ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andrew Mwenda - Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment.

Why you should listen

Andrew Mwenda is a print, radio and television journalist, and an active critic of many forms of Western aid to Africa. Too much of the aid from rich nations, he says, goes to the worst African countries to fuel war and government abuse. Such money not only never gets to its intended recipients, Africa's truly needy -- it actively plays a part in making their lives worse.

Mwenda worked at the Daily Monitor newspaper in Kampala starting in the mid-1990s, and hosted a radio show, Andrew Mwenda Live, since 2001; in 2005, he was charged with sedition by the Ugandan government for criticizing the president of Uganda on his radio show, in the wake of the helicopter crash that killed the vice president of Sudan. He has produced documentaries and commentary for the BBC on the dangers of aid and debt relief to Africa, and consulted for the World Bank and Transparency international, and was a Knight Fellow at Stanford in 2007.

In December 2007, he launched a new newspaper in Kampala, The Independent, a leading source of uncensored news in the country. The following spring, he was arrested and accused of publishing inflammatory articles about the Ugandan government. Since being released, he has gone on to be recognized by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and to win the CPJ International Press Freedom Award.    

More profile about the speaker
Andrew Mwenda | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2007

Andrew Mwenda: Aid for Africa? No thanks.

安德魯˙曼威達對非洲的新看法

Filmed:
1,210,423 views

在這段振奮人心的演講裡,記者安德魯請我們重新定義"非洲問題"--在媒體所報導的貧窮,內戰,還有無助的背後,我們應該思考我們能為這塊大陸帶來財富還有快樂的機會在何處。
- Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:26
I am very, very happy快樂 to be amidst煙雨 some of the most --
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我非常非常高興能來到...
00:30
the lights燈火 are really disturbing煩擾的 my eyes眼睛
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這些燈光很刺眼
00:32
and they're reflecting反映 on my glasses眼鏡.
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而且光會反射到我的眼鏡上
00:34
I am very happy快樂 and honored榮幸 to be amidst煙雨
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我非常高興而且感到榮幸能和
00:38
very, very innovative創新 and intelligent智能 people.
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這些非常創新,有智慧的人在一起
00:41
I have listened聽了 to the three previous以前 speakers音箱,
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聽了前三個演講之後
00:44
and guess猜測 what happened發生?
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猜猜看怎麼了?
00:46
Every一切 single thing I planned計劃 to say, they have said it here,
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原本我打算要講的每件事,都被他們講完了
00:49
and it looks容貌 and sounds聲音 like I have nothing else其他 to say.
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看起來我似乎沒有什麼好講了
00:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:55
But there is a saying in my culture文化
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在我們的文化裡有這麼一句諺語:
00:58
that if a bud leaves樹葉 a tree without saying something,
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如果一朵花苞沒說什麼就從樹上凋落
01:03
that bud is a young年輕 one.
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那麼這朵花苞一定還很年輕
01:06
So, I will -- since以來 I am not young年輕 and am very old,
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既然我不再年輕,而且其實很老了..
01:11
I still will say something.
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我還是會說些話
01:13
We are hosting託管 this conference會議 at a very opportune適當的 moment時刻,
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這場研討會召開的時機非常恰當
01:18
because another另一個 conference會議 is taking服用 place地點 in Berlin柏林.
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因為另一個會議已經在柏林展開
01:20
It is the G8 Summit首腦.
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這個會議就是八國高峰會
01:23
The G8 Summit首腦 proposes建議 that the solution to Africa's非洲 problems問題
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八國高峰會對於非洲問題所提出的解決方案
01:30
should be a massive大規模的 increase增加 in aid援助,
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就是應該要投入更大量的援助
01:33
something akin類似的 to the Marshall馬歇爾 Plan計劃.
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類似馬歇爾計劃
01:35
Unfortunately不幸, I personally親自 do not believe in the Marshall馬歇爾 Plan計劃.
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但不幸的是,我個人不相信馬歇爾計畫
01:39
One, because the benefits好處 of the Marshall馬歇爾 Plan計劃 have been overstated誇大.
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第一,馬歇爾計畫所帶來的益處被過度誇大
01:44
Its largest最大 recipients收件人 were Germany德國 and France法國,
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因它而受益最多的國家是德國和法國
01:47
and it was only 2.5 percent百分 of their GDPGDP.
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但援助只佔他們國內生產總值的2.5%
01:50
An average平均 African非洲人 country國家 receives收到 foreign國外 aid援助
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非洲國家平均收到的外援
01:53
to the tune調 of 13, 15 percent百分 of its GDPGDP,
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大約佔他們的國內生產總值的13~15%
01:59
and that is an unprecedented史無前例 transfer轉讓 of financial金融 resources資源
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而且這是一個空前的金融資源轉移
02:02
from rich豐富 countries國家 to poor較差的 countries國家.
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由富裕國家援助貧窮國家
02:05
But I want to say that there are two things we need to connect.
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但我想說的是,我們必須想到兩件事
02:08
How the media媒體 covers蓋子 Africa非洲 in the West西, and the consequences後果 of that.
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西方媒體如何報導非洲,還有援助帶來的成果
02:14
By displaying顯示 despair絕望, helplessness無奈 and hopelessness絕望,
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媒體報導非洲絕望,無助,以及沒有希望的畫面
02:17
the media媒體 is telling告訴 the truth真相 about Africa非洲, and nothing but the truth真相.
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在在告訴我們有關非洲的真相,全都是事實
02:23
However然而, the media媒體 is not telling告訴 us the whole整個 truth真相.
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然而,媒體沒有告訴我們全部的真相
02:27
Because despair絕望, civil國內 war戰爭, hunger飢餓 and famine飢荒,
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雖然絕望,內戰,飢餓,還有饑荒
02:31
although雖然 they're part部分 and parcel of our African非洲人 reality現實,
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是非洲現實生活中的一部份
02:35
they are not the only reality現實.
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但現實生活並不是只有這些
02:37
And secondly其次, they are the smallest最少 reality現實.
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其次,這些只是現實生活中最小的部分
02:39
Africa非洲 has 53 nations國家.
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非洲有53個國家
02:41
We have civil國內 wars戰爭 only in six countries國家,
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只有6個國家有內戰
02:44
which哪一個 means手段 that the media媒體 are covering覆蓋 only six countries國家.
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這意味著媒體的報導只涵蓋這6個國家
02:48
Africa非洲 has immense巨大 opportunities機會 that never navigate導航
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非洲擁有很多機會,卻從未出現在
02:52
through通過 the web捲筒紙 of despair絕望 and helplessness無奈
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那些充滿絕望或無助的報導中
02:54
that the Western西 media媒體 largely大部分 presents禮物 to its audience聽眾.
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也就是西方媒體大量向觀眾傳遞的訊息
02:59
But the effect影響 of that presentation介紹 is, it appeals上訴 to sympathy同情.
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這樣的報導目的在於博取同情心
03:03
It appeals上訴 to pity可憐. It appeals上訴 to something called charity慈善機構.
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博取於憐憫,博取所謂的慈善援助
03:08
And, as a consequence後果, the Western西 view視圖
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結果就是,西方人對於
03:11
of Africa's非洲 economic經濟 dilemma困境 is framed陷害 wrongly.
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非洲經濟的困境存有錯誤的看法
03:16
The wrong錯誤 framing取景 is a product產品 of thinking思維
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這個錯誤的看法就是在於他們覺得
03:20
that Africa非洲 is a place地點 of despair絕望.
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非洲是一個充滿絕望的地方
03:23
What should we do with it? We should give food餐飲 to the hungry飢餓.
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我們應該怎麼做?我們應該給飢餓的人食物
03:26
We should deliver交付 medicines藥品 to those who are ill生病.
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我們應該給生病的人藥物
03:29
We should send發送 peacekeeping troops軍隊
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我們應該派維和部隊過去
03:31
to serve服務 those who are facing面對 a civil國內 war戰爭.
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以幫助處於內戰的人民
03:33
And in the process處理, Africa非洲 has been stripped剝離 of self-initiative自主性.
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在這個過程中,非洲的自主權已經被剝奪
03:38
I want to say that it is important重要 to recognize認識
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我想說的是.我們必須去體認到
03:41
that Africa非洲 has fundamental基本的 weaknesses弱點.
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非洲的確有根本上的缺點
03:44
But equally一樣, it has opportunities機會 and a lot of potential潛在.
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但同樣的,它也擁有機會和很多的潛力
03:48
We need to reframe重構 the challenge挑戰 that is facing面對 Africa非洲,
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我們必須重新定義非洲所面臨的挑戰
03:52
from a challenge挑戰 of despair絕望,
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從原本絕望的角度
03:54
which哪一個 is called poverty貧窮 reduction減少,
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也就是減少貧窮的角度
03:58
to a challenge挑戰 of hope希望.
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轉而改為充滿希望的角度
04:00
We frame it as a challenge挑戰 of hope希望, and that is worth價值 creation創建.
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我們將其視為為充滿希望的挑戰,這是值得一試的
04:04
The challenge挑戰 facing面對 all those who are interested有興趣 in Africa非洲
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所有關心非洲的人應該採取的態度
04:07
is not the challenge挑戰 of reducing減少 poverty貧窮.
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不是如何減少貧窮
04:09
It should be a challenge挑戰 of creating創建 wealth財富.
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而是如何增加財富
04:12
Once一旦 we change更改 those two things --
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一旦我們把那兩個概念對調過來--
04:15
if you say the Africans非洲人 are poor較差的 and they need poverty貧窮 reduction減少,
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如果你說"非洲人很窮,而且我們應該幫助他們減少貧窮"
04:20
you have the international國際 cartel卡特爾 of good intentions意圖
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你便要求國際社會秉持善心
04:24
moving移動 onto the continent大陸, with what?
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要送些東西到非洲,但要給他們什麼呢?
04:27
Medicines藥品 for the poor較差的, food餐飲 relief浮雕 for those who are hungry飢餓,
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給窮人藥物,給予挨餓的人食物
04:30
and peacekeepers維和部隊 for those who are facing面對 civil國內 war戰爭.
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再派遣維和部隊來拯救陷於內戰的人民
04:35
And in the process處理, none沒有 of these things really are productive生產的
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但在這些援助中,沒有一項是真的具有生產力的
04:39
because you are treating治療 the symptoms症狀, not the causes原因
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因為這只是解決表面上的問題,而不是去解決
04:41
of Africa's非洲 fundamental基本的 problems問題.
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非洲根本的問題
04:44
Sending發出 somebody to school學校 and giving them medicines藥品,
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讓更多人能上學,還有提供藥物
04:47
ladies女士們 and gentlemen紳士, does not create創建 wealth財富 for them.
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女士先生們,這些都不能為他們創造財富
04:52
Wealth財富 is a function功能 of income收入, and income收入 comes from you finding發現
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有收入才會帶來財富,而收入來自於
04:56
a profitable有利可圖 trading貿易 opportunity機會 or a well-paying高薪 job工作.
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有利潤的貿易機會或是薪水優渥的工作
05:00
Now, once一旦 we begin開始 to talk about wealth財富 creation創建 in Africa非洲,
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現在,當我們談到如何在非洲創造財富
05:03
our second第二 challenge挑戰 will be,
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我們的第二個挑戰就是,
05:05
who are the wealth-creating創造財富 agents代理 in any society社會?
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誰是社會裡創造財富的主要成員?
05:08
They are entrepreneurs企業家. [Unclear不清楚] told us they are always
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是企業家. 他們大約只佔了
05:12
about four percent百分 of the population人口, but 16 percent百分 are imitators模仿者.
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人口的4%,但其中有16%的人只能算是模倣者
05:16
But they also succeed成功 at the job工作 of entrepreneurship創業.
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但他們也可以成功地勝任企業家的工作
05:21
So, where should we be putting the money?
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那我們該把錢放在哪裡?
05:24
We need to put money where it can productively富有成效 grow增長.
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我們應該把錢放在能孳長更多財富的地方
05:29
Support支持 private私人的 investment投資 in Africa非洲, both domestic國內 and foreign國外.
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贊助非洲國家國內或國外的私人投資,
05:33
Support支持 research研究 institutions機構,
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贊助研究機構
05:36
because knowledge知識 is an important重要 part部分 of wealth財富 creation創建.
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因為創造財富的其中一個要點就是擁有知識
05:40
But what is the international國際 aid援助 community社區 doing with Africa非洲 today今天?
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但現在的國際援助組織對非洲做了什麼?
05:44
They are throwing投擲 large sums總和 of money for primary health健康,
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他們投入很多錢從事基礎醫療
05:47
for primary education教育, for food餐飲 relief浮雕.
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基礎教育,還有食物
05:50
The entire整個 continent大陸 has been turned轉身 into
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整個非洲大陸變成一個
05:52
a place地點 of despair絕望, in need of charity慈善機構.
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充滿絕望,而且需要人家施捨的地方
05:55
Ladies女士們 and gentlemen紳士, can any one of you tell me
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女士先生們,有沒有人可以告訴我
05:57
a neighbor鄰居, a friend朋友, a relative相對的 that you know,
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你認識的鄰居,朋友或親戚
06:00
who became成為 rich豐富 by receiving接收 charity慈善機構?
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誰靠著別人的救濟而變得有錢?
06:04
By holding保持 the begging乞討 bowl and receiving接收 alms救濟金?
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靠著向別人乞討然後得到救濟?
06:07
Does any one of you in the audience聽眾 have that person?
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在座的聽眾有人認識這樣子的人嗎?
06:10
Does any one of you know a country國家 that developed發達 because of
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有沒有人知道有哪一個國家的發展是因為
06:15
the generosity慷慨 and kindness善良 of another另一個?
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接受別的國家慷慨和善心的援助嗎?
06:18
Well, since以來 I'm not seeing眼看 the hand,
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那麼,因為我都沒看到有人舉手
06:20
it appears出現 that what I'm stating說明 is true真正.
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很顯然地,我的論述是對的
06:23
(Bono波諾: Yes!)
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波諾: 有!
06:25
Andrew安德魯 MwendaMwenda: I can see Bono波諾 says he knows知道 the country國家.
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安德魯: 我看波諾好像知道有這麼一個國家
06:27
Which哪一個 country國家 is that?
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哪個國家?
06:28
(Bono波諾: It's an Irish愛爾蘭的 land土地.)
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波諾: 是個愛爾蘭的名字
06:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:31
(Bono波諾: [unclear不明])
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波諾:[聲音模糊]
06:33
AM: Thank you very much. But let me tell you this.
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非常謝謝你. 但是讓我來告訴你
06:37
External外部 actors演員 can only present當下 to you an opportunity機會.
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外人只能給你這麼一個機會
06:41
The ability能力 to utilize利用 that opportunity機會 and turn it into an advantage優點
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要怎麼去運用這個機會,而且把它變成一個優勢
06:46
depends依靠 on your internal內部 capacity容量.
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就要看你本身的能力
06:48
Africa非洲 has received收到 many許多 opportunities機會.
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非洲曾得到很多機會
06:50
Many許多 of them we haven't沒有 benefited受益 much.
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但我們卻沒有從中獲益很多
06:53
Why? Because we lack缺乏 the internal內部, institutional制度 framework骨架
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為什麼?因為我們缺乏內部制度
06:58
and policy政策 framework骨架 that can make it possible可能 for us
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和政策架構,可以讓我們有可能
07:01
to benefit效益 from our external外部 relations關係. I'll give you an example.
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從對外的關係中受益. 我來舉一個例子
07:04
Under the Cotonou科托努 Agreement協議,
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在柯都努協議中
07:06
formerly以前 known已知 as the Lome洛美 Convention慣例,
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以前叫做洛海公約
07:09
African非洲人 countries國家 have been given特定 an opportunity機會 by Europe歐洲
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歐洲曾提供一個機會給非洲國家
07:12
to export出口 goods產品, duty-free免稅, to the European歐洲的 Union聯盟 market市場.
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以零關稅的方式出口貨品到歐盟市場
07:17
My own擁有 country國家, Uganda烏干達, has a quota配額 to export出口 50,000 metric tons
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我自己的國家,烏干達,有五萬公噸的出口配額
07:23
of sugar to the European歐洲的 Union聯盟 market市場.
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可以出口糖到歐盟市場
07:26
We haven't沒有 exported出口 one kilogram公斤 yet然而.
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但我們一公斤都還沒出口過
07:28
We import進口 50,000 metric tons of sugar from Brazil巴西 and Cuba古巴.
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我們反而從巴西和古巴進口了五萬公噸的糖
07:37
Secondly其次, under the beef牛肉 protocol協議 of that agreement協議,
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第二,根據公約上的牛肉條款
07:40
African非洲人 countries國家 that produce生產 beef牛肉
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產牛肉的非洲國家
07:42
have quotas配額 to export出口 beef牛肉 duty-free免稅 to the European歐洲的 Union聯盟 market市場.
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可以享有以零關稅出口牛肉到歐盟市場的配額
07:47
None沒有 of those countries國家, including包含 Africa's非洲 most successful成功 nation國家, Botswana博茨瓦納,
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但沒有一個國家可以達到這個配額,連非洲最成功的國家,波札那
07:51
has ever met會見 its quota配額.
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也從未用完這個配額
07:54
So, I want to argue爭論 today今天 that the fundamental基本的 source資源 of Africa's非洲
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所以我主張,非洲之所以
07:59
inability無力 to engage從事 the rest休息 of the world世界
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無法和其他國家建立
08:01
in a more productive生產的 relationship關係
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合作互利的關係
08:04
is because it has a poor較差的 institutional制度 and policy政策 framework骨架.
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是因為制度和政策上的結構太過鬆散
08:08
And all forms形式 of intervention介入 need support支持,
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任何形式的介入都需要有支持的力量
08:11
the evolution演化 of the kinds of institutions機構 that create創建 wealth財富,
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像是發展創造財富的機構
08:15
the kinds of institutions機構 that increase增加 productivity生產率.
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還有可以增進生產力的機構
08:18
How do we begin開始 to do that, and why is aid援助 the bad instrument儀器?
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我們要怎麼做? 還有為什麼援助不是個好方法?
08:22
Aid援助 is the bad instrument儀器, and do you know why?
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你知道為什麼援助不是個好方法嗎?
08:24
Because all governments政府 across橫過 the world世界 need money to survive生存.
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因為世界上所有的政府都需要錢才能存活下去
08:28
Money is needed需要 for a simple簡單 thing like keeping保持 law and order訂購.
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錢是會被拿來做一些簡單的事,例如維持法律和秩序
08:32
You have to pay工資 the army軍隊 and the police警察 to show顯示 law and order訂購.
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你必須付錢給軍隊和警察,請他們維持法律和秩序
08:34
And because many許多 of our governments政府 are quite相當 dictatorial獨裁的,
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然而因為我們大多數的政府都很獨裁
08:38
they need really to have the army軍隊 clobber the opposition反對.
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他們需要軍隊去鎮壓反對者
08:42
The second第二 thing you need to do is pay工資 your political政治 hangers-on食客.
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再來,政治活動也需要錢
08:47
Why should people support支持 their government政府?
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為什麼人民應該要支持他們的政府?
08:48
Well, because it gives them good, paying付款 jobs工作,
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因為政府給他們薪水不錯的工作
08:50
or, in many許多 African非洲人 countries國家, unofficial非官方 opportunities機會
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或者,在很多非洲國家
08:54
to profit利潤 from corruption腐敗.
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私底下可以從貪污中得到利益
08:56
The fact事實 is no government政府 in the world世界,
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事實上,世界上沒有任何一個政府--
08:59
with the exception例外 of a few少數, like that of Idi伊迪 Amin阿明,
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伊迪˙阿明是個例外--
09:01
can seek尋求 to depend依靠 entirely完全 on force as an instrument儀器 of rule規則.
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可以完全依靠武力來治國
09:06
Many許多 countries國家 in the [unclear不明], they need legitimacy合法.
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很多國家需要依法治國
09:09
To get legitimacy合法, governments政府 often經常 need to deliver交付 things like primary education教育,
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為此,政府通常需要提供基礎教育,
09:15
primary health健康, roads道路, build建立 hospitals醫院 and clinics診所.
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基礎醫療,道路,蓋醫院還有診所
09:20
If the government's政府的 fiscal survival生存
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如果一個國家的財政
09:22
depends依靠 on it having to raise提高 money from its own擁有 people,
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是向人民募款而得
09:26
such這樣 a government政府 is driven驅動 by self-interest自我利益
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這種以自我利益為導向的政府
09:28
to govern治理 in a more enlightened開明 fashion時尚.
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就會以更開明的方式來治國
09:30
It will sit with those who create創建 wealth財富.
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它會和創造財富的人坐下來
09:33
Talk to them about the kind of policies政策 and institutions機構
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討論什麼樣的政策和體制
09:36
that are necessary必要 for them to expand擴大 a scale規模 and scope範圍 of business商業
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是他們在拓展生意上所必須的
09:40
so that it can collect蒐集 more tax revenues收入 from them.
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如此一來,才能從他們身上拿到更多稅收
09:43
The problem問題 with the African非洲人 continent大陸
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非洲大陸的問題
09:45
and the problem問題 with the aid援助 industry行業
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還有國際援助團體所帶來的問題
09:46
is that it has distorted扭曲 the structure結構體 of incentives獎勵
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已經扭曲了非洲國家
09:49
facing面對 the governments政府 in Africa非洲.
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的生存動機
09:52
The productive生產的 margin餘量 in our governments'政府“ search搜索 for revenue收入
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我們政府的主要收入來源
09:55
does not lie謊言 in the domestic國內 economy經濟,
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不是來自於國內的經濟
09:58
it lies with international國際 donors捐助者.
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而是來自國際的捐助者
10:00
Rather than sit with Ugandan烏干達 --
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與其和烏干達的...
10:02
(Applause掌聲) --
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(鼓掌)
10:06
rather than sit with Ugandan烏干達 entrepreneurs企業家,
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與其和烏干達的企業家,
10:09
Ghanaian加納的 businessmen商人, South African非洲人 enterprising進取 leaders領導者,
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迦納商人,南非的企業領導者共商大計
10:15
our governments政府 find it more productive生產的
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我們的政府發現和國際貨幣基金組織還有世界銀行協商
10:18
to talk to the IMF國際貨幣基金組織 and the World世界 Bank銀行.
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會帶來更多的收入
10:21
I can tell you, even if you have ten Ph博士.DsDS.,
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我可以告訴你,即使你有十個博士學位
10:25
you can never beat擊敗 Bill法案 Gates蓋茨 in understanding理解 the computer電腦 industry行業.
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還是敵不過比爾蓋茲對電腦產業的了解
10:30
Why? Because the knowledge知識 that is required需要 for you to understand理解
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為什麼? 因為去了解拓展生意
10:34
the incentives獎勵 necessary必要 to expand擴大 a business商業 --
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所需要具備的知識
10:36
it requires要求 that you listen to the people, the private私人的 sector扇形 actors演員 in that industry行業.
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就是要你去傾聽那些在這個行業的人的意見
10:42
Governments政府 in Africa非洲 have therefore因此 been given特定 an opportunity機會,
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非洲各政府因此從國際組織上得到一個機會
10:45
by the international國際 community社區, to avoid避免 building建造
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就是盡量不要
10:48
productive生產的 arrangements安排 with your own擁有 citizens公民,
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讓自己的人民有收入
10:50
and therefore因此 allowed允許 to begin開始 endless無窮 negotiations談判 with the IMF國際貨幣基金組織
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如此才可以和國際貨幣基金組織展開無止盡的協商
10:56
and the World世界 Bank銀行, and then it is the IMF國際貨幣基金組織 and the World世界 Bank銀行
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然後再和世界銀行談,之後回來找國際貨幣基金組織,再來找世界銀行
10:59
that tell them what its citizens公民 need.
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告訴這些組織他們的人民需要什麼
11:01
In the process處理, we, the African非洲人 people, have been sidelined休戰
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在這整個過程中,非洲人民就像局外人一樣
11:05
from the policy-making決策, policy-orientation政策取向, and policy政策-
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從國家制定政策,設立政策方針
11:09
implementation履行 process處理 in our countries國家.
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到執行政策,人民都被排除在外
11:11
We have limited有限 input輸入, because he who pays支付 the piper吹笛者 calls電話 the tune調.
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我們無法參與太多,因為出錢的是老大
11:15
The IMF國際貨幣基金組織, the World世界 Bank銀行, and the cartel卡特爾 of good intentions意圖 in the world世界
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國際貨幣基金,世界銀行,還有世界上各個援助組織
11:19
has taken採取 over our rights權利 as citizens公民,
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接管了我們的公民權
11:22
and therefore因此 what our governments政府 are doing, because they depend依靠 on aid援助,
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因為我們的政府仰賴那些援助,所以他們做的就是
11:25
is to listen to international國際 creditors債權人 rather than their own擁有 citizens公民.
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聽命於國際上的那些債權人,而不是傾聽自己人民的心聲
11:29
But I want to put a caveat警告 on my argument論據,
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但我想先澄清一下我的論點
11:31
and that caveat警告 is that it is not true真正 that aid援助 is always destructive有害.
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那就是援助並不一定是具有破壞性的
11:39
Some aid援助 may可能 have built內置 a hospital醫院, fed美聯儲 a hungry飢餓 village.
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有些援助蓋了醫院,提供食物給鬧飢荒的村莊
11:46
It may可能 have built內置 a road, and that road
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或是興建道路,這些道路
11:48
may可能 have served提供服務 a very good role角色.
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也可能扮演了一個很好的角色
11:50
The mistake錯誤 of the international國際 aid援助 industry行業
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國際援助組織所犯的錯誤就是
11:52
is to pick these isolated孤立 incidents事故 of success成功,
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拿了一些成功的案例
11:56
generalize概括 them, pour billions數十億 and trillions萬億 of dollars美元 into them,
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歸納這些案例,並投入幾億幾兆的金錢
12:01
and then spread傳播 them across橫過 the whole整個 world世界,
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然後向全世界廣為宣傳
12:03
ignoring無視 the specific具體 and unique獨特 circumstances情況 in a given特定 village,
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忽略了其實每個村莊的情況都不相同
12:08
the skills技能, the practices做法, the norms規範 and habits習慣
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每個成功案例所援助的村莊
12:11
that allowed允許 that small aid援助 project項目 to succeed成功 --
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村民的能力,作習,規範及習慣都不相同
12:14
like in Sauri薩烏莉 village, in Kenya肯尼亞, where Jeffrey杰弗裡 Sachs薩克斯 is working加工 --
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就像傑弗瑞.薩奇斯工作的肯亞村莊- Sauri村
12:17
and therefore因此 generalize概括 this experience經驗
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他們得到一個很好的經驗
12:20
as the experience經驗 of everybody每個人.
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可以成為別人的借鏡
12:23
Aid援助 increases增加 the resources資源 available可得到 to governments政府,
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援助讓政府的資源增加
12:28
and that makes品牌 working加工 in a government政府 the most profitable有利可圖 thing
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對於一個在非洲找工作的人來說
12:32
you can have, as a person in Africa非洲 seeking a career事業.
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在政府部門工作比較有利可圖
12:35
By increasing增加 the political政治 attractiveness吸引力 of the state,
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為了引起更多政治上的關注
12:39
especially特別 in our ethnically種族 fragmented支離破碎 societies社會 in Africa非洲,
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尤其像非洲是一個種族劃分的社會
12:43
aid援助 tends趨向 to accentuate加重 ethnic民族 tensions緊張
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援助往往加重了種族間的緊張關係
12:46
as every一切 single ethnic民族 group now begins開始 struggling奮鬥的 to enter輸入 the state
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因為每個獨立的族群現在都想拼命擠進國家組織裡
12:52
in order訂購 to get access訪問 to the foreign國外 aid援助 pie餡餅.
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為的就是能分一杯羹
12:55
Ladies女士們 and gentlemen紳士, the most enterprising進取 people in Africa非洲
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女士先生們,在非洲最有事業心的人
13:00
cannot不能 find opportunities機會 to trade貿易 and to work in the private私人的 sector扇形
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沒辦法在民營機構從商或工作
13:05
because the institutional制度 and policy政策 environment環境 is hostile敵對 to business商業.
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是因為制度和政策環境實在是對商業不太友善
13:08
Governments政府 are not changing改變 it. Why?
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政府也沒有要去改變. 為什麼?
13:10
Because they don't need to talk to their own擁有 citizens公民.
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因為政府不需要和他們自己的人民對話
13:15
They talk to international國際 donors捐助者.
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他們只要和國際間的資助者對話
13:17
So, the most enterprising進取 Africans非洲人 end結束 up going to work for government政府,
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所以最有事業心的非洲人到最後都去為政府工作
13:22
and that has increased增加 the political政治 tensions緊張 in our countries國家
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而我們國家裡的政治緊張與日俱增
13:25
precisely恰恰 because we depend依靠 on aid援助.
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只因為我們純粹仰賴援助
13:28
I also want to say that it is important重要 for us to
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我還想說, 對我們來說重要的是去瞭解
13:32
note注意 that, over the last 50 years年份, Africa非洲 has been receiving接收 increasing增加 aid援助
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在過去的50年裡,非洲從國際社會
13:36
from the international國際 community社區,
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得到愈來愈多的援助
13:38
in the form形成 of technical技術 assistance幫助, and financial金融 aid援助,
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包括技術協助,金錢援助
13:41
and all other forms形式 of aid援助.
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及各種其他形式的援助
13:43
Between之間 1960 and 2003, our continent大陸 received收到 600 billion十億 dollars美元 of aid援助,
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在1960到2003年間,非洲大陸收到六千億美金的援助
13:53
and we are still told that there is a lot of poverty貧窮 in Africa非洲.
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但大家還是覺得非洲很窮
13:56
Where has all the aid援助 gone走了?
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那些援助都跑到哪兒去了?
13:59
I want to use the example of my own擁有 country國家, called Uganda烏干達,
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我想用我自己的國家,烏干達,作為一個例子
14:03
and the kind of structure結構體 of incentives獎勵 that aid援助 has brought there.
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來看援助都被花到哪裡去
14:08
In the 2006-2007 budget預算, expected預期 revenue收入: 2.5 trillion shillings先令.
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2006~2007年的預算中,預期收益是2.5兆先令
14:14
The expected預期 foreign國外 aid援助: 1.9 trillion.
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預期的國外援助: 1.9兆先令
14:17
Uganda's烏干達 recurrent復發 expenditure支出 -- by recurrent復發 what do I mean?
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烏干達的經常性支出--我說的經常性支出是什麼?
14:21
Hand-to-mouth僅夠糊口的 is 2.6 trillion.
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只是用來糊口--就花了2.6兆先令
14:25
Why does the government政府 of Uganda烏干達 budget預算 spend 110 percent百分
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為什麼烏干達政府的預算會打算花掉
14:30
of its own擁有 revenue收入?
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自己收入的110%?
14:31
It's because there's somebody there called foreign國外 aid援助, who contributes有助於 for it.
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因為有外援的幫忙
14:36
But this shows節目 you that the government政府 of Uganda烏干達
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但這顯示了烏干達政府
14:38
is not committed提交 to spending開支 its own擁有 revenue收入
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沒有要把他的收入拿去
14:42
to invest投資 in productive生產的 investments投資,
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投入在有生產力的投資上
14:44
but rather it devotes致力於 this revenue收入
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而是把這些收入
14:46
to paying付款 structure結構體 of public上市 expenditure支出.
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拿來支付政府的花費
14:50
Public上市 administration行政, which哪一個 is largely大部分 patronage贊助, takes 690 billion十億.
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公共行政部門,主要由援助金贊助,就花了6千900億
14:55
The military軍事, 380 billion十億.
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軍隊,3千800億
14:57
Agriculture農業, which哪一個 employs採用 18 percent百分 of our poverty-stricken窮苦 citizens公民,
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農業,有18%的窮困人民從事的行業
15:02
takes only 18 billion十億.
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只花了180億
15:05
Trade貿易 and industry行業 takes 43 billion十億.
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貿易和工業花了430億
15:09
And let me show顯示 you, what does public上市 expenditure支出 --
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讓我來告訴你公共支出--
15:13
rather, public上市 administration行政 expenditure支出 -- in Uganda烏干達 constitute構成?
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對烏干達來說,其實是公共行政支出--是由什麼組成的?
15:17
There you go. 70 cabinet內閣 ministers部長, 114 presidential總統 advisers顧問,
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我來告訴你. 有70個閣員,114個總統顧問
15:23
by the way, who never see the president主席, except on television電視.
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順帶一提,這些顧問除了在電視上,誰也沒看過總統
15:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:29
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
15:34
And when they see him physically物理, it is at public上市 functions功能 like this,
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當顧問看到他時,一定會是在這樣的一個公共場合
15:39
and even there, it is him who advises建議 them.
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即使如此,那也是他建議的
15:43
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:45
We have 81 units單位 of local本地 government政府.
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我們有81個地方政府
15:48
Each local本地 government政府 is organized有組織的 like the central中央 government政府 --
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每個地方政府的組織都跟中央政府一樣
15:50
a bureaucracy官僚, a cabinet內閣, a parliament議會,
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一個行政組織,一個內閣,一個議會
15:52
and so many許多 jobs工作 for the political政治 hangers-on食客.
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政府提供了很多工作
15:55
There were 56, and when our president主席 wanted to
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原本有56個行政區,但當總統想要
15:58
amend修改 the constitution憲法 and remove去掉 term術語 limits範圍,
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修改憲法然後除去任期限制時
16:01
he had to create創建 25 new districts, and now there are 81.
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他又增加了25個新的行政區,所以現在有81個行政區
16:05
Three hundred thirty-three三十三 members會員 of parliament議會.
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有333個國會議員
16:07
You need Wembley溫布利 Stadium體育場 to host主辦 our parliament議會.
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你需一個像"溫布里足球場"那麼大的地方來開我們的議會
16:09
One hundred thirty-four三十四 commissions佣金
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134個委員會
16:11
and semi-autonomous半自主 government政府 bodies身體,
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還有半自治的政府機構
16:16
all of which哪一個 have directors董事 and the cars汽車. And the final最後 thing,
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這些都需要負責人和車子...還有最後一項
16:20
this is addressed解決 to Mr先生. Bono波諾. In his work, he may可能 help us on this.
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留給波諾先生. 他的工作也許能幫助我們.
16:24
A recent最近 government政府 of Uganda烏干達 study研究 found發現
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一份最近研究烏干達政府的報告指出
16:26
that there are 3,000 four-wheel四輪 drive駕駛 motor發動機 vehicles汽車
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有3千輛轎車
16:30
at the Minister部長 of Health健康 headquarters司令部.
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在衛生署總部
16:32
Uganda烏干達 has 961 sub-counties子縣, each of them with a dispensary藥房,
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烏干達有961個鎮,每個鎮有一個診療所
16:37
none沒有 of which哪一個 has an ambulance救護車.
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但卻連一台救護車也沒有
16:39
So, the four-wheel四輪 drive駕駛 vehicles汽車 at the headquarters司令部
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而那些在總部的轎車
16:42
drive駕駛 the ministers部長, the permanent常駐 secretaries秘書, the bureaucrats官僚
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卻被用來接送部長,秘書,官員們
16:45
and the international國際 aid援助 bureaucrats官僚 who work in aid援助 projects項目,
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還有用來接送在援助專案工作的國際援助官員們
16:48
while the poor較差的 die without ambulances救護車 and medicine醫學.
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在此同時窮人卻因為沒有救護車和醫藥而死掉
16:54
Finally最後, I want to say that before I came來了 to speak說話 here,
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最後,我想說的是,在我來這裡演講之前
16:58
I was told that the principle原理 of TEDGlobalTEDGlobal
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有人告訴我TEDGlobal的原則是
17:02
is that the good speech言語 should be like a miniskirt迷你裙.
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一段好的演講要像一條迷你裙
17:05
It should be short enough足夠 to arouse引起 interest利益,
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它要短到可以引起注意力
17:07
but long enough足夠 to cover the subject學科.
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但也要長到能夠涵蓋主題
17:09
I hope希望 I have achieved實現 that.
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我希望我有做到這一點
17:10
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
17:11
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝各位
17:12
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Ariel Chen
Reviewed by Marie Wu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andrew Mwenda - Journalist
Journalist Andrew Mwenda has spent his career fighting for free speech and economic empowerment throughout Africa. He argues that aid makes objects of the poor -- they become passive recipients of charity rather than active participants in their own economic betterment.

Why you should listen

Andrew Mwenda is a print, radio and television journalist, and an active critic of many forms of Western aid to Africa. Too much of the aid from rich nations, he says, goes to the worst African countries to fuel war and government abuse. Such money not only never gets to its intended recipients, Africa's truly needy -- it actively plays a part in making their lives worse.

Mwenda worked at the Daily Monitor newspaper in Kampala starting in the mid-1990s, and hosted a radio show, Andrew Mwenda Live, since 2001; in 2005, he was charged with sedition by the Ugandan government for criticizing the president of Uganda on his radio show, in the wake of the helicopter crash that killed the vice president of Sudan. He has produced documentaries and commentary for the BBC on the dangers of aid and debt relief to Africa, and consulted for the World Bank and Transparency international, and was a Knight Fellow at Stanford in 2007.

In December 2007, he launched a new newspaper in Kampala, The Independent, a leading source of uncensored news in the country. The following spring, he was arrested and accused of publishing inflammatory articles about the Ugandan government. Since being released, he has gone on to be recognized by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and to win the CPJ International Press Freedom Award.    

More profile about the speaker
Andrew Mwenda | Speaker | TED.com