ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andrew Mwenda - Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment.

Why you should listen

Andrew Mwenda is a print, radio and television journalist, and an active critic of many forms of Western aid to Africa. Too much of the aid from rich nations, he says, goes to the worst African countries to fuel war and government abuse. Such money not only never gets to its intended recipients, Africa's truly needy -- it actively plays a part in making their lives worse.

Mwenda worked at the Daily Monitor newspaper in Kampala starting in the mid-1990s, and hosted a radio show, Andrew Mwenda Live, since 2001; in 2005, he was charged with sedition by the Ugandan government for criticizing the president of Uganda on his radio show, in the wake of the helicopter crash that killed the vice president of Sudan. He has produced documentaries and commentary for the BBC on the dangers of aid and debt relief to Africa, and consulted for the World Bank and Transparency international, and was a Knight Fellow at Stanford in 2007.

In December 2007, he launched a new newspaper in Kampala, The Independent, a leading source of uncensored news in the country. The following spring, he was arrested and accused of publishing inflammatory articles about the Ugandan government. Since being released, he has gone on to be recognized by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and to win the CPJ International Press Freedom Award.    

More profile about the speaker
Andrew Mwenda | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2007

Andrew Mwenda: Aid for Africa? No thanks.

Andrew Mwenda 另眼看非洲

Filmed:
1,210,423 views

在这个另类演讲中,记者Andrew Mwenda引领大家去重新看待“非洲问题”-抛开传统媒体对于贫困、内战、绝望等的报道,去看在这片大陆上创造财富、幸福的各种机遇。
- Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:26
I am very, very happy快乐 to be amidst烟雨 some of the most --
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我非常非常的高兴能和这么多……
00:30
the lights灯火 are really disturbing烦扰的 my eyes眼睛
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这些灯光太刺眼了
00:32
and they're reflecting反映 on my glasses眼镜.
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它们反射到我的镜片上了
00:34
I am very happy快乐 and honored荣幸 to be amidst烟雨
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我非常高兴且荣幸和
00:38
very, very innovative创新 and intelligent智能 people.
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非常聪明、有创造力的人们在一起
00:41
I have listened听了 to the three previous以前 speakers音箱,
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在此之前我已经听了3个人的演讲了
00:44
and guess猜测 what happened发生?
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猜一下发生了什么事?
00:46
Every一切 single thing I planned计划 to say, they have said it here,
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每一个我想说的事情都已经被他们说完了
00:49
and it looks容貌 and sounds声音 like I have nothing else其他 to say.
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看上去我好象没有什么可以说的了
00:54
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:55
But there is a saying in my culture文化
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但是在我的祖国有一句谚语
00:58
that if a bud leaves树叶 a tree without saying something,
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如果一朵花一句话也不说就离开了树干
01:03
that bud is a young年轻 one.
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那朵花一定还稚嫩
01:06
So, I will -- since以来 I am not young年轻 and am very old,
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所以,既然我已不再稚嫩
01:11
I still will say something.
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我还是要说一点的
01:13
We are hosting托管 this conference会议 at a very opportune适当的 moment时刻,
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我们正在一个非常合时宜的时候开这个会
01:18
because another另一个 conference会议 is taking服用 place地点 in Berlin柏林.
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因为另一个会议正在柏林召开
01:20
It is the G8 Summit首脑.
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这就是八国首脑峰会
01:23
The G8 Summit首脑 proposes建议 that the solution to Africa's非洲 problems问题
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G8峰会建议,解决非洲问题的办法
01:30
should be a massive大规模的 increase增加 in aid援助,
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应该是继续加大对非洲的援助
01:33
something akin类似的 to the Marshall马歇尔 Plan计划.
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这和当年的马歇尔计划很相似
01:35
Unfortunately不幸, I personally亲自 do not believe in the Marshall马歇尔 Plan计划.
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不幸的是,我个人并不相信马歇尔计划
01:39
One, because the benefits好处 of the Marshall马歇尔 Plan计划 have been overstated夸大.
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首先,马歇尔计划的成果被夸大了
01:44
Its largest最大 recipients收件人 were Germany德国 and France法国,
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它最大的受援国是德国和法国
01:47
and it was only 2.5 percent百分 of their GDPGDP.
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但援助只占了他们GDP的2.5%
01:50
An average平均 African非洲人 country国家 receives收到 foreign国外 aid援助
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平均每个非洲国家接受的外国援助
01:53
to the tune of 13, 15 percent百分 of its GDPGDP,
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竟达到了他们GDP的13%-15%那么多
01:59
and that is an unprecedented史无前例 transfer转让 of financial金融 resources资源
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这是一个史无前例的金融资源大迁移
02:02
from rich丰富 countries国家 to poor较差的 countries国家.
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从富裕的国家到贫穷的国家
02:05
But I want to say that there are two things we need to connect.
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但是我想说的是,有两件事情我们需要提及
02:08
How the media媒体 covers盖子 Africa非洲 in the West西, and the consequences后果 of that.
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西方媒体是如何报道非洲和那些援助成果的
02:14
By displaying显示 despair绝望, helplessness无奈 and hopelessness绝望,
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通过播放绝望和无助的画面
02:17
the media媒体 is telling告诉 the truth真相 about Africa非洲, and nothing but the truth真相.
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媒体是在展示非洲的真实情况,非常真实
02:23
However然而, the media媒体 is not telling告诉 us the whole整个 truth真相.
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然而,媒体没有告诉我们所有的真实情况
02:27
Because despair绝望, civil国内 war战争, hunger饥饿 and famine饥荒,
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因为绝望、内战、饥荒
02:31
although虽然 they're part部分 and parcel of our African非洲人 reality现实,
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虽然是我们非洲的真实的一部分
02:35
they are not the only reality现实.
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但这些不是全部
02:37
And secondly其次, they are the smallest最少 reality现实.
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而且,它们只是其中很小的一部分
02:39
Africa非洲 has 53 nations国家.
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非洲有53个国家
02:41
We have civil国内 wars战争 only in six countries国家,
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只有6个国家有内战
02:44
which哪一个 means手段 that the media媒体 are covering覆盖 only six countries国家.
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那就说明,媒体只报道了这6个国家
02:48
Africa非洲 has immense巨大 opportunities机会 that never navigate导航
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非洲蕴含着的巨大的机遇却从来没有被报道过
02:52
through通过 the web卷筒纸 of despair绝望 and helplessness无奈
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那些交织着绝望和无助的报道
02:54
that the Western西 media媒体 largely大部分 presents礼物 to its audience听众.
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西方媒体却大量的向他们的听众传递
02:59
But the effect影响 of that presentation介绍 is, it appeals上诉 to sympathy同情.
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但是那些报道的作用只是祈求同情
03:03
It appeals上诉 to pity可怜. It appeals上诉 to something called charity慈善机构.
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祈求怜悯,祈求那些所谓的援助
03:08
And, as a consequence后果, the Western西 view视图
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这样的结果是,西方人关于
03:11
of Africa's非洲 economic经济 dilemma困境 is framed陷害 wrongly.
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“非洲经济困境”的错误观念被建立起来了
03:16
The wrong错误 framing取景 is a product产品 of thinking思维
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这种观念的建立是一味的去联想
03:20
that Africa非洲 is a place地点 of despair绝望.
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一个绝望的非洲的结果
03:23
What should we do with it? We should give food餐饮 to the hungry饥饿.
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我们该怎么办?我们应该给饥饿的人们食物
03:26
We should deliver交付 medicines药品 to those who are ill生病.
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我们应该给生病的人送去医药
03:29
We should send发送 peacekeeping troops军队
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我们应该派维和部队
03:31
to serve服务 those who are facing面对 a civil国内 war战争.
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去拯救那些正在遭遇内战的人民
03:33
And in the process处理, Africa非洲 has been stripped剥离 of self-initiative自主性.
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在这个过程中,非洲已经丧失了自己的主动性
03:38
I want to say that it is important重要 to recognize认识
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我想说,重要的是认识到
03:41
that Africa非洲 has fundamental基本的 weaknesses弱点.
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非洲确实有其根本性的不足
03:44
But equally一样, it has opportunities机会 and a lot of potential潜在.
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但是同时,也有很多的发展潜力
03:48
We need to reframe重构 the challenge挑战 that is facing面对 Africa非洲,
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我们需要重新定位非洲正面临的考验
03:52
from a challenge挑战 of despair绝望,
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从充满绝望的考验
03:54
which哪一个 is called poverty贫穷 reduction减少,
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它被叫做减少贫困
03:58
to a challenge挑战 of hope希望.
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到充满希望的考验
04:00
We frame it as a challenge挑战 of hope希望, and that is worth价值 creation创建.
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我们重新定义它为一个充满希望的考验,这是值得的
04:04
The challenge挑战 facing面对 all those who are interested有兴趣 in Africa非洲
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所有关心非洲的人们面对着这个考验
04:07
is not the challenge挑战 of reducing减少 poverty贫穷.
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这不再是一个减少贫困的考验
04:09
It should be a challenge挑战 of creating创建 wealth财富.
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而应该是一个创造财富的考验
04:12
Once一旦 we change更改 those two things --
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一旦我们交换了这两个概念
04:15
if you say the Africans非洲人 are poor较差的 and they need poverty贫穷 reduction减少,
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如果你说“非洲很穷,他们需要脱贫”
04:20
you have the international国际 cartel卡特尔 of good intentions意图
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你的愿望非常美好
04:24
moving移动 onto the continent大陆, with what?
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但是带点什么去非洲呢
04:27
Medicines药品 for the poor较差的, food餐饮 relief浮雕 for those who are hungry饥饿,
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给穷人带去药品,给饥饿的人带去食物
04:30
and peacekeepers维和部队 for those who are facing面对 civil国内 war战争.
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给遭受内战的人送去维和部队
04:35
And in the process处理, none没有 of these things really are productive生产的
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所有这些都没有从根本上解决问题
04:39
because you are treating治疗 the symptoms症状, not the causes原因
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因为对于非洲的那些基本问题
04:41
of Africa's非洲 fundamental基本的 problems问题.
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这些只治标不治本
04:44
Sending发出 somebody to school学校 and giving them medicines药品,
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送一些人去学校,给他们药品
04:47
ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士, does not create创建 wealth财富 for them.
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各位,这些不能给他们创造财富
04:52
Wealth财富 is a function功能 of income收入, and income收入 comes from you finding发现
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稳定的收入才是致富的根本,而稳定的收入来自于
04:56
a profitable有利可图 trading贸易 opportunity机会 or a well-paying高薪 job工作.
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一个能获利的贸易机会或者一份稳定的工作
05:00
Now, once一旦 we begin开始 to talk about wealth财富 creation创建 in Africa非洲,
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现在,我们开始谈到如何让非洲富裕起来
05:03
our second第二 challenge挑战 will be,
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我们的下一个挑战将是
05:05
who are the wealth-creating创造财富 agents代理 in any society社会?
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谁是社会上创造财富的代理人
05:08
They are entrepreneurs企业家. [Unclear不清楚] told us they are always
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是企业家,现实告诉我们他们一直
05:12
about four percent百分 of the population人口, but 16 percent百分 are imitators模仿者.
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只占世界人口的4%,但是16%不是真正意义上的企业家
05:16
But they also succeed成功 at the job工作 of entrepreneurship创业.
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但他们同样可以胜任企业家这个工作
05:21
So, where should we be putting the money?
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所以,我们应该把钱用在什么地方?
05:24
We need to put money where it can productively富有成效 grow增长.
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我们需要把钱用在可以创造财富的地方
05:29
Support支持 private私人的 investment投资 in Africa非洲, both domestic国内 and foreign国外.
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支持在非洲的私人投资,不管是国内的还是国外的
05:33
Support支持 research研究 institutions机构,
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支持科研机构
05:36
because knowledge知识 is an important重要 part部分 of wealth财富 creation创建.
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因为知识是创造财富不可或缺的一部分
05:40
But what is the international国际 aid援助 community社区 doing with Africa非洲 today今天?
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但是那些国际援助组织现在在非洲做些什么呢?
05:44
They are throwing投掷 large sums总和 of money for primary health健康,
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他们把大把的钞票花在了基础医疗上
05:47
for primary education教育, for food餐饮 relief浮雕.
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基础教育上和粮食救济上
05:50
The entire整个 continent大陆 has been turned转身 into
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整个非洲大陆已经变成了
05:52
a place地点 of despair绝望, in need of charity慈善机构.
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一个绝望和坐等慈善的地方
05:55
Ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士, can any one of you tell me
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女士们先生们,你们谁能告诉我
05:57
a neighbor邻居, a friend朋友, a relative相对的 that you know,
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你的邻居、朋友和亲人
06:00
who became成为 rich丰富 by receiving接收 charity慈善机构?
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哪一个人是通过接受善款致富的
06:04
By holding保持 the begging乞讨 bowl and receiving接收 alms救济金?
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是通过抱着讨饭碗接受别人的施舍而致富的
06:07
Does any one of you in the audience听众 have that person?
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你们谁听说过有这样的例子
06:10
Does any one of you know a country国家 that developed发达 because of
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你们谁听说过一个国家是通过
06:15
the generosity慷慨 and kindness善良 of another另一个?
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他国的善良和慷慨而发展起来的?
06:18
Well, since以来 I'm not seeing眼看 the hand,
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那好,既然我没有看到有人举手
06:20
it appears出现 that what I'm stating说明 is true真正.
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那说明我说的是事实
06:23
(Bono波诺: Yes!)
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Bono:对
06:25
Andrew安德鲁 MwendaMwenda: I can see Bono波诺 says he knows知道 the country国家.
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Andrew Mwenda:我听到Bono说他知道有这样的国家
06:27
Which哪一个 country国家 is that?
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哪个国家?
06:28
(Bono波诺: It's an Irish爱尔兰的 land土地.)
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Bono:这是个爱尔兰名字
06:29
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:31
(Bono波诺: [unclear不明])
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(貌似在打电话)
06:33
AM: Thank you very much. But let me tell you this.
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非常感谢,还是让我来告诉你们吧
06:37
External外部 actors演员 can only present当下 to you an opportunity机会.
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外人只能给你一个机会
06:41
The ability能力 to utilize利用 that opportunity机会 and turn it into an advantage优点
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能否抓住这个机会,且把它变成一个优势
06:46
depends依靠 on your internal内部 capacity容量.
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取决于你的个人能力
06:48
Africa非洲 has received收到 many许多 opportunities机会.
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非洲曾有过很多机会
06:50
Many许多 of them we haven't没有 benefited受益 much.
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但其中的大部分我们没有从中获益良多
06:53
Why? Because we lack缺乏 the internal内部, institutional制度 framework骨架
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为什么?因为我们缺少相应的体制框架
06:58
and policy政策 framework骨架 that can make it possible可能 for us
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和政策框架来帮助我们
07:01
to benefit效益 from our external外部 relations关系. I'll give you an example.
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从我们的对外关系中获利。我可以给你们一个例子
07:04
Under the Cotonou科托努 Agreement协议,
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根据科托努协定
07:06
formerly以前 known已知 as the Lome洛美 Convention惯例,
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其前身是洛美协定
07:09
African非洲人 countries国家 have been given特定 an opportunity机会 by Europe欧洲
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欧洲曾给过非洲一个很好的机会
07:12
to export出口 goods产品, duty-free免税, to the European欧洲的 Union联盟 market市场.
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可免关税出口货物到欧盟市场
07:17
My own拥有 country国家, Uganda乌干达, has a quota配额 to export出口 50,000 metric tons
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我的祖国,乌干达,得到个机会可以出口5万吨
07:23
of sugar to the European欧洲的 Union联盟 market市场.
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蔗糖到欧盟市场
07:26
We haven't没有 exported出口 one kilogram公斤 yet然而.
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我们连一公斤都没有出口
07:28
We import进口 50,000 metric tons of sugar from Brazil巴西 and Cuba古巴.
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我们反而从巴西和古巴进口了5万吨的蔗糖
07:37
Secondly其次, under the beef牛肉 protocol协议 of that agreement协议,
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第二,按照这个协定书上的牛肉协定
07:40
African非洲人 countries国家 that produce生产 beef牛肉
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非洲产牛肉的国家
07:42
have quotas配额 to export出口 beef牛肉 duty-free免税 to the European欧洲的 Union联盟 market市场.
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可以有一定的配额免关税出口牛肉到欧盟市场
07:47
None没有 of those countries国家, including包含 Africa's非洲 most successful成功 nation国家, Botswana博茨瓦纳,
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没有任何一个国家,包括非洲最成功的国家博茨瓦纳在内
07:51
has ever met会见 its quota配额.
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用完了这些配额
07:54
So, I want to argue争论 today今天 that the fundamental基本的 source资源 of Africa's非洲
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所以我想说的是,非洲从根本上
07:59
inability无力 to engage从事 the rest休息 of the world世界
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没有能力和其他国家
08:01
in a more productive生产的 relationship关系
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建立一种高效的合作关系
08:04
is because it has a poor较差的 institutional制度 and policy政策 framework骨架.
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是因为它没有好的体制和政策框架
08:08
And all forms形式 of intervention介入 need support支持,
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各种形式的变革都需要支持
08:11
the evolution演化 of the kinds of institutions机构 that create创建 wealth财富,
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发展能创造财富的机构
08:15
the kinds of institutions机构 that increase增加 productivity生产率.
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和能提高生产效率的机构
08:18
How do we begin开始 to do that, and why is aid援助 the bad instrument仪器?
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我们应该怎么做呢?为什么援助不是一件好事呢?
08:22
Aid援助 is the bad instrument仪器, and do you know why?
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你们知道为什么援助不是一件好事吗?
08:24
Because all governments政府 across横过 the world世界 need money to survive生存.
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因为所有政府都需要钱去维持
08:28
Money is needed需要 for a simple简单 thing like keeping保持 law and order订购.
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想维持法律公正和社会秩序需要钱
08:32
You have to pay工资 the army军队 and the police警察 to show显示 law and order订购.
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建立军队和警察去维护法律和秩序也需要钱
08:34
And because many许多 of our governments政府 are quite相当 dictatorial独裁的,
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同时因为大多数的政府都比较独裁
08:38
they need really to have the army军队 clobber the opposition反对.
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他们真正需要的是用军队去镇压反对派
08:42
The second第二 thing you need to do is pay工资 your political政治 hangers-on食客.
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接着各种政治活动也需要花钱
08:47
Why should people support支持 their government政府?
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为什么人们应该去支持他们的政府?
08:48
Well, because it gives them good, paying付款 jobs工作,
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那是因为政府能给他们一份好工作
08:50
or, in many许多 African非洲人 countries国家, unofficial非官方 opportunities机会
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在很多非洲国家,暗地里
08:54
to profit利润 from corruption腐败.
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可以通过腐败获利
08:56
The fact事实 is no government政府 in the world世界,
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事实是,世界上没有一个政府
08:59
with the exception例外 of a few少数, like that of Idi伊迪 Amin阿明,
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除了少数像伊迪阿明那样的以外
09:01
can seek寻求 to depend依靠 entirely完全 on force as an instrument仪器 of rule规则.
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可以选择完全用武力来进行统治
09:06
Many许多 countries国家 in the [unclear不明], they need legitimacy合法.
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世界上的很多国家需要让他们的统治合法化
09:09
To get legitimacy合法, governments政府 often经常 need to deliver交付 things like primary education教育,
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为此,政府们一般需要提供基础教育
09:15
primary health健康, roads道路, build建立 hospitals医院 and clinics诊所.
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基础医疗、道路、修建医院和诊所
09:20
If the government's政府的 fiscal survival生存
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一个政府的财务状况如何
09:22
depends依靠 on it having to raise提高 money from its own拥有 people,
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取决于它是否能从人民那里获得更多的钱
09:26
such这样 a government政府 is driven驱动 by self-interest自我利益
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这样的被利益驱动的政府
09:28
to govern治理 in a more enlightened开明 fashion时尚.
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以一种更加开明的方式进行统治
09:30
It will sit with those who create创建 wealth财富.
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它会和那些能创造财富的人坐下来
09:33
Talk to them about the kind of policies政策 and institutions机构
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和他们讨论什么样的政策和体制
09:36
that are necessary必要 for them to expand扩大 a scale规模 and scope范围 of business商业
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是他们继续扩大生意必须的
09:40
so that it can collect搜集 more tax revenues收入 from them.
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这样它就能从他们那里获得更多的税收收入
09:43
The problem问题 with the African非洲人 continent大陆
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非洲的问题
09:45
and the problem问题 with the aid援助 industry行业
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由援助引起的问题是
09:46
is that it has distorted扭曲 the structure结构体 of incentives奖励
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它扭曲了自我激励体系
09:49
facing面对 the governments政府 in Africa非洲.
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非洲各国都要面对这个问题
09:52
The productive生产的 margin余量 in our governments'政府 search搜索 for revenue收入
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我们政府财政收入的主要来源
09:55
does not lie谎言 in the domestic国内 economy经济,
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并不是来自于国内经济
09:58
it lies with international国际 donors捐助者.
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而是来自于国际援助
10:00
Rather than sit with Ugandan乌干达 --
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与其和乌干达的……
10:02
(Applause掌声) --
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(掌声)
10:06
rather than sit with Ugandan乌干达 entrepreneurs企业家,
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与其和乌干达的企业家坐下来谈
10:09
Ghanaian加纳的 businessmen商人, South African非洲人 enterprising进取 leaders领导者,
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和加纳的商人,南非的企业领袖谈
10:15
our governments政府 find it more productive生产的
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我们的政府发现倒不如
10:18
to talk to the IMF国际货币基金组织 and the World世界 Bank银行.
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和世界货币基金组织和世界银行谈来的合算
10:21
I can tell you, even if you have ten Ph博士.DsDS.,
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我想说,就算你有10个博士学位
10:25
you can never beat击败 Bill法案 Gates盖茨 in understanding理解 the computer电脑 industry行业.
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你也不可能比比尔盖茨更了解计算机行业
10:30
Why? Because the knowledge知识 that is required需要 for you to understand理解
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为什么?因为你需要去懂得的那些知识
10:34
the incentives奖励 necessary必要 to expand扩大 a business商业 --
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扩大生意需要的原动力
10:36
it requires要求 that you listen to the people, the private私人的 sector扇形 actors演员 in that industry行业.
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都需要你去倾听那些在这个行业中的人和机构怎么说的
10:42
Governments政府 in Africa非洲 have therefore因此 been given特定 an opportunity机会,
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非洲的各政府因此从国际上得到了一个机会
10:45
by the international国际 community社区, to avoid避免 building建造
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以避免去和自己的国民
10:48
productive生产的 arrangements安排 with your own拥有 citizens公民,
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建立一个有成效的协议
10:50
and therefore因此 allowed允许 to begin开始 endless无穷 negotiations谈判 with the IMF国际货币基金组织
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因此允许开始和国际货币基金组织的无休止的谈判
10:56
and the World世界 Bank银行, and then it is the IMF国际货币基金组织 and the World世界 Bank银行
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还有世界银行,然后国际货币基金组织和世界银行
10:59
that tell them what its citizens公民 need.
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告诉各政府他们的国民需要什么?
11:01
In the process处理, we, the African非洲人 people, have been sidelined休战
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在这整个过程中,非洲人民完全被忽略掉了
11:05
from the policy-making决策, policy-orientation政策取向, and policy政策-
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从我们国家的政策的制定、政策的取向一直到
11:09
implementation履行 process处理 in our countries国家.
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政策的执行过程中被忽略掉了
11:11
We have limited有限 input输入, because he who pays支付 the piper吹笛者 calls电话 the tune.
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我们必须限制投入,因为发号施令的是花了钱的人
11:15
The IMF国际货币基金组织, the World世界 Bank银行, and the cartel卡特尔 of good intentions意图 in the world世界
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国际货币基金组织、世界银行和全世界的好心人
11:19
has taken采取 over our rights权利 as citizens公民,
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已经剥夺了我们作为公民的权利
11:22
and therefore因此 what our governments政府 are doing, because they depend依靠 on aid援助,
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因为政府依赖于援助,因此他们正在做的是
11:25
is to listen to international国际 creditors债权人 rather than their own拥有 citizens公民.
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去听从那些国际债权人而不是他们的国民
11:29
But I want to put a caveat警告 on my argument论据,
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但是我想补充说明一点
11:31
and that caveat警告 is that it is not true真正 that aid援助 is always destructive有害.
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援助并不都是破坏性的
11:39
Some aid援助 may可能 have built内置 a hospital醫院, fed美联储 a hungry饥饿 village.
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一些援助用来建立医院,救济饥饿的村民
11:46
It may可能 have built内置 a road, and that road
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修建了道路,那道路
11:48
may可能 have served提供服务 a very good role角色.
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或许已经发挥了很好的作用
11:50
The mistake错误 of the international国际 aid援助 industry行业
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国际援助的错误是
11:52
is to pick these isolated孤立 incidents事故 of success成功,
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看中那些孤立的成功例子
11:56
generalize概括 them, pour billions数十亿 and trillions万亿 of dollars美元 into them,
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进行推广,再投成千上万的钱进去
12:01
and then spread传播 them across横过 the whole整个 world世界,
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然后把它们传播到世界各地
12:03
ignoring无视 the specific具体 and unique独特 circumstances情况 in a given特定 village,
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忽略了被援助的每一个村庄的情况都是不同的
12:08
the skills技能, the practices做法, the norms规范 and habits习惯
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技能、实践、规范和习惯
12:11
that allowed允许 that small aid援助 project项目 to succeed成功 --
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才是让援助计划成功的关键
12:14
like in Sauri萨乌莉 village, in Kenya肯尼亚, where Jeffrey杰弗里 Sachs萨克斯 is working加工 --
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就像Jeffrey Sachs工作的那个肯尼亚的绍里村
12:17
and therefore因此 generalize概括 this experience经验
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推广这样的经验
12:20
as the experience经验 of everybody每个人.
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让它变成每个人都能用的经验
12:23
Aid援助 increases增加 the resources资源 available可得到 to governments政府,
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援助增加了政府的可用资源
12:28
and that makes品牌 working加工 in a government政府 the most profitable有利可图 thing
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让在政府工作成为最有利可图的事情
12:32
you can have, as a person in Africa非洲 seeking a career事业.
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特别是对于一个正在找工作的非洲人来说
12:35
By increasing增加 the political政治 attractiveness吸引力 of the state,
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由于国家的政治吸引力的增加
12:39
especially特别 in our ethnically种族 fragmented支离破碎 societies社会 in Africa非洲,
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特别是非洲这样一个种族分散的社会
12:43
aid援助 tends趋向 to accentuate加重 ethnic民族 tensions紧张
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援助往往加剧了种族关系紧张
12:46
as every一切 single ethnic民族 group now begins开始 struggling奋斗的 to enter输入 the state
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每个种族都看是争先恐后的加入那些国家
12:52
in order订购 to get access访问 to the foreign国外 aid援助 pie馅饼.
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就为了获得外国援助
12:55
Ladies女士们 and gentlemen绅士, the most enterprising进取 people in Africa非洲
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女士们先生们,非洲最有事业心的人
13:00
cannot不能 find opportunities机会 to trade贸易 and to work in the private私人的 sector扇形
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也不能发现进行私营贸易和工作的机会
13:05
because the institutional制度 and policy政策 environment环境 is hostile敌对 to business商业.
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因为体制和政策环境都是反对做生意的
13:08
Governments政府 are not changing改变 it. Why?
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政府不去改变这些,这是为什么?
13:10
Because they don't need to talk to their own拥有 citizens公民.
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因为他们不需要去和他们的国民谈
13:15
They talk to international国际 donors捐助者.
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他们只和国际捐助人谈
13:17
So, the most enterprising进取 Africans非洲人 end结束 up going to work for government政府,
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所以有事业心的非洲人最终只得为政府工作
13:22
and that has increased增加 the political政治 tensions紧张 in our countries国家
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而这已经增加了我们国家的政治紧张
13:25
precisely恰恰 because we depend依靠 on aid援助.
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正式因为我们依赖于援助
13:28
I also want to say that it is important重要 for us to
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我想说在过去的50年里
13:32
note注意 that, over the last 50 years年份, Africa非洲 has been receiving接收 increasing增加 aid援助
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非洲收到的来自国际上的越来越多的援助
13:36
from the international国际 community社区,
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对我们确实非常重要
13:38
in the form形成 of technical技术 assistance帮助, and financial金融 aid援助,
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包括技术援助,经济援助
13:41
and all other forms形式 of aid援助.
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及其他各种援助
13:43
Between之间 1960 and 2003, our continent大陆 received收到 600 billion十亿 dollars美元 of aid援助,
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在1960到2003年间,非洲收到了6千亿美元的援助
13:53
and we are still told that there is a lot of poverty贫穷 in Africa非洲.
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我们还是被告知非洲仍然贫困
13:56
Where has all the aid援助 gone走了?
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这些援助都去哪里了?
13:59
I want to use the example of my own拥有 country国家, called Uganda乌干达,
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我想用我自己的国家——乌干达,来作为一个例子
14:03
and the kind of structure结构体 of incentives奖励 that aid援助 has brought there.
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来看收到的援助是怎么花掉的
14:08
In the 2006-2007 budget预算, expected预期 revenue收入: 2.5 trillion shillings先令.
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在2006到2007年的财政预算里,预期收益是2.5兆先令
14:14
The expected预期 foreign国外 aid援助: 1.9 trillion.
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预期外国援助1.9兆先令
14:17
Uganda's乌干达 recurrent复发 expenditure支出 -- by recurrent复发 what do I mean?
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乌干达的日常开支,日常开支的意思是
14:21
Hand-to-mouth仅够糊口的 is 2.6 trillion.
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只用来糊口,需要2.6兆先令
14:25
Why does the government政府 of Uganda乌干达 budget预算 spend 110 percent百分
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为什么乌干达政府预算花掉它的110%的
14:30
of its own拥有 revenue收入?
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自己的收入
14:31
It's because there's somebody there called foreign国外 aid援助, who contributes有助于 for it.
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因为有国际援助在帮忙
14:36
But this shows节目 you that the government政府 of Uganda乌干达
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但是这里你看到的乌干达政府
14:38
is not committed提交 to spending开支 its own拥有 revenue收入
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没有打算用自己的收入
14:42
to invest投资 in productive生产的 investments投资,
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去做有益的投资
14:44
but rather it devotes致力于 this revenue收入
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而是用这笔钱
14:46
to paying付款 structure结构体 of public上市 expenditure支出.
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去作为公共机构的支出
14:50
Public上市 administration行政, which哪一个 is largely大部分 patronage赞助, takes 690 billion十亿.
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公共行政,是大头,用了6900亿
14:55
The military军事, 380 billion十亿.
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军事,3800亿
14:57
Agriculture农业, which哪一个 employs采用 18 percent百分 of our poverty-stricken穷苦 citizens公民,
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18%的非常贫困的国民从事的农业
15:02
takes only 18 billion十亿.
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却只花了180亿
15:05
Trade贸易 and industry行业 takes 43 billion十亿.
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贸易与工业花了430亿
15:09
And let me show显示 you, what does public上市 expenditure支出 --
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然我来告诉你什么是公共支出
15:13
rather, public上市 administration行政 expenditure支出 -- in Uganda乌干达 constitute构成?
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在乌干达倒不如说是公共财政支出
15:17
There you go. 70 cabinet内阁 ministers部长, 114 presidential总统 advisers顾问,
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我们来看,70个内阁成员,114个总统顾问
15:23
by the way, who never see the president主席, except on television电视.
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顺便说一下,除了在电视上,谁也没有见过总统
15:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
15:29
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
15:34
And when they see him physically物理, it is at public上市 functions功能 like this,
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当你真的看到他了,那一定是在这样的公共场合
15:39
and even there, it is him who advises建议 them.
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即便如此,那也是他们建议的
15:43
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
15:45
We have 81 units单位 of local本地 government政府.
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我们的地方政府有81个部门
15:48
Each local本地 government政府 is organized有组织的 like the central中央 government政府 --
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每一个地方政府的组织结构都和中央政府一样
15:50
a bureaucracy官僚, a cabinet内阁, a parliament议会,
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一个行政系统,一个内阁,一个国会
15:52
and so many许多 jobs工作 for the political政治 hangers-on食客.
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政府部门提供了这么多的工作岗位
15:55
There were 56, and when our president主席 wanted to
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原来有56个行政区,当我们的总统想要去
15:58
amend修改 the constitution宪法 and remove去掉 term术语 limits范围,
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修改宪法除去他任期限制的时候
16:01
he had to create创建 25 new districts, and now there are 81.
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936000
4000
他又增加了25个行政区,现在有81个了
16:05
Three hundred thirty-three三十三 members会员 of parliament议会.
272
940000
2000
333个国会议员
16:07
You need Wembley温布利 Stadium体育场 to host主办 our parliament议会.
273
942000
2000
你需要一个“温布利体育场”来看我们的国会
16:09
One hundred thirty-four三十四 commissions佣金
274
944000
2000
134个委员会
16:11
and semi-autonomous半自主 government政府 bodies身体,
275
946000
5000
和半自治的政府机关
16:16
all of which哪一个 have directors董事 and the cars汽车. And the final最后 thing,
276
951000
4000
所有的这些机构都需要负责人和汽车,最后
16:20
this is addressed解决 to Mr先生. Bono波诺. In his work, he may可能 help us on this.
277
955000
4000
让我们转向Bono先生,他最近的工作或许能帮助我们
16:24
A recent最近 government政府 of Uganda乌干达 study研究 found发现
278
959000
2000
一个最近的对于乌干达政府的研究显示
16:26
that there are 3,000 four-wheel四轮 drive驾驶 motor发动机 vehicles汽车
279
961000
4000
有3000辆汽车
16:30
at the Minister部长 of Health健康 headquarters司令部.
280
965000
2000
在卫生部总部被使用
16:32
Uganda乌干达 has 961 sub-counties子县, each of them with a dispensary药房,
281
967000
5000
乌干达有961个县,每个县都有一个医务室
16:37
none没有 of which哪一个 has an ambulance救护车.
282
972000
2000
他们中没有一个有救护车
16:39
So, the four-wheel四轮 drive驾驶 vehicles汽车 at the headquarters司令部
283
974000
3000
那些在总部的汽车
16:42
drive驾驶 the ministers部长, the permanent常驻 secretaries秘书, the bureaucrats官僚
284
977000
3000
用来载部长、秘书、官僚
16:45
and the international国际 aid援助 bureaucrats官僚 who work in aid援助 projects项目,
285
980000
3000
和做援助项目的国际援助官僚
16:48
while the poor较差的 die without ambulances救护车 and medicine医学.
286
983000
6000
而穷人因为没有救护车和医药而死去
16:54
Finally最后, I want to say that before I came来了 to speak说话 here,
287
989000
4000
最后,我想说在我来这里演讲之前
16:58
I was told that the principle原理 of TEDGlobalTEDGlobal
288
993000
4000
我被告知了TEDGlobal的原则
17:02
is that the good speech言语 should be like a miniskirt迷你裙.
289
997000
3000
那就是,一个优秀的演讲应该像迷你裙
17:05
It should be short enough足够 to arouse引起 interest利益,
290
1000000
2000
它必须短到能充分激起大家的兴趣
17:07
but long enough足够 to cover the subject学科.
291
1002000
2000
长到能遮住应该被遮的地方
17:09
I hope希望 I have achieved实现 that.
292
1004000
1000
我希望我做到了
17:10
(Laughter笑声)
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1000
(笑声)
17:11
Thank you very much.
294
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1000
非常感谢
17:12
(Applause掌声)
295
1007000
2000
(掌声)
Translated by Tait Jiang
Reviewed by Wang Qian

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andrew Mwenda - Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment.

Why you should listen

Andrew Mwenda is a print, radio and television journalist, and an active critic of many forms of Western aid to Africa. Too much of the aid from rich nations, he says, goes to the worst African countries to fuel war and government abuse. Such money not only never gets to its intended recipients, Africa's truly needy -- it actively plays a part in making their lives worse.

Mwenda worked at the Daily Monitor newspaper in Kampala starting in the mid-1990s, and hosted a radio show, Andrew Mwenda Live, since 2001; in 2005, he was charged with sedition by the Ugandan government for criticizing the president of Uganda on his radio show, in the wake of the helicopter crash that killed the vice president of Sudan. He has produced documentaries and commentary for the BBC on the dangers of aid and debt relief to Africa, and consulted for the World Bank and Transparency international, and was a Knight Fellow at Stanford in 2007.

In December 2007, he launched a new newspaper in Kampala, The Independent, a leading source of uncensored news in the country. The following spring, he was arrested and accused of publishing inflammatory articles about the Ugandan government. Since being released, he has gone on to be recognized by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and to win the CPJ International Press Freedom Award.    

More profile about the speaker
Andrew Mwenda | Speaker | TED.com