TEDGlobal 2013
Lesley Hazleton: The doubt essential to faith
Lesley Hazleton: Sumnja neophodna vjeri
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Kada je Lesley Hazelton pisala biografiju Muhameda, bila je osupnuta nečim. Noći kada je primao otkrivenje Kur'ana, sudeći prema prvim izvorima, njegova prva reakcija je bila sumnja, strahopoštovanje, čak i strah. Pa ipak, ovo je iskustvo postalo temelj njegova vjerovanja. Hazleton poziva na novo uvažavanje sumnje i propitkivanja kao temelj vjere -- kraja fundamentalizmima svih vrsta.
Lesley Hazleton - Writer, psychologist
Writer, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect. Full bio
Writer, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Writing biography is a strange thing to do.
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Pisanje biografije je neobična stvar.
00:18
It's a journey into the foreign territory
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To je putovanje u strani teritorij
00:20
of somebody else's life,
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tuđeg života,
00:24
a journey, an exploration that can take you places
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putovanje, istraživanje koje vas
može odvesti na mjesta
može odvesti na mjesta
00:26
you never dreamed of going
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za koja nikada niste sanjali da ćete ići
00:29
and still can't quite believe you've been,
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i dalje ne možete u potpunosti
vjerovati da ste bili
vjerovati da ste bili
00:31
especially if, like me, you're an agnostic Jew
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posebice ako ste, poput mene, Židov agnostik,
00:34
and the life you've been exploring
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a život koji istražujete
00:36
is that of Muhammad.
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je Muhamedov.
00:41
Five years ago, for instance,
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Prije pet godina, na primjer,
00:44
I found myself waking each morning in misty Seattle
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budila sam se svakog jutra u maglovitom Seattleu
00:47
to what I knew was an impossible question:
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sa onim što sam znala da je nemoguće pitanje:
00:50
What actually happened
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Što se uistinu dogodilo
00:54
one desert night,
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jedne pustinjske noći,
00:55
half the world and almost half of history away?
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pola svijeta i skoro pola povijesti daleko?
00:59
What happened, that is,
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Što se dogodilo,
01:00
on the night in the year 610
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jedne noći u godini 610.
01:03
when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Koran
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kada je Muhamed primio
prvo otkrivenje Kur'ana
prvo otkrivenje Kur'ana
01:06
on a mountain just outside Mecca?
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na brdu taman izvan Meke?
01:11
This is the core mystical moment of Islam,
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Ovo je središnji mistični trenutak Islama,
01:15
and as such, of course,
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te se kao takav, naravno
01:17
it defies empirical analysis.
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odupire empirijskoj analizi.
01:20
Yet the question wouldn't let go of me.
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Ipak, pitanje me nije napuštalo.
01:24
I was fully aware that for someone as secular as I am,
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Bila sam potpuno svjesna da za
nekog sekularnog poput mene
nekog sekularnog poput mene
01:27
just asking it could be seen
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samo ispitivanje bi moglo biti viđeno
01:29
as pure chutzpah.
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kao čista chutzpah (smjelost).
01:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:35
And I plead guilty as charged,
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Priznajem krivnju,
01:37
because all exploration, physical or intellectual,
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zato što su sva istraživanja,
fizička ili intelektualna,
fizička ili intelektualna,
01:41
is inevitably in some sense an act of transgression,
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neizbježno u određenom
smislu čin prijestupa,
smislu čin prijestupa,
01:45
of crossing boundaries.
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prelaženja granica.
01:49
Still, some boundaries are larger than others.
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Ipak, neke su granice veće od drugih.
01:55
So a human encountering the divine,
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Dakle, čovjekov susret sa božanskim,
01:58
as Muslims believe Muhammad did,
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kao što muslimanu vjeruju
da se Muhamed susreo,
da se Muhamed susreo,
02:01
to the rationalist, this is a matter not of fact
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za racionalista nije stvar činjenice,
02:04
but of wishful fiction,
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nego željene fikcije,
02:05
and like all of us, I like to think of myself as rational.
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a kao i svi mi, ja za sebe
volim misliti da sam racionalna.
volim misliti da sam racionalna.
02:09
Which might be why when I looked at the earliest accounts
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Zbog toga, kada gledam
najranija svjedočanstva
najranija svjedočanstva
02:12
we have of that night,
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koja imamo o toj noći,
02:14
what struck me even more than what happened
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ono što me još više pogađa
od onoga što se dogodilo,
od onoga što se dogodilo,
02:17
was what did not happen.
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je ono što se nije dogodilo.
02:22
Muhammad did not come floating off the mountain
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Muhamed nije sišao lebdeći sa planine
02:25
as though walking on air.
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kao da hoda po zraku.
02:28
He did not run down shouting, "Hallelujah!"
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Nije dotrćao dolje vičući, "Aleluja"
02:31
and "Bless the Lord!"
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i "Blagoslovljen Gospodin".
02:33
He did not radiate light and joy.
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Nije zračio svjetlom i radošću.
02:37
There were no choirs of angels,
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Nije bilo zborova anđela,
02:38
no music of the spheres, no elation, no ecstasy,
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niti glazbe sfera, niti
ushićenja, niti ekstaze,
ushićenja, niti ekstaze,
02:42
no golden aura surrounding him,
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niti zlatne aure koja bi ga okruživala,
02:45
no sense of an absolute, fore-ordained role
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niti osjećaja apsolutne,
predodređene uloge,
predodređene uloge,
02:50
as the messenger of God.
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kao poslanika Boga.
02:53
That is, he did none of the things
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To jest, nije učinio niti jednu od stvari
02:56
that might make it easy to cry foul,
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zbog kojih bi bilo lagano
reći da je sve neistina,
reći da je sve neistina,
02:58
to put down the whole story as a pious fable.
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odbaciti cijelu priču kao pobožnu bajku.
03:03
Quite the contrary.
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Upravo suprotno.
03:06
In his own reported words,
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Po njegovim vlastitim zabilježenim riječima
03:10
he was convinced at first
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je bio u početku uvjeren
03:12
that what had happened couldn't have been real.
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kako sve što se dogodilo
ne može biti stvarno
ne može biti stvarno
03:18
At best, he thought, it had to have been a hallucination --
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U najboljem slučaju, mislio je,
morala je to biti halucinacija --
morala je to biti halucinacija --
03:20
a trick of the eye or the ear, perhaps,
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iluzija oka ili uha,
03:22
or his own mind working against him.
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ili njegovog vlastitog uma
koji radi protiv njega.
koji radi protiv njega.
03:24
At worst, possession --
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U najgorem slučaju, zaposjednutost --
03:27
that he'd been seized by an evil jinn,
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opsjednutost sa zlim džinom
03:29
a spirit out to deceive him,
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koji je tu da ga zavara,
03:31
even to crush the life out of him.
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da čak slomi život u njemu.
03:34
In fact, he was so sure that he could only be majnun,
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U stvari, on je bio toliko siguran da je lud
03:37
possessed by a jinn,
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opsjednut džinom,
03:38
that when he found himself still alive,
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da kada je shvatio da je živ
03:40
his first impulse was to finish the job himself,
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je njegova prva reakcija bila
da sam dovrši posao,
da sam dovrši posao,
03:45
to leap off the highest cliff
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da skoći sa najviše litice
03:48
and escape the terror of what he'd experienced
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i pobjegne od užasa onoga što je doživio
03:52
by putting an end to all experience.
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stajući na kraj svekolikom iskustvu.
03:59
So the man who fled down the mountain that night
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Čovjek koji je pobjegao
dolje sa planine te noći
dolje sa planine te noći
04:02
trembled not with joy
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nije drhtao od radosti,
04:04
but with a stark, primordial fear.
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nego od potpunog, praiskonskog straha.
04:09
He was overwhelmed not with conviction, but by doubt.
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Bio je preplavljen ne sa uvjerenjem,
nego sa sumnjom.
nego sa sumnjom.
04:15
And that panicked disorientation,
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Ta panična dezorijentiranost,
04:18
that sundering of everything familiar,
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taj rasap svega poznatog,
04:20
that daunting awareness of something
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ta zastrašujuća svijest nečega
04:24
beyond human comprehension,
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preko moći ljudskog poimanja
04:27
can only be called a terrible awe.
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može se nazvati samo
užasnim strahopoštovanjem.
užasnim strahopoštovanjem.
04:34
This might be somewhat difficult to grasp
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Ovo može biti donekle teško za shvatiti
04:37
now that we use the word "awesome"
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sada kada koristimo riječ "fenomenalnan"
04:39
to describe a new app or a viral video.
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kako bi opisali novu aplikaciju ili video.
04:44
With the exception perhaps of a massive earthquake,
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Sa izuzetkom možda masivnog potresa,
04:47
we're protected from real awe.
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mi smo zaštićeni od
istinskog strahopoštovanja.
istinskog strahopoštovanja.
04:49
We close the doors and hunker down,
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Zatvorimo vrata i sklupčamo se,
04:51
convinced that we're in control,
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uvjereni kako imamo kontrolu,
04:54
or, at least, hoping for control.
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ili se u krajnjoj liniji nadamo kontroli.
04:57
We do our best to ignore the fact that
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Dajemo sve od sebe da
zanemarimo činjenicu
zanemarimo činjenicu
04:59
we don't always have it,
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kako je nekada nemamo
05:01
and that not everything can be explained.
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i kako ne može sve biti objašnjeno.
05:04
Yet whether you're a rationalist or a mystic,
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Ipak, bez obzira da li
ste racionalist ili mistik,
ste racionalist ili mistik,
05:08
whether you think the words Muhammad heard that night
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bez obzira mislite li da su riječi
koje je Muhamed čuo te noći
koje je Muhamed čuo te noći
05:10
came from inside himself or from outside,
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došle iz njegeove nutrine ili izvana,
05:15
what's clear is that he did experience them,
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ono što je jasno je da ih je iskusio
05:19
and that he did so with a force that would shatter
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i to sa silinom koja je razbila
05:22
his sense of himself and his world
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njegovu svijest o sebi i o ovome svijetu,
05:24
and transform this otherwise modest man
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i transformirala ovoga jednostavnog čovjeka
05:27
into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
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u radikalnog zagovornika
socijalne i ekonomske pravde.
socijalne i ekonomske pravde.
05:34
Fear was the only sane response,
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Strah je bio jedini razuman odgovor,
05:39
the only human response.
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jedini ljudski odgovor.
05:44
Too human for some,
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Previše ljudski za neke,
05:47
like conservative Muslim theologians who maintain that
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poput konzervativnih muslimskih
teologa koji drže kako
teologa koji drže kako
05:49
the account of his wanting to kill himself
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iskaz njegove želje da počini samoubojstvo
05:51
shouldn't even be mentioned, despite the fact
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ne bi uopće trebalo spominjati, usprkos tome
05:54
that it's in the earliest Islamic biographies.
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što se nalazi u najranijim
islamskim biografijama.
islamskim biografijama.
05:58
They insist that he never doubted
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Oni ustraju na tome
kako se nije nikada dvoumio,
kako se nije nikada dvoumio,
06:01
for even a single moment, let alone despaired.
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čak niti na jedan trenutak, a kamoli očajavao.
06:08
Demanding perfection, they refuse to tolerate
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Zahtijevajući savršenstvo, oni odbijaju podnositi
06:11
human imperfection.
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ljudsko nesavršenstvo.
06:16
Yet what, exactly, is imperfect about doubt?
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Ipak, što je to točno nesavršeno u sumnji?
06:23
As I read those early accounts, I realized it was
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Dok čitam te rane iskaze, uviđam kako je
06:26
precisely Muhammad's doubt that brought him alive for me,
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upravo Muhamedova sumnja ono
što ga je oživilo za mene,
što ga je oživilo za mene,
06:30
that allowed me to begin to see him in full,
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što mi je omogućilo da ga
krenem gledati u punini,
krenem gledati u punini,
06:33
to accord him the integrity of reality.
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što mu je dalo puninu stvarnosti.
06:36
And the more I thought about it,
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I što sam više razmišljala o tome,
06:38
the more it made sense that he doubted,
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to mi je više imalo smisla da je sumnjao,
06:41
because doubt is essential to faith.
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zato što je sumnja suštinska vjeri.
06:48
If this seems a startling idea at first,
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Ako se ovo na prvu čini
kao nevjerojatna ideja,
kao nevjerojatna ideja,
06:51
consider that doubt, as Graham Greene once put it,
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uzmite u obzir da je sumnja,
kako je to Graham Green jednom izjavio,
kako je to Graham Green jednom izjavio,
06:54
is the heart of the matter.
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samo srce stvari.
06:58
Abolish all doubt, and what's left is not faith,
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Ukinite svu sumnju,
i ono što ostaje nije vjera,
i ono što ostaje nije vjera,
07:03
but absolute, heartless conviction.
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nego apsolutno, bezdušno uvjerenje.
07:08
You're certain that you possess the Truth --
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Vi ste uvjereni kako posjedujete Istinu--
07:12
inevitably offered with an implied uppercase T --
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Istinu sa velikim I--
07:16
and this certainty quickly devolves
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i ova se sigurnost brzo izrodi
07:19
into dogmatism and righteousness,
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u dogmatizam i pravdoljubivost,
07:22
by which I mean a demonstrative, overweening pride
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pod kojom mislim na demonstrativan,
samosvjestan ponos
samosvjestan ponos
07:26
in being so very right,
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kako smo užasno u pravu,
07:30
in short, the arrogance of fundamentalism.
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ukratko, u aroganciju i fundamentalizam.
07:38
It has to be one of the multiple ironies of history
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Mora da se radi o jednoj od
mnogobrojnih ironija u povijesti,
mnogobrojnih ironija u povijesti,
07:42
that a favorite expletive of Muslim fundamentalists
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to što je jedna od najdražih uvreda
islamskih fundamentalista
islamskih fundamentalista
07:45
is the same one once used by the Christian fundamentalists
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identična onoj nekoć korištenoj od
strane kršćanskih fundamentalista
strane kršćanskih fundamentalista
07:49
known as Crusaders:
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poznatih kao Križari:
07:51
"infidel," from the Latin for "faithless."
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"nevjernik" od latinske riječi "nevjeran"
07:57
Doubly ironic, in this case, because their absolutism
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Dvostruka ironija u ovom slučaju,
pošto je njihov apsolutizam
pošto je njihov apsolutizam
08:01
is in fact the opposite of faith.
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u stvari suprotan vjeri.
08:06
In effect, they are the infidels.
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U suštini, oni su nevjernici.
08:11
Like fundamentalists of all religious stripes,
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Poput fundamentalista
svih religijskih vrsta,
svih religijskih vrsta,
08:14
they have no questions, only answers.
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oni nemaju pitanja, samo odgovore.
08:18
They found the perfect antidote to thought
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Našli su savršen protuotrov mišljenju
08:21
and the ideal refuge of the hard demands of real faith.
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i idealno utočište od
teških zahtjeva istinske vjere.
teških zahtjeva istinske vjere.
08:25
They don't have to struggle for it like Jacob
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Oni se ne moraju boriti poput Jakova
08:27
wrestling through the night with the angel,
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hrvajući se kroz noć sa anđelom,
08:29
or like Jesus in his 40 days and nights in the wilderness,
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ili poput Isusa sa svojih
40 dana i noći u divljini,
40 dana i noći u divljini,
08:32
or like Muhammad, not only that night on the mountain,
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ili kao Muhamed, ne samo
sa tom noći na planini,
sa tom noći na planini,
08:35
but throughout his years as a prophet,
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nego kroz njegove godine kao proroka,
08:38
with the Koran constantly urging him not to despair,
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sa Kur'anom što ga
neprestano tjera da ne očajava,
neprestano tjera da ne očajava,
08:42
and condemning those who most loudly proclaim
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i sa osudom onih koji
najglasnije objavljuju
najglasnije objavljuju
08:45
that they know everything there is to know
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kako znaju sve što se ima znati,
08:49
and that they and they alone are right.
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i da su oni i jedino oni u pravu.
08:56
And yet we, the vast and still far too silent majority,
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Ali smo ipak mi, velika
i dalje odveć tiha većina,
i dalje odveć tiha većina,
09:03
have ceded the public arena to this extremist minority.
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ustupili javni prostor ovoj
ekstremističkoj manjini.
ekstremističkoj manjini.
09:09
We've allowed Judaism to be claimed
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Dopustili smo da judaizam svojataju
09:11
by violently messianic West Bank settlers,
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nasilni mesijanski naseljenici
Zapadne obale,
Zapadne obale,
09:15
Christianity by homophobic hypocrites
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kršćanstvo homofobni licemjeri
09:18
and misogynistic bigots,
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i ženomrzački šovinisti,
09:21
Islam by suicide bombers.
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islam bombaši samoubojice.
09:26
And we've allowed ourselves to be blinded to the fact that
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I dopustili smo samima sebi da
budemo zaslijepljeni činjenicom da
budemo zaslijepljeni činjenicom da
09:28
no matter whether they claim to be Christians,
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bez obzira tvrde li da su kršćani,
09:31
Jews or Muslims,
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židovi ili muslimani,
09:32
militant extremists are none of the above.
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militantni ekstremisti nisu
niti jedno od navedenog,
niti jedno od navedenog,
09:38
They're a cult all their own, blood brothers
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Oni su svoj vlastiti kult, braća po krvi
09:44
steeped in other people's blood.
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ogrezli u krv drugih ljudi.
09:49
This isn't faith.
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To nije vjera.
09:51
It's fanaticism, and we have to stop confusing the two.
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To je fanatizam, i mi moramo
prestati miješati to dvoje.
prestati miješati to dvoje.
09:56
We have to recognize that real faith has no easy answers.
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Mi moramo prepoznati kako
prava vjera nema lagane odgovore.
prava vjera nema lagane odgovore.
10:01
It's difficult and stubborn.
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Teška je i svojeglava.
10:06
It involves an ongoing struggle,
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Obuhvaća neprestanu borbu,
10:08
a continual questioning of what we think we know,
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neprestano preispitivanje
onoga što mislimo da znamo,
onoga što mislimo da znamo,
10:11
a wrestling with issues and ideas.
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hrvanje sa problemima i idejama.
10:13
It goes hand in hand with doubt,
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Ona ide ruku uz ruku sa sumnjom,
10:17
in a never-ending conversation with it,
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u neprestanom razgovoru sa njom,
10:20
and sometimes in conscious defiance of it.
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i ponekad u svjesnom inatu protiv nje.
10:26
And this conscious defiance is why I, as an agnostic,
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I ovaj svjesni prkos je
zašto ja, kao agnostik
zašto ja, kao agnostik
10:31
can still have faith.
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mogu i dalje imati vjeru.
10:35
I have faith, for instance, that peace in the Middle East
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Imam vjeru, na primjer,
kako je mir na Bliskom istoku
kako je mir na Bliskom istoku
10:38
is possible despite the ever-accumulating mass of evidence
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moguć usprkos neprekidno
gomilajućoj masi dokaza
gomilajućoj masi dokaza
10:43
to the contrary.
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za suprotno.
10:46
I'm not convinced of this.
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Nisam uvjerena u ovo.
10:48
I can hardly say I believe it.
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teško mogu reći da u to vjerujem.
10:50
I can only have faith in it,
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Mogu jedino imati vjeru u to,
10:52
commit myself, that is, to the idea of it,
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posvetiti se ideji toga,
10:56
and I do this precisely because of the temptation
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i to činim upravo zbog iskušenja
10:59
to throw up my hands in resignation
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da dignem ruke u rezignaciji
11:01
and retreat into silence.
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i povučem se u tišinu.
11:05
Because despair is self-fulfilling.
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Zato što je očaj samoispunjavajuć.
11:09
If we call something impossible,
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I ako zovemo nešto nemogućim,
11:12
we act in such a way that we make it so.
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djelujemo na način da to
nešto takvim i učinimo.
nešto takvim i učinimo.
11:16
And I, for one, refuse to live that way.
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I ja, kao prvo, odbijam
živjeti na takav način.
živjeti na takav način.
11:21
In fact, most of us do,
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U stvari, mnogi od nas odbijaju,
11:24
whether we're atheist or theist
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bez obzira jesmo li ateisti ili teisti,
11:27
or anywhere in between or beyond, for that matter,
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ili bilo gdje između i
preko, u tom slučaju,
preko, u tom slučaju,
11:31
what drives us is that, despite our doubts
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to je ono što nas pokreće,
usprkos našim sumnjama,
usprkos našim sumnjama,
11:36
and even because of our doubts,
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i baš zbog naših sumnji,
11:38
we reject the nihilism of despair.
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mi odbijamo nihilizam očaja.
11:42
We insist on faith in the future
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Mi ustrajemo u vjeri u budućnost
11:46
and in each other.
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i u jedni druge.
11:50
Call this naive if you like.
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Nazovite ovo naivnim ako želite.
11:54
Call it impossibly idealistic if you must.
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Nazovite ovo nemoguće
idealističnim ako morate.
idealističnim ako morate.
11:57
But one thing is sure:
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Ali jedna je stvar sigurna:
11:59
Call it human.
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Nazovite to ljudskim.
12:03
Could Muhammad have so radically changed his world
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Bi li Muhamed mogao toliko
radikalno promijeniti ovaj svijet
radikalno promijeniti ovaj svijet
12:06
without such faith, without the refusal
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bez takve vjere, bez odbijanja
12:09
to cede to the arrogance of closed-minded certainty?
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da se preda oholosti sigurnosti
onih zatvorena uma?
onih zatvorena uma?
12:13
I think not.
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Mislim da ne bi.
12:17
After keeping company with him as a writer
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Nakon druženja sa njim kao pisac
12:19
for the past five years, I can't see
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zadnjih pet godina, mogu vidjeti
12:22
that he'd be anything but utterly outraged
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kako ne bi bio ništa
drugo doli krajnje bijesan
drugo doli krajnje bijesan
12:27
at the militant fundamentalists who claim to speak
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na militantne fundamentaliste
koji tvrde kako govore
koji tvrde kako govore
12:30
and act in his name in the Middle East and elsewhere today.
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i djeluju danas u njegovo ime
na Bliskome istoku i drugdje.
na Bliskome istoku i drugdje.
12:36
He'd be appalled at the repression of half the population
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Bio bi zaprepašten sa
represijom polovice pučanstva
represijom polovice pučanstva
12:40
because of their gender.
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radi njihova roda.
12:43
He'd be torn apart by the bitter divisiveness of sectarianism.
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Bio bi rastrgan sa gorkom
podijeljenosti sektaštva..
podijeljenosti sektaštva..
12:51
He'd call out terrorism for what it is,
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Prozvao bi terorizam onim što je,
12:54
not only criminal but an obscene travesty
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ne samo kriminalnom,
nego i sramotnom travestijom
nego i sramotnom travestijom
12:59
of everything he believed in and struggled for.
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svega što je vjerovao i za što se borio.
13:03
He'd say what the Koran says: Anyone who takes a life
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Rekao bi što je Kur'an rekao:
Bilo tko tko oduzme život,
Bilo tko tko oduzme život,
13:09
takes the life of all humanity.
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oduzima život cijeloga čovječanstva.
13:12
Anyone who saves a life, saves the life of all humanity.
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Bilo tko tko spašava život,
spašava život cijeloga čovječanstva.
spašava život cijeloga čovječanstva.
13:19
And he'd commit himself fully
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I u potpunosti bi se predao
13:22
to the hard and thorny process of making peace.
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teškom i trnovitom procesu stvaranja mira.
13:29
Thank you.
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Hvala.
13:31
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
13:35
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lesley Hazleton - Writer, psychologistWriter, psychologist and former Middle East reporter Lesley Hazleton explores the vast and often terrifying arena in which politics and religion intersect.
Why you should listen
Lesley Hazleton has traced the roots of conflict in several books, including compelling 'flesh-and-blood' biographies of Muhammad and Mary, and casts "an agnostic eye on politics, religion, and existence" on her blog, AccidentalTheologist.com.
Her newest book, Agnostic: A Spirited Manifesto, celebrates the agnostic stance as "rising above the flat two-dimensional line of belief/unbelief, creating new possibilities for how we think about being in the world." In it, she explores what we mean by the search for meaning, invokes the humbling perspective of infinity and reconsiders what we talk about when we talk about soul.
Hazleton's approach has been praised as "vital and mischievous" by the New York Times, and as "a positive orientation to life, one that embraces both science and mystery ... while remaining intimately grounded and engaged."
Lesley Hazleton | Speaker | TED.com