božjeg izaslanika.
02:53
That is, he did none of the things
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Nije uradio nijednu od stvari
02:56
that might make it easy to cry foul,
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koje bi lako mogle
da se nazovu pogrešnim
da se nazovu pogrešnim
02:58
to put down the whole story as a pious fable.
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i da se cela priča oceni
kao pobožna legenda.
kao pobožna legenda.
03:03
Quite the contrary.
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Potpuno suprotno.
03:06
In his own reported words,
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Prema njegovim rečima,
03:10
he was convinced at first
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u prvom trenutku je bio ubeđen
03:12
that what had happened couldn't have been real.
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da ono što se desilo
ne može biti stvarno.
ne može biti stvarno.
03:18
At best, he thought, it had to have been a hallucination --
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U najboljem slučaju, mislio je,
to mora da je bila halucinacija
to mora da je bila halucinacija
03:20
a trick of the eye or the ear, perhaps,
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optička ili slušna varka, možda
03:22
or his own mind working against him.
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ili njegov um radi protiv njega.
03:24
At worst, possession --
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U najgorem slučaju, posednutost -
03:27
that he'd been seized by an evil jinn,
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obuzeo ga je zao duh,
03:29
a spirit out to deceive him,
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duh koji je došao da ga obmane,
03:31
even to crush the life out of him.
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čak i da iscedi život iz njega.
03:34
In fact, he was so sure that he could only be majnun,
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U stvari bio je toliko siguran
da to može biti samo ludak
da to može biti samo ludak
03:37
possessed by a jinn,
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posednut zlim duhom,
03:38
that when he found himself still alive,
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da kada je video
da je još uvek živ,
da je još uvek živ,
03:40
his first impulse was to finish the job himself,
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njegov prvi impuls je bio
da sam završi posao,
da sam završi posao,
03:45
to leap off the highest cliff
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da skoči sa najviše litice
03:48
and escape the terror of what he'd experienced
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i pobegne od užasa
koji mu se dešavao
koji mu se dešavao
03:52
by putting an end to all experience.
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tako što će
da okonča sa celim iskustvom.
da okonča sa celim iskustvom.
03:59
So the man who fled down the mountain that night
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Čovek koji je bežao
niz planinu te noći
niz planinu te noći
04:02
trembled not with joy
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drhtao je, ne od uživanja
04:04
but with a stark, primordial fear.
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nego od jakog, praiskonskog straha.
04:09
He was overwhelmed not with conviction, but by doubt.
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Bio je obuzet, ne ubeđenjem
već sumnjom.
već sumnjom.
04:15
And that panicked disorientation,
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Ta panična dezorijentacija,
04:18
that sundering of everything familiar,
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taj raskid sa svim poznatim,
04:20
that daunting awareness of something
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ta zastrašujuća svest o nečemu
04:24
beyond human comprehension,
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izvan ljudske moći poimanja,
04:27
can only be called a terrible awe.
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može se jedino nazvati
strahopoštovanjem.
strahopoštovanjem.
04:34
This might be somewhat difficult to grasp
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To može biti malo teško
da se shvati
da se shvati
04:37
now that we use the word "awesome"
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pošto koristimo reč "strava"
04:39
to describe a new app or a viral video.
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da opišemo novu aplikaciju
ili zarazni video snimak.
ili zarazni video snimak.
04:44
With the exception perhaps of a massive earthquake,
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Sa izuzetkom, možda,
jakog zemljotresa,
jakog zemljotresa,
04:47
we're protected from real awe.
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zaštićeni smo
od stvarnog strahopoštovanja.
od stvarnog strahopoštovanja.
04:49
We close the doors and hunker down,
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Zatvorili smo vrata
i šćućurili se,
i šćućurili se,
04:51
convinced that we're in control,
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ubeđeni da imamo kontrolu
04:54
or, at least, hoping for control.
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ili barem, nadamo se kontroli.
04:57
We do our best to ignore the fact that
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Dajemo sve od sebe
da ignorišemo činjenicu
da ignorišemo činjenicu
04:59
we don't always have it,
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da je nemamo uvek
05:01
and that not everything can be explained.
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i da ne može sve da se objasni.
05:04
Yet whether you're a rationalist or a mystic,
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Bilo da ste racionalista ili mistik,
05:08
whether you think the words Muhammad heard that night
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bilo da mislite da su reči
koje je Muhamed čuo te noći
koje je Muhamed čuo te noći
05:10
came from inside himself or from outside,
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došle iz njega ili od spolja,
05:15
what's clear is that he did experience them,
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ono što je jasno je
da ih je on iskusio
da ih je on iskusio
05:19
and that he did so with a force that would shatter
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i da se to desilo sa snagom
koja bi poljuljala
koja bi poljuljala
05:22
his sense of himself and his world
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njegov doživljaj sebe
i njegovog sveta
i njegovog sveta
05:24
and transform this otherwise modest man
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i transformisala ovog inače
umerenog čoveka
umerenog čoveka
05:27
into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
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u radikalnog pobornika
socijalne i ekonomske pravde.
socijalne i ekonomske pravde.
05:34
Fear was the only sane response,
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Strah je bio jedini zdrav odgovor,
05:39
the only human response.
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jedini ljudski odgovor.
05:44
Too human for some,
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Suviše ljudski za neke
05:47
like conservative Muslim theologians who maintain that
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kao što su konzervativni
muslimanski teolozi, koji kažu
muslimanski teolozi, koji kažu
05:49
the account of his wanting to kill himself
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da objašnjenje da je hteo
da izvrši samoubistvo
da izvrši samoubistvo
05:51
shouldn't even be mentioned, despite the fact
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ne bi trebalo čak ni da se spominje,
uprkos činjenici
uprkos činjenici
05:54
that it's in the earliest Islamic biographies.
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da se ona nalazi
u najranijim islamskim biografijama.
u najranijim islamskim biografijama.
05:58
They insist that he never doubted
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Insistiraju da on nije sumnjao
06:01
for even a single moment, let alone despaired.
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ni u jednom momentu,
a kamoli očajavao.
a kamoli očajavao.
06:08
Demanding perfection, they refuse to tolerate
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Zahtevajući savršenstvo,
odbijaju da tolerišu
odbijaju da tolerišu
06:11
human imperfection.
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ljudsku nesavršenost.
06:16
Yet what, exactly, is imperfect about doubt?
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A šta je to nesavršeno u sumnji?
06:23
As I read those early accounts, I realized it was
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Kako sam čitala ta rana objašnjenja,
shvatila sam
shvatila sam
06:26
precisely Muhammad's doubt that brought him alive for me,
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da je baš Muhamedova sumnja ono
što mi ga je učinilo interesantnim,
što mi ga je učinilo interesantnim,
06:30
that allowed me to begin to see him in full,
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što mi je omogućilo
da ga vidim u celini,
da ga vidim u celini,
06:33
to accord him the integrity of reality.
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da mu dam integritet realnosti.
06:36
And the more I thought about it,
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I što sam više mislila o tome,
06:38
the more it made sense that he doubted,
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više mi je imalo smisla
da je sumnjao
da je sumnjao
06:41
because doubt is essential to faith.
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jer je sumnja neophodna za veru.
06:48
If this seems a startling idea at first,
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Ako ovo deluje
kao iznenađujuća ideja u startu,
kao iznenađujuća ideja u startu,
06:51
consider that doubt, as Graham Greene once put it,
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uzmite u obzir da je sumnja,
kako je Grejem Grin jednom rekao,
kako je Grejem Grin jednom rekao,
06:54
is the heart of the matter.
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srž stvari.
06:58
Abolish all doubt, and what's left is not faith,
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Ukinite svu sumnju -
i ono što je ostalo nije vera
i ono što je ostalo nije vera
07:03
but absolute, heartless conviction.
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nego apsolutno,
bezdušno ubeđenje.
bezdušno ubeđenje.
07:08
You're certain that you possess the Truth --
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Sigurni ste da posedujete Istinu -
07:12
inevitably offered with an implied uppercase T --
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neizbežno ponuđenu sa velikim "I" -
07:16
and this certainty quickly devolves
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i ova sigurnost brzo prelazi
07:19
into dogmatism and righteousness,
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u dogmatizam i pravedništvo,
07:22
by which I mean a demonstrative, overweening pride
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pri čemu mislim na demonstrativni,
naduveni ponos
naduveni ponos
07:26
in being so very right,
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u tome da se bude
tako mnogo u pravu,
tako mnogo u pravu,
07:30
in short, the arrogance of fundamentalism.
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ukratko - aroganciju fundamentalizma.
07:38
It has to be one of the multiple ironies of history
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To mora da je jedna
od mnogih ironija u istoriji,
od mnogih ironija u istoriji,
07:42
that a favorite expletive of Muslim fundamentalists
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da je omiljena fraza
muslimanskih fundamentalista
muslimanskih fundamentalista
07:45
is the same one once used by the Christian fundamentalists
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ista ona koju su nekad koristili
hrišćanski fundamentalisti
hrišćanski fundamentalisti
07:49
known as Crusaders:
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poznatiji kao krstaši:
07:51
"infidel," from the Latin for "faithless."
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"nevernik" (infidel),
od latinskog naziva za "bez vere".
od latinskog naziva za "bez vere".
07:57
Doubly ironic, in this case, because their absolutism
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Dvostruko ironično u ovom slučaju,
jer njihov apsolutizam
jer njihov apsolutizam
08:01
is in fact the opposite of faith.
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je u stvari suprotan veri.
08:06
In effect, they are the infidels.
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U stvari, oni su nevernici.
08:11
Like fundamentalists of all religious stripes,
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Kao i fundamentalisti
svih religioznih boja,
svih religioznih boja,
08:14
they have no questions, only answers.
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nemaju nikakva pitanja,
samo odgovore.
samo odgovore.
08:18
They found the perfect antidote to thought
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Našli su savršeni lek za misao
08:21
and the ideal refuge of the hard demands of real faith.
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i idealno sklonište
od teških zahteva prave vere.
od teških zahteva prave vere.
08:25
They don't have to struggle for it like Jacob
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Ne moraju
da se bore za nju kao Jakov
da se bore za nju kao Jakov
08:27
wrestling through the night with the angel,
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rvući se kroz noć sa anđelom
08:29
or like Jesus in his 40 days and nights in the wilderness,
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ili kao Isus u svojih
40 dana i noći u divljini
40 dana i noći u divljini
08:32
or like Muhammad, not only that night on the mountain,
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ili kao Muhamed,
ne samo te noći na planini,
ne samo te noći na planini,
08:35
but throughout his years as a prophet,
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nego tokom svih godina kao prorok
08:38
with the Koran constantly urging him not to despair,
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sa Kuranom koji ga je stalno
ubeđivao da ne očajava
ubeđivao da ne očajava
08:42
and condemning those who most loudly proclaim
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i osuđivao one
koji najglasnije proklamuju
koji najglasnije proklamuju
08:45
that they know everything there is to know
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da znaju sve
što treba da se zna
što treba da se zna
08:49
and that they and they alone are right.
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i da su samo oni u pravu.
08:56
And yet we, the vast and still far too silent majority,
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Pa ipak smo mi, kao velika
i još uvek suviše ćutljiva većina,
i još uvek suviše ćutljiva većina,
09:03
have ceded the public arena to this extremist minority.
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prepustili javnu arenu
ovoj ekstremističkoj manjini.
ovoj ekstremističkoj manjini.
09:09
We've allowed Judaism to be claimed
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Dozvolili smo da na judaizam
polažu pravo
polažu pravo
09:11
by violently messianic West Bank settlers,
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nasilni mesijanski doseljenici
na Zapadnu obalu,
na Zapadnu obalu,
09:15
Christianity by homophobic hypocrites
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na hrišćanstvo - homofobični licemeri
09:18
and misogynistic bigots,
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i verski fanatici ženomrsci,
09:21
Islam by suicide bombers.
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na islam - bombaši samoubice.
09:26
And we've allowed ourselves to be blinded to the fact that
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I dozvolili smo
da nas zaslepi činjenica da,
da nas zaslepi činjenica da,
09:28
no matter whether they claim to be Christians,
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bez obzira da li tvrde da su hrišćani,
09:31
Jews or Muslims,
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jevreji ili muslimani,
09:32
militant extremists are none of the above.
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ratoborni ekstremisti
nisu ni jedno od navedenog.
nisu ni jedno od navedenog.
09:38
They're a cult all their own, blood brothers
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Oni su kult za sebe,
braća po krvi
braća po krvi
09:44
steeped in other people's blood.
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ogrezli u krvi drugih ljudi.
09:49
This isn't faith.
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To nije vera.
09:51
It's fanaticism, and we have to stop confusing the two.
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To je fanatizam i moramo da prestanemo
da mešamo to dvoje.
da mešamo to dvoje.
09:56
We have to recognize that real faith has no easy answers.
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Moramo da prepoznamo
da prava vera nema lakih odgovora.
da prava vera nema lakih odgovora.
10:01
It's difficult and stubborn.
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Ona je teška i tvrdoglava.
10:06
It involves an ongoing struggle,
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Uključuje stalnu borbu,
10:08
a continual questioning of what we think we know,
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stalno preispitivanje u vezi sa onim
što mislimo da znamo,
što mislimo da znamo,
10:11
a wrestling with issues and ideas.
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rvanje sa problemima i idejama.
10:13
It goes hand in hand with doubt,
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Ona ide ruku pod ruku sa sumnjom
10:17
in a never-ending conversation with it,
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u stalnom dijalogu s njom
10:20
and sometimes in conscious defiance of it.
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i ponekad joj svesno prkosi.
10:26
And this conscious defiance is why I, as an agnostic,
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Taj svesni prkos je ono
zbog čega ja, kao agnostik,
zbog čega ja, kao agnostik,
10:31
can still have faith.
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mogu ipak da verujem.
10:35
I have faith, for instance, that peace in the Middle East
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Verujem, na primer,
da je mir na Bliskom istoku moguć
da je mir na Bliskom istoku moguć
10:38
is possible despite the ever-accumulating mass of evidence
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uprkos nakupljenoj količini dokaza
10:43
to the contrary.
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za suprotno.
10:46
I'm not convinced of this.
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Nisam ubeđena u ovo.
10:48
I can hardly say I believe it.
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Jedva mogu da kažem
da verujem u to.
da verujem u to.
10:50
I can only have faith in it,
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Mogu samo da imam veru,
10:52
commit myself, that is, to the idea of it,
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da se posvetim toj ideji
10:56
and I do this precisely because of the temptation
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i to radim
baš zbog iskušenja
baš zbog iskušenja
10:59
to throw up my hands in resignation
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da dignem ruke u rezignaciji
11:01
and retreat into silence.
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i povučem se u ćutanje.
11:05
Because despair is self-fulfilling.
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Jer očajanje je
samoispunjavajuće.
samoispunjavajuće.
11:09
If we call something impossible,
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Ako nazovemo nešto nemogućim,
11:12
we act in such a way that we make it so.
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radimo tako da to takvim i učinimo.
11:16
And I, for one, refuse to live that way.
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Ja, na primer, odbijam da živim tako.
11:21
In fact, most of us do,
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U stvari većina nas odbija,
11:24
whether we're atheist or theist
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bilo da smo ateisti ili teisti
11:27
or anywhere in between or beyond, for that matter,
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ili bilo gde između ili izvan toga
11:31
what drives us is that, despite our doubts
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Ono što nas pokreće je to,
da uprkos našim sumnjama
da uprkos našim sumnjama
11:36
and even because of our doubts,
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i čak zbog sumnji,
11:38
we reject the nihilism of despair.
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odbijamo nihilizam očajanja.
11:42
We insist on faith in the future
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Insistiramo na veri u budućnost
11:46
and in each other.
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i veri jednih u druge.
11:50
Call this naive if you like.
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Nazovite to naivnim ako hoćete.
11:54
Call it impossibly idealistic if you must.
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Nazovite ga nemoguće idealističkim
ako morate.
ako morate.
11:57
But one thing is sure:
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Ali jedno je sigurno:
11:59
Call it human.
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nazovite ga ljudskim.
12:03
Could Muhammad have so radically changed his world
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Da li je Muhamed mogao toliko radikalno
da promeni svoj svet
da promeni svoj svet
12:06
without such faith, without the refusal
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bez takve vere, bez odbijanja
12:09
to cede to the arrogance of closed-minded certainty?
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da popusti pred arogancijom
slepe sigurnosti?
slepe sigurnosti?
12:13
I think not.
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Mislim da nije.
12:17
After keeping company with him as a writer
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Posle druženja sa njim kao pisac
12:19
for the past five years, I can't see
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poslednjih pet godina,
ne vidim
ne vidim
12:22
that he'd be anything but utterly outraged
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da bi bio bilo šta drugo
nego krajnje šokiran
nego krajnje šokiran
12:27
at the militant fundamentalists who claim to speak
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ratobornim fundamentalistima
koji daju sebi za pravo da govore
koji daju sebi za pravo da govore
12:30
and act in his name in the Middle East and elsewhere today.
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i deluju u njegovo ime na Bliskom istoku
i drugim mestima danas.
i drugim mestima danas.
12:36
He'd be appalled at the repression of half the population
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Bio bi zaprepašćen
represijom polovine stanovništva
represijom polovine stanovništva
12:40
because of their gender.
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zbog njihovog pola.
12:43
He'd be torn apart by the bitter divisiveness of sectarianism.
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Bio bi rastrgnut
gorkom podeljenošću sektaštva.
gorkom podeljenošću sektaštva.
12:51
He'd call out terrorism for what it is,
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Nazvao bi terorizam
onim što on jeste,
onim što on jeste,
12:54
not only criminal but an obscene travesty
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ne samo kriminalom
već i bestidnom parodijom
već i bestidnom parodijom
12:59
of everything he believed in and struggled for.
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svega u šta je on verovao
i za šta se borio.
i za šta se borio.
13:03
He'd say what the Koran says: Anyone who takes a life
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Rekao bi ono što kaže Kuran:
"Svako ko oduzme jedan život,
"Svako ko oduzme jedan život,
13:09
takes the life of all humanity.
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oduzima život celog čovečanstva.
13:12
Anyone who saves a life, saves the life of all humanity.
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Svako ko spasi jedan život,
spasava život celog čovečanstva."
spasava život celog čovečanstva."
13:19
And he'd commit himself fully
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I posvetio bi se potpuno
13:22
to the hard and thorny process of making peace.
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teškom i trnovitom procesu
pomirenja.
pomirenja.
13:29
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:31
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
13:35
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lesley Hazleton - Writer, psychologistWriter, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect.
Why you should listen
Lesley Hazleton has traced the roots of conflict in several books, including compelling 'flesh-and-blood' biographies of Muhammad and Mary, and casts "an agnostic eye on politics, religion, and existence" on her blog, AccidentalTheologist.com.
Her newest book, Agnostic: A Spirited Manifesto, celebrates the agnostic stance as "rising above the flat two-dimensional line of belief/unbelief, creating new possibilities for how we think about being in the world." In it, she explores what we mean by the search for meaning, invokes the humbling perspective of infinity and reconsiders what we talk about when we talk about soul.
Hazleton's approach has been praised as "vital and mischievous" by the New York Times, and as "a positive orientation to life, one that embraces both science and mystery ... while remaining intimately grounded and engaged."
Lesley Hazleton | Speaker | TED.com