TEDGlobal 2012
Shimon Schocken: The self-organizing computer course
Shimon Schocken: 自组织式计算机课程
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,052,300 views
Shimon Schocken和Noam Nisan为学生开发了一套逐步制造电脑的课程，当他们把课程放到网上后--同时放出了工具，模拟器，芯片规格和其他制造区块--他们很惊奇的发现数千人接受了这个学习的机会，独立制造，同时在第一批MOOC上组织起自己的线上课程。Shimon Schocken号召结束成绩评定标准，接入自我激励的学习方法。
Shimon Schocken - Computer Scientist, Educator
Shimon Schocken is a computer science professor and dedicated educator. Full bio
Shimon Schocken is a computer science professor and dedicated educator. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
So, this is my grandfather,
0
3646
2966
嗯~这是我爷爷，
00:22
Salman Schocken,
1
6612
1501
萨勒曼·肖肯，
00:24
who was born into a poor and uneducated family
2
8113
4437
他出生于一个贫穷的,没有文化的家庭
00:28
with six children to feed,
3
12550
3437
家里有六个孩子要养活，
00:31
and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to
4
15987
3696
在他14 岁那年，他被强迫
00:35
drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table.
5
19683
3960
辍学，为了能帮助家里挣点吃的。
00:39
He never went back to school.
6
23643
3420
从那以后，他再也没有回去上学。
00:42
Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire
7
27063
4147
不过，他却建立了一个辉煌的
00:47
of department stores.
8
31210
2108
百货公司帝国。
00:49
Salman was the consummate perfectionist,
9
33318
3253
萨勒曼是个极端的完美主义者，
00:52
and every one of his stores was a jewel
10
36571
2564
他的每一个商店
00:55
of Bauhaus architecture.
11
39135
1929
都像包豪斯建筑上的一颗宝石。
00:56
He was also the ultimate self-learner,
12
41064
3190
他也是个根本意义上的自学成才者
01:00
and like everything else, he did it in grand style.
13
44254
2903
和所有事情一样，他做的极为出色。
01:03
He surrounded himself with an entourage
14
47157
2688
他总是在身边安排一位随行人员，
01:05
of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber
15
49845
3387
他们都是年轻、 默默无闻的学者，像马丁 · 布
01:09
and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka,
16
53232
3139
血塞 Agnon 和卡夫卡，
01:12
and he paid each one of them a monthly salary
17
56371
2925
他给他们每一个人都支付月薪
01:15
so that they could write in peace.
18
59296
3051
使得他们可以安心写作
01:18
And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming.
19
62347
4937
不过，在 30 年代后期，萨勒曼预期到了要发生的事情
01:23
He fled Germany, together with his family,
20
67284
3314
他与他的家人一起逃离了德国，
01:26
leaving everything else behind.
21
70598
2089
把其他所有东西都留下了
01:28
His department stores confiscated,
22
72687
3210
他的百货公司被没收
01:31
he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit
23
75897
3089
他穷尽余生去不懈的追求
01:34
of art and culture.
24
78986
2469
艺术与文化。
01:37
This high school dropout
25
81455
1939
这位高中辍学生
01:39
died at the age of 82,
26
83394
2280
在82岁时过世，
01:41
a formidable intellectual, cofounder and first CEO
27
85674
4129
这样一位令人钦佩的智者，耶路撒冷希伯来大学
01:45
of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
28
89803
2145
的创始人和第一位首席执行官，
01:47
and founder of Schocken Books,
29
91948
1764
同时也是肯出版社的创始人，
01:49
an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired
30
93712
3371
肯出版社是个广受好评的影印刊物，后来
01:52
by Random House.
31
97083
1670
被兰登书屋收购。
01:54
Such is the power of self-study.
32
98753
3976
这就是自学的力量。
01:58
And these are my parents.
33
102729
2516
这是我的父母
02:01
They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education.
34
105245
4047
他们也没有享受到大学教育的特权
02:05
They were too busy building a family and a country.
35
109292
3971
他们在忙于建设家庭和国家。
02:09
And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong,
36
113263
4028
然而，就像萨勒曼、 他们是终身的
02:13
tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked
37
117291
3758
顽强的自学主义者，我们的家里堆积了
02:16
with thousands of books, records and artwork.
38
121049
4163
数以千计的书籍、 记载和艺术品。
02:21
I remember quite vividly my father telling me
39
125212
2396
我很清楚地记得我父亲告诉我
02:23
that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set,
40
127608
4832
直到社区里的每个人都买了电视，
02:28
then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. (Laughter)
41
132440
4618
我们才去买台收音机。（笑声）
02:32
And that's me,
42
137058
3029
这就是我，
02:35
I was going to say holding my first abacus,
43
140087
1724
我想说拿着我的第一个算盘
02:37
but actually holding what my father would consider
44
141811
3011
但实际上是拿着的是我父亲认为的
02:40
an ample substitute to an iPad. (Laughter)
45
144822
2952
iPad的充分替代品。（笑声）
02:43
So one thing that I took from home is this notion
46
147774
3662
所以我在家里学到的一件事是这样一个概念
02:47
that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
47
151436
2841
教育工作者不一定必须要教。
02:50
Instead, they can provide an environment and resources
48
154277
3229
相反，他们可以提供环境和资源
02:53
that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own.
49
157506
5148
来梳理出你与生俱来的靠自己学习的能力
02:58
Self-study, self-exploration, self-empowerment:
50
162654
4094
自我学习，自我发现，自我培养。
03:02
these are the virtues of a great education.
51
166748
3320
这些都是伟大教育的优点。
03:05
So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study,
52
170068
4195
所以我想与大家分享一个关于自学的故事，
03:10
self-empowering computer science course
53
174263
2554
自我发展的计算机科学课程
03:12
that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan.
54
176817
4186
这是我与我的才华横溢的同事Noam Nisan,共同建立的
03:16
As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I
55
181003
2757
就像你从照片上所见，我和诺姆都
03:19
had an early fascination with first principles,
56
183760
3418
对基本原则有着早期迷恋
03:23
and over the years, as our knowledge of
57
187178
1522
多年来，随着我们的学识在
03:24
science and technology became more sophisticated,
58
188700
3575
科学和技术方面变得更加精深，
03:28
this early awe with the basics
59
192275
3196
这种对于基础知识的早期敬畏
03:31
has only intensified.
60
195471
2100
进一步加强了。
03:33
So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when
61
197571
3699
所以不足为奇，大约12年前，
03:37
Noam and I were already computer science professors,
62
201270
3482
当诺姆和我已经是计算机科学的教授时，
03:40
we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon.
63
204752
3752
我们同样对相同的现象感到沮丧。
03:44
As computers became increasingly more complex,
64
208504
2818
因为计算机变得越来越复杂，
03:47
our students were losing the forest for the trees,
65
211322
3204
我们的学生正在失去树木森林
03:50
and indeed, it is impossible to connect
66
214526
3087
而事实上，这几乎不可能与
03:53
with the soul of the machine if you interact
67
217613
2642
机器心灵交通，如果你（只是）去与
03:56
with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded
68
220255
3409
PC或者Mac的黑盒子互动的话,这些黑盒子被
03:59
by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software.
69
223664
3376
很多层的密闭的专利软件包裹。
04:02
So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students
70
227040
3690
所以我和诺姆有了这一观点，如果我们想要我们的学生
04:06
to understand how computers work,
71
230730
2019
了解计算机的工作方式
04:08
and understand it in the marrow of their bones,
72
232749
3088
并了解他们的骨头里的精髓，
04:11
then perhaps the best way to go about it
73
235837
1561
那么也许最好的实现方式就是
04:13
is to have them build a complete, working,
74
237398
4594
是让他们建立一个完整的、 工作的，
04:17
general-purpose, useful computer, hardware and software,
75
241992
3712
广泛用途的、 有用的计算机以及硬件和软件，
04:21
from the ground up, from first principles.
76
245704
3530
从基本做起，从基本原则开始。
04:25
Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I
77
249234
4208
现在，我们必须找到个出发点，所以诺姆和我
04:29
decided to base our cathedral, so to speak,
78
253442
3490
决定，打个比方说，将我们的大教堂在
04:32
on the simplest possible building block,
79
256932
3139
最可能的建造区域打基。
04:35
which is something called NAND.
80
260071
2801
这也被称为 NAND。
04:38
It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate
81
262872
3938
这就是个简单的逻辑门
04:42
with four input-output states.
82
266810
3038
有四个输入输出状态。
04:45
So we now start this journey by telling our students
83
269848
2666
所以我们现在这样开始我们的旅程，告诉我们的学生
04:48
that God gave us NAND — (Laughter) —
84
272514
2068
上帝给了我们 NAND — — （笑声） — —
04:50
and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how,
85
274582
3985
并告诉我们要制造一台计算机，当我们问怎么造的时候，
04:54
God said, "One step at a time."
86
278567
3184
上帝说："一步一步来"。
04:57
And then, following this advice, we start
87
281751
3093
然后，根据他的建议，我们由这个
05:00
with this lowly, humble NAND gate,
88
284844
2959
低端的,简陋的逻辑门开始，
05:03
and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence
89
287803
1940
我们带领我们的学生完成了一些列复杂的
05:05
of projects in which they gradually build a chip set,
90
289743
3737
项目，逐步建立了一个芯片装置
05:09
a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine,
91
293480
4112
一个硬件平台， 一个汇编程序、一个虚拟机，
05:13
a basic operating system and a compiler
92
297592
3577
一个基本操作系统和一个编译器
05:17
for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK."
93
301169
6189
为了简洁，我们把像 Java之类的语言称为"Jack。"
05:23
The students celebrate the end of this tour de force
94
307358
2548
学生们用这样的方式庆祝这一段旅程的结束
05:25
by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games
95
309906
2834
通过Jack制作了各种各样的好玩游戏
05:28
like Pong, Snake and Tetris.
96
312740
2992
像乒乓球、 贪吃蛇和俄罗斯方块。
05:31
You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing
97
315732
3615
你可以想象玩起来的巨大喜悦
05:35
with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK
98
319347
3024
一个你用Jack编写的俄罗斯方块游戏
05:38
and then compiled into machine language in a compiler
99
322371
2790
然后在你编写的编译器中编译成机器语言
05:41
that you wrote also, and then seeing the result
100
325161
2408
然后在你用不过几千个逻辑门开始
05:43
running on a machine that you built starting
101
327569
2883
制造的机器上运行
05:46
with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates.
102
330452
3284
并观看结果。
05:49
It's a tremendous personal triumph of going
103
333736
3190
这是一场巨大的个人胜利
05:52
from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex
104
336926
4725
从第一的原则一路走到一个极好地复杂的
05:57
and useful system.
105
341651
2351
有用的系统。
05:59
Noam and I worked five years to facilitate
106
344002
4397
诺姆和我用五年完成了
06:04
this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure
107
348399
3208
它的改善，同时创建了工具和基础设施
06:07
that will enable students to build it in one semester.
108
351607
3173
使得学生们可以在一学期内完成制造
06:10
And this is the great team that helped us make it happen.
109
354780
4039
这是帮助我们实现这一切的伟大团队
06:14
The trick was to decompose the computer's construction
110
358819
4247
而诀窍是将计算机结构分解为
06:18
into numerous stand-alone modules,
111
363066
2954
许多独立的模块，
06:21
each of which could be individually specified,
112
366020
3900
每一个都可以被独自说明
06:25
built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project.
113
369920
5235
制造和单元测设，而与项目的其他部分完全分离。
06:31
And from day one, Noam and I decided to put
114
375155
2989
从第一天起，我和诺姆就决定让
06:34
all these building blocks freely available in open source
115
378144
3536
所有这些制造模块作为公共资源在网上
06:37
on the Web.
116
381680
1480
免费公开。
06:39
So chip specifications, APIs, project descriptions,
117
383160
4471
所以芯片规格、 应用程序界面、 项目说明
06:43
software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators,
118
387631
3904
软件工具、 硬件模拟器、 CPU 模拟器
06:47
stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures --
119
391535
3702
成堆的数以百计的幻灯片，讲座 — —
06:51
we laid out everything on the Web
120
395237
2227
我们把所有东西都放到了网上
06:53
and invited the world to come over,
121
397464
3027
并邀请全世界（的人）来访，
06:56
take whatever they need,
122
400491
1536
带走他们想要的东西,
06:57
and do whatever they want with it.
123
402027
2390
随便他们对此使用。
07:00
And then something fascinating happened.
124
404417
3899
接着奇妙的事情发生了。
07:04
The world came.
125
408316
1583
全世界的人都来了。
07:05
And in short order, thousands of people
126
409899
3158
不久，成千上万的人
07:08
were building our machine.
127
413057
1544
在制造我们的机器。
07:10
And NAND2Tetris became one of the first
128
414601
3924
同时NAND2Tetris 成了第一批
07:14
massive, open, online courses,
129
418525
3230
大规模的、 开放的、 在线课程之一
07:17
although seven years ago we had no idea that what
130
421755
2744
虽然 7 年前我们还不知道我们在做的
07:20
we were doing is called MOOCs.
131
424499
2161
东西被叫做MOOCs。
07:22
We just observed how self-organized courses
132
426660
3858
我们只是观察到自发课程
07:26
were kind of spontaneously spawning
133
430518
3082
就像自发性地大量生产
07:29
out of our materials.
134
433600
1383
我们的材料。
07:30
For example, Pramode C.E.,
135
434983
3091
例如，Pramode C.E
07:33
an engineer from Kerala, India,
136
438074
1909
来自印度喀拉拉邦的一名工程师
07:35
has organized groups of self-learners
137
439983
1809
已经组织了多批自学者
07:37
who build our computer under his good guidance.
138
441792
3044
在他的良好指导下制造我们的计算机
07:40
And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai,
139
444836
3022
同时另一名工程师，来自孟买的帕尔克 · 沙阿
07:43
has unbundled our projects into smaller,
140
447858
2845
奖我们的项目分类定价成更小的
07:46
more manageable bites that he now serves
141
450703
2022
更加易处理的比特，他现在服务于
07:48
in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program.
142
452725
3802
他的开创性的do-it-yourself计算机科学项目。
07:52
The people who are attracted to these courses
143
456527
3411
这些被课程所吸引而来的人
07:55
typically have a hacker mentality.
144
459938
2420
通常有一种黑客的心态。
07:58
They want to figure out how things work,
145
462358
2105
他们想要弄明白计算机是如果工作的
08:00
and they want to do it in groups,
146
464463
1760
同时他们想在群体中来完成这个过程，
08:02
like this hackers club in Washington, D.C.,
147
466223
2811
像这个在华盛顿特区的黑客俱乐部
08:04
that uses our materials to offer community courses.
148
469034
3665
用我们的材料来提供社区课程。
08:08
And because these materials are widely available
149
472699
2946
而因为这些材料是广泛许可
08:11
and open-source, different people take them
150
475645
2694
并且是开放的源代码，不同的人会把它们带
08:14
to very different and unpredictable directions.
151
478339
2943
向非常不同的和不可预知的方向。
08:17
For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou,
152
481282
2913
例如，余方敏，来自广州市
08:20
has used FPGA technology
153
484195
2846
已使用 FPGA 技术
08:22
to build our computer and show others how to do the same
154
487041
3725
来构造我们的计算机并向别人展示如何做出一样的
08:26
using a video clip, and Ben Craddock developed
155
490766
3363
通过使用视频剪辑，同时本 · 杜克开发
08:30
a very nice computer game that unfolds
156
494129
3601
了一个非常漂亮的计算机游戏
08:33
inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex
157
497730
4969
展开了我们CPU的体系结构，Ben开发了个很复杂的
08:38
3D maze that Ben developed
158
502699
2485
3D 迷宫
08:41
using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine.
159
505184
3908
通过使用Minecraft 3D 模拟器引擎。
08:44
The Minecraft community went bananas over this project,
160
509092
3018
Minecraft社区因为这个项目而很生气
08:48
and Ben became an instant media celebrity.
161
512110
3384
同时 Ben 立刻成为了媒体名人。
08:51
And indeed, for quite a few people,
162
515494
2902
事实上，对于很大一批人
08:54
taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, if you will,
163
518396
4077
参加这次NAND2Tetris的朝圣之旅，如果你也愿意的话，
08:58
has turned into a life-changing experience.
164
522473
2712
已经成为了一段改变人生的经历
09:01
For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music
165
525185
3189
例如，像Dan Rounds，从事音乐
09:04
and math major from East Lansing, Michigan.
166
528374
2769
和数学专业，来自密歇根州的东兰。
09:07
A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post
167
531143
3444
几个星期前，Dan张贴了一张胜利的海报
09:10
on our website, and I'd like to read it to you.
168
534587
2620
在我们的网站，我想读给你们听下。
09:13
So here's what Dan said.
169
537207
3458
这就是丹说的话：
09:16
"I did the coursework because understanding computers
170
540665
2812
"我参加这个课程因为（我）了解计算机
09:19
is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy,
171
543477
3346
对我来说很重要，就像识字和算术
09:22
and I made it through. I never worked harder on anything,
172
546823
3017
我完成了（这个课程）。我从没像这么用功过。
09:25
never been challenged to this degree.
173
549840
2709
从未遇到这么大的挑战。
09:28
But given what I now feel capable of doing,
174
552549
2387
但鉴于我觉得自己现在所能做的事情，
09:30
I would certainly do it again.
175
554936
2158
（如果再给我次选择）我一定会再次选择去做。
09:32
To anyone considering NAND2Tetris,
176
557094
2250
对于每个考虑（参加） NAND2Tetris的人，
09:35
it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed."
177
559344
3746
这是一个艰难的旅程，但你会被深刻地改变。"
09:38
So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners
178
563090
4900
所以Dan证明了许多自学者
09:43
who take this course off the Web, on their own traction,
179
567990
4646
他们在线下完成了这一课程，靠着他们自己的牵引力
09:48
on their own initiative, and it's quite amazing because
180
572636
4589
靠着他们自己的主动性，这是相当令人吃惊的，因为
09:53
these people cannot care less about
181
577225
4587
这些人不能不在意
09:57
grades.
182
581812
1242
成绩(分数)
09:58
They are doing it because of one motivation only.
183
583054
3905
他们这样做因为只有一个动机。
10:02
They have a tremendous passion to learn.
184
586959
3486
他们有极大的学习热情。
10:06
And with that in mind,
185
590445
1924
因为有这一点在脑中，
10:08
I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading.
186
592369
4604
我想对传统大学的成绩评定说几句。
10:12
I'm sick of it.
187
596973
2360
我讨厌它。
10:15
We are obsessed with grades
188
599333
1433
我们着迷于分数
10:16
because we are obsessed with data,
189
600766
1866
因为我们沉迷于数据，
10:18
and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing,
190
602632
4587
但是评分标准带走了失败中所有的快乐
10:23
and a huge part of education
191
607219
2476
教育的很大一个部分
10:25
is about failing.
192
609695
1591
都是关于失败的。
10:27
Courage, according to Churchill,
193
611286
2475
丘吉尔说，勇气，
10:29
is the ability to go from one defeat to another
194
613761
2946
是从一个战败走到另一个战败，
10:32
without losing enthusiasm. (Laughter)
195
616707
2614
而却不丧失热情的能力。（笑声）
10:35
And [Joyce] said that mistakes
196
619321
3830
同时Joyce说错误
10:39
are the portals of discovery.
197
623151
1469
是发现的门户。
10:40
And yet we don't tolerate mistakes,
198
624620
3346
但是我们已经无法容忍错误
10:43
and we worship grades.
199
627966
1309
同时我们崇尚等级。
10:45
So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses
200
629275
3788
所以我们收集你的B+和A-
10:48
and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4,
201
633063
2837
同时我们将他们聚集位一个数字，例如3，4
10:51
which is stamped on your forehead
202
635900
1911
把他们印在你的额头
10:53
and sums up who you are.
203
637811
2443
这就概括成了你
10:56
Well, in my opinion, we went too far with this nonsense,
204
640254
3283
嗯，在我看来，我们这种蠢事做的够久了
10:59
and grading became degrading.
205
643537
2681
同时分数变得有辱人格。
11:02
So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading,
206
646218
4901
所以对于这个，我想说几句关于（体系）升级
11:07
and share with you a glimpse from my current project,
207
651119
4425
与你分享下一些我的现行项目
11:11
which is different from the previous one,
208
655544
2030
这与前面的那个项目不一样
11:13
but it shares exactly the same characteristics
209
657574
2014
但他共享了一样的特性
11:15
of self-learning, learning by doing,
210
659588
3827
关于自学，从动手中学习，
11:19
self-exploration and community-building,
211
663415
2775
自我发现和社区建设。
11:22
and this project deals with K-12 math education,
212
666190
5860
同时该项目涉及从幼儿园到12年级的数学教育
11:27
beginning with early age math,
213
672050
1904
从早期的基本数学开始
11:29
and we do it on tablets because we believe that
214
673954
4493
我们在平板电脑上实现了它，因为我们相信
11:34
math, like anything else, should be taught hands on.
215
678447
4405
数学，像其他东西一样，应该被用手教授
11:38
So here's what we do. Basically, we developed
216
682852
3155
所以这里我们做的。根本来讲，我们开发了
11:41
numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining
217
686007
3758
许多的手机应用程序，每一个解释
11:45
a particular concept in math.
218
689765
1497
一个特定的数学概念。
11:47
So for example, let's take area.
219
691262
3441
所以例如，我们选择面积。
11:50
When you deal with a concept like area --
220
694703
2472
当你涉及到一个概念，如面积-
11:53
well, we also provide a set of tools that the child
221
697175
5244
嗯，我们也提供了一些列工具，孩子
11:58
is invited to experiment with in order to learn.
222
702419
2631
被邀请来参加试验,来学习
12:00
So if area is what interests us, then one thing
223
705050
3953
因此，如果面积是使我们感兴趣的，那么有一件
12:04
which is natural to do is to tile the area
224
709003
4138
很自然的事情就是对面积铺砖
12:09
of this particular shape and simply count
225
713141
3650
用特定的形状，同时简单地计算
12:12
how many tiles it takes to cover it completely.
226
716791
3863
需要多少瓷砖来完全覆盖面积
12:16
And this little exercise here gives you a first
227
720654
2482
这个小练习给了你第一次
12:19
good insight of the notion of area.
228
723136
3429
对于面积概念的领悟。
12:22
Moving along, what about the area of this figure?
229
726565
2790
继续向前，这个图形的面积是多少？
12:25
Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it.
230
729355
4657
嗯，如果你尝试平铺他，貌似不行，不是吗？
12:29
So instead, you can experiment
231
734012
2304
所以，您可以进行试验
12:32
with these different tools here by some process
232
736316
2680
利用这里的这些不同工具进行
12:34
of guided trial and error,
233
738996
2039
引导性反复试验，
12:36
and at some point you will discover that one thing
234
741035
2838
有些时候，你会发现这一件事
12:39
that you can do among several legitimate transformations
235
743873
3088
你可以做几个合法转换
12:42
is the following one. You can cut the figure,
236
746961
2831
像如下这样。您可以分隔图形
12:45
you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them
237
749792
3616
您可以重新排列部分，您可以将它们的粘合
12:49
and then proceed to tile just like we did before.
238
753408
3117
然后进行平铺的过程就像我们之前的那样。
12:52
(Applause)
239
756525
5275
（掌声）
12:57
Now this particular transformation
240
761800
2723
现在这个特定的转换
13:00
did not change the area of the original figure,
241
764523
3984
没有改变原始图形的面积，
13:04
so a six-year-old who plays with this
242
768507
2187
因此，一个六岁（孩子）玩这个程序
13:06
has just discovered a clever algorithm
243
770694
2884
刚发现一个聪明的算法
13:09
to compute the area of any given parallelogram.
244
773578
4040
来计算任何给定的平行四边形的面积。
13:13
We don't replace teachers, by the way.
245
777618
1856
顺便说下，我们不想代替教师
13:15
We believe that teachers should be empowered, not replaced.
246
779474
3129
我们相信教师应被准许，而不是替代。
13:18
Moving along, what about the area of a triangle?
247
782603
3295
继续向前，三角形的面积怎么办呢？
13:21
So after some guided trial and error,
248
785898
2795
所以在一些引导性反复试验后
13:24
the child will discover, with or without help,
249
788693
3935
儿童将会发现，有或没有帮助，
13:28
that he or she can duplicate the original figure
250
792628
3858
他或她可以复制原始图
13:32
and then take the result, transpose it,
251
796486
3408
然后将复制出的图形，转置它，
13:35
glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before:
252
799894
3748
将其粘附到原始图形，然后继续 [进行] 我们之前做的：
13:39
cut, rearrange, paste — oops— paste and glue,
253
803642
7728
剪切、 重新排列、 粘贴 — — 哦 — — 粘贴和粘合，
13:47
and tile.
254
811370
1596
和铺砖。
13:48
Now this transformation has doubled the area
255
812966
3827
现在这种转型将原始面积扩大了一倍
13:52
of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned
256
816793
3850
因此我们已经学习到
13:56
that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle
257
820643
3766
三角形的面积等于此矩形的面积
14:00
divided by two.
258
824409
2454
除以二。
14:02
But we discovered it by self-exploration.
259
826863
3448
但是我们是通过自我发掘发现的。
14:06
So, in addition to learning some useful geometry,
260
830311
6080
所以，除了学习一些有用的几何知识外
14:12
the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated
261
836391
4387
儿童接触了一些相当复杂的
14:16
science strategies, like reduction,
262
840778
3027
科学方法，像减少
14:19
which is the art of
263
843805
2914
这是一种
14:22
transforming a complex problem into a simple one,
264
846719
3586
将复杂问题简单化的艺术
14:26
or generalization, which is at the heart
265
850305
2369
或泛化，这是
14:28
of any scientific discipline,
266
852674
2843
任何科学学科的核心
14:31
or the fact that some properties are invariant
267
855517
2590
或在某些转化下
14:34
under some transformations.
268
858107
3024
有些属性是不变的。
14:37
And all this is something that a very young child
269
861131
3285
所有这些东西都是一个很小的孩子
14:40
can pick up using such mobile apps.
270
864416
4309
可以通过这样的移动程序所学会的。
14:44
So presently, we are doing the following:
271
868725
3094
所以目前我们就在做如下的事情：
14:47
First of all, we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum
272
871819
4309
首先，我们将从幼儿园到12年级的数学课程
14:52
into numerous such apps.
273
876128
2891
分解到许多个此类的应用程序。
14:54
And because we cannot do it on our own,
274
879019
2577
因为我们不能靠自己来完成，
14:57
we've developed a very fancy authoring tool
275
881596
3094
我们开发了一个非常富有想象力的开发者工具
15:00
that any author, any parent or actually anyone
276
884690
3275
任何作者,任何父目，或着说任何人
15:03
who has an interest in math education,
277
887965
2353
只要对数学教育感兴趣
15:06
can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps
278
890318
3272
可以使用此开发工具来开发类似的平板电脑软件
15:09
on tablets without programming.
279
893590
3405
而无需编程。
15:12
And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem
280
896995
3220
最后，我们组合成一个适应性生态系统
15:16
that will match different learners
281
900215
2828
它将匹配不同的学习者
15:18
with different apps according to their evolving learning style.
282
903043
5377
根据他们不断演变的学习风格，匹配不同的应用程序。
15:24
The driving force behind this project
283
908420
2521
这一项目背后的驱动力
15:26
is my colleague Shmulik London,
284
910941
2947
是我的同事 Shmulik London,
15:29
and, you see, just like
285
913888
2644
你瞧，就像
15:32
Salman did about 90 years ago,
286
916532
4073
萨勒曼在 90 年前做的那样，
15:36
the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people,
287
920605
3971
诀窍是让你身边围满杰出的人，
15:40
because at the end,
288
924576
2756
因为归根到底，
15:43
it's all about people.
289
927332
1903
都是关于人。
15:45
And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv
290
929235
3419
几年前，我走在特拉维夫
15:48
and I saw this graffiti on a wall,
291
932654
2830
我看到这个墙上的涂鸦
15:51
and I found it so compelling
292
935484
1791
我觉得它是如此引人注目
15:53
that by now I preach it to my students,
293
937275
2143
现在我把他宣扬给我的学生
15:55
and I'd like to try to preach it to you.
294
939418
2266
同时我想试着宣传给你们。
15:57
Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar
295
941684
1740
现在，我不知道有多少人熟悉
15:59
with the term "mensch."
296
943424
1828
这个术语"君子"。
16:01
It basically means to be human
297
945252
2608
它基本的意思是
16:03
and to do the right thing.
298
947860
1935
做正确事的人。
16:05
And with that, what this graffiti says is,
299
949795
2429
紧接着，这个涂鸦的说是，
16:08
"High-tech schmigh-tech.
300
952224
2086
"高科技 君子科技。
16:10
The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter)
301
954310
2563
最重要的事情就是君子。"（笑声）
16:12
Thank you. (Applause)
302
956873
3395
谢谢。（掌声）
16:16
(Applause)
303
960268
4783
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shimon Schocken - Computer Scientist, EducatorShimon Schocken is a computer science professor and dedicated educator.
Why you should listen
Shimon Schocken is a former dean at Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, a new Israeli private university which he helped found in 1995. He's also taught at NYU, Harvard and Stanford. Together with Noam Nisan he developed a freely available, open-source, self-paced program for learning applied computer science: The Elements of Computing Systems. Offered in 2005, this led to one of the first successful open online courses. Now, courses based on the approach are offered by traditional universities as well as in crowd-sourced settings, and have been taken freely by thousands of self-learners over the web. Registration, lecture and project schedules are managed by volunteer course coordinators, and student questions are answered by the course alumni community.
His current project focuses on developing instructional materials for early-age math education, which he thinks can be transformed using low-cost tablet computers. He uses his other life passion, mountain biking, to teach adolescent boys in Israelʼs juvenile detention centers valuable life lessons through challenging bike rides in remote locations. He was co-organizer and program chair of TEDxTelAviv 2010.
Shimon Schocken | Speaker | TED.com