TEDGlobal 2013
Bernie Krause: The voice of the natural world
伯尼‧克劳斯: 伯尼·克劳斯：自然世界的声音
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45年来，伯尼·克劳斯录制了很多野外音景，包括了树林中的风声，鸟类叫声，昆虫幼虫的细微声音等。那段时间里，他目睹环境被人为彻底改变，有些甚至是被认为环境安全。我们能从一个惊奇的视角认识自然的交响曲，从海葵的咕噜声到海狸哀痛的悲鸣。
Bernie Krause - Natural sounds expert
Bernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results. Full bio
Bernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
(Nature sounds)
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(自然之声)
00:19
When I first began recording wild soundscapes
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45 年前，当我开始记录
00:22
45 years ago,
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野外音景的时候
00:24
I had no idea that ants,
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完全没意识到蚂蚁、
00:26
insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses
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昆虫幼虫、海葵甚至病毒
00:30
created a sound signature.
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会有自己独特的声音
00:32
But they do.
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但它们确实有
00:33
And so does every wild habitat on the planet,
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地球上的每个野生栖息地都这样
00:37
like the Amazon rainforest you're hearing behind me.
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比如你们正听到我身后
亚马逊雨林的声音。
亚马逊雨林的声音。
00:40
In fact, temperate and tropical rainforests
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事实上，温带雨林和热带雨林
00:44
each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,
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各自像富有生气的动物管弦乐队，
00:47
that instantaneous and organized expression
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昆虫、爬行动物、两栖动物、
鸟类和哺乳动物
鸟类和哺乳动物
00:50
of insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
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会发出瞬时和有条理的声调。
00:55
And every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat
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而且每一种源自野生栖息地的音景
00:58
generates its own unique signature,
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也会形成自己独有的特征，
01:01
one that contains incredible amounts of information,
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其中包含了惊人的信息量
01:04
and it's some of that information I want to share with you today.
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今天我想与你们分享其中一些信息
01:09
The soundscape is made up of three basic sources.
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音景由三个基本源头组成。
01:12
The first is the geophony,
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第一为自然声
01:14
or the nonbiological sounds that occur
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或在特定栖息地出现的
01:17
in any given habitat,
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非生物声音，
01:19
like wind in the trees, water in a stream,
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比如树林中的风声，河溪流水声，
01:21
waves at the ocean shore, movement of the Earth.
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波浪拍打岸边的声音，地球的转动声。
01:25
The second of these is the biophony.
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第二为生物声
01:28
The biophony is all of the sound
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在特定的栖息地里
01:31
that's generated by organisms in a given habitat
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某个时间段和某个地方
01:34
at one time and in one place.
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生物体产生的声音
01:38
And the third is all of the sound that we humans generate
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第三样为所有由人类产生的声音
01:43
that's called anthrophony.
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称为人工声
01:44
Some of it is controlled, like music or theater,
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其中一些是受控制的，如音乐或戏剧
01:48
but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,
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但大多数是混乱和支离破碎的
01:52
which some of us refer to as noise.
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我们将其称为嘈杂声。
01:55
There was a time when I considered wild soundscapes
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有某段时间，我认为野外音景
01:58
to be a worthless artifact.
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就是毫无价值的人工制品，
02:00
They were just there, but they had no significance.
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它们只是存在着，但谈不上重要。
02:04
Well, I was wrong. What I learned from these encounters
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哦，我错了。我从这些接触认识到
02:07
was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools
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仔细聆听是极具价值的工具
02:12
by which to evaluate the health of a habitat
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我们可以评估栖息地整个范围内
02:15
across the entire spectrum of life.
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所有生命的健康状况。
02:18
When I began recording in the late '60s,
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60年代后期当我开始录音时，
02:22
the typical methods of recording were limited
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典型的录音方法受到限制，
02:25
to the fragmented capture of individual species
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只可捕捉个别物种片断的声音，
02:29
like birds mostly, in the beginning,
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开始时主要是鸟声，
02:33
but later animals like mammals and amphibians.
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但后来包括了哺乳动物和两栖动物
02:38
To me, this was a little like trying to understand
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对我来说，有点像
02:42
the magnificence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
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从整个交响乐演奏中
02:45
by abstracting the sound of a single violin player
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提取出一把小提琴的声音，
02:48
out of the context of the orchestra
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而且只听那一部分，
02:50
and hearing just that one part.
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从而去理解华丽的贝多芬第五交响曲
02:53
Fortunately, more and more institutions
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幸运地，越来越多机构
02:56
are implementing the more holistic models
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采用我和一些同行共同引进
02:58
that I and a few of my colleagues have introduced
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到音景生态学中的模型，
03:01
to the field of soundscape ecology.
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而这些模型更具整体性。
03:05
When I began recording over four decades ago,
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40 多年前当我开始录音时，
03:10
I could record for 10 hours
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每录制 10 小时音景
03:12
and capture one hour of usable material,
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就能截取到 1 小时可用的材料，
03:14
good enough for an album or a film soundtrack
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并可用于唱片或电影原声
03:17
or a museum installation.
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或博物馆陈列安置中
03:20
Now, because of global warming,
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现在由于全球变暖、
03:23
resource extraction,
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资源榨取、
03:25
and human noise, among many other factors,
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人为噪音，还包括其他许多因素
03:28
it can take up to 1,000 hours or more
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现在需要超过 1000 小时的录音
03:30
to capture the same thing.
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才能截取同样的音景
03:33
Fully 50 percent of my archive
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在我的音景档案中，整整 50 %
03:36
comes from habitats so radically altered
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来自已彻底改变的栖息地中。
03:39
that they're either altogether silent
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他们要么一片寂静，
03:42
or can no longer be heard in any of their original form.
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要么再不如从前。
03:47
The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
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评估栖息地的通常方法，
03:49
have been done by visually counting the numbers of species
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是在某一特定的区域内，
03:53
and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area.
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清点看得见物种及其从属物种的数量
03:57
However, by comparing data that ties together
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现在，通过对比密度与多样性
04:00
both density and diversity from what we hear,
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结合的数据
04:03
I'm able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes.
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我可以得出更准确的结论
04:09
And I want to show you some examples
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我想给你们看些例子
04:11
that typify the possibilities unlocked
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通过深入这宇宙，
04:13
by diving into this universe.
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可将其作为解开一切可能性的典型
04:16
This is Lincoln Meadow.
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这是林肯草甸，
04:18
Lincoln Meadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive
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位于西拉内华达山脉中，
04:20
east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
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距旧金山以东三个半小时车程，
04:23
at about 2,000 meters altitude,
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海拔约 2000 米，
04:25
and I've been recording there for many years.
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很多年前我就在那儿录音
04:28
In 1988, a logging company convinced local residents
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1988 年，一家伐木公司说服当地居民
04:32
that there would be absolutely no environmental impact
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采用一种叫做「选伐」的
04:35
from a new method they were trying
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新伐木方法
04:36
called "selective logging,"
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即零星分散地砍伐
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taking out a tree here and there
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而不是把整个区域的树木全部砍伐
04:40
rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
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绝不会对环境有影响
04:43
With permission granted to record
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我得到了准许，
04:45
both before and after the operation,
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可在那儿伐木前和伐木前后录音。
04:47
I set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses
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我架好设备，录下大量清晨的鸟叫声
04:51
to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings,
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录音都有精确的标准，且标有刻度
04:55
because I wanted a really good baseline.
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因为我想得到真正高质量的基线
04:57
This is an example of a spectrogram.
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这是一个声谱图的范例
04:59
A spectrogram is a graphic illustration of sound
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声谱图是以图像形式表现声音
05:02
with time from left to right across the page --
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从左到右是时间
05:05
15 seconds in this case is represented —
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这个页面有 15 秒
05:07
and frequency from the bottom of the page to the top,
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从底部到顶部是频率
05:10
lowest to highest.
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由最低到最高
05:12
And you can see that the signature of a stream
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你们可以看到溪流的识别标志
05:15
is represented here in the bottom third or half of the page,
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大概在图底的 1/3 至 1/2 的地方，
05:19
while birds that were once in that meadow
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草甸中的鸟叫声
05:23
are represented in the signature across the top.
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在图的顶部
05:26
There were a lot of them.
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很多鸟的叫声
05:27
And here's Lincoln Meadow before selective logging.
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接下来是伐木以前的林肯草甸声音
05:30
(Nature sounds)
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（自然之声）
05:45
Well, a year later I returned,
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然而，一年之后我再回到那里，
05:47
and using the same protocols
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在相同条件下
05:49
and recording under the same conditions,
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用同样的标准录音
05:51
I recorded a number of examples
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且录下了几个同样的
05:54
of the same dawn choruses,
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晨噪实例，
05:56
and now this is what we've got.
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这就是我们现在听到的声音
05:58
This is after selective logging.
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这是在伐木以后的
05:59
You can see that the stream is still represented
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溪流的声音还
06:01
in the bottom third of the page,
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在底部 1/3 的地方，
06:03
but notice what's missing in the top two thirds.
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但请注意上方 2/3 的地方
有什么声音不见了
有什么声音不见了
06:08
(Nature sounds)
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（自然之声）
06:13
Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.
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接下来是啄木鸟的声音。
06:23
Well, I've returned to Lincoln Meadow 15 times
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过去 25 年里
06:25
in the last 25 years,
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我回过林肯草甸 15 次。
06:27
and I can tell you that the biophony,
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我能明确告诉你们，
06:30
the density and diversity of that biophony,
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那个生物声的密度与多样性，
06:33
has not yet returned to anything like it was
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并没有回到
06:36
before the operation.
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伐木之前的样子
06:38
But here's a picture of Lincoln Meadow taken after,
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这是林肯草甸伐木后的照片，
06:41
and you can see that from the perspective of the camera
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你们可从照相机
06:44
or the human eye,
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或人眼的视角看到
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hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place,
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葱茏的树木都还在，
06:48
which would confirm the logging company's contention
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这证实了伐木公司的说辞
06:51
that there's nothing of environmental impact.
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选伐不会对环境表面造成影响
06:54
However, our ears tell us a very different story.
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可是，我们耳朵听到截然不同的故事
07:00
Young students are always asking me
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年轻的学生们总问我，
07:02
what these animals are saying,
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这些动物到底在说什么，
07:04
and really I've got no idea.
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但我真的没有主意
07:08
But I can tell you that they do express themselves.
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但我可以告诉你们，
动物确实能表达，
动物确实能表达，
07:14
Whether or not we understand it is a different story.
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我们能否理解则是另外一回事。
07:17
I was walking along the shore in Alaska,
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我曾在阿拉斯加的海滨漫步，
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and I came across this tide pool
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碰巧遇到一个潮池，
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filled with a colony of sea anemones,
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里面到处都是海葵聚居地
07:24
these wonderful eating machines,
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这种奇妙的吃货
07:27
relatives of coral and jellyfish.
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是珊瑚和水母的近亲。
07:29
And curious to see if any of them made any noise,
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我好奇它们会否制造声音
07:32
I dropped a hydrophone,
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于是我把水听器
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an underwater microphone covered in rubber,
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一种用橡胶包裹的水下传声器
07:36
down the mouth part,
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丢到它嘴边，
07:37
and immediately the critter began
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它立刻就
07:39
to absorb the microphone into its belly,
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把扩音器吞到肚子里，
07:41
and the tentacles were searching out of the surface
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而且触手四处寻找
07:44
for something of nutritional value.
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其他有营养价值的东西。
07:46
The static-like sounds that are very low,
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这种静态的声音非常低，
07:49
that you're going to hear right now.
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你们马上就会听到
07:51
(Static sounds)
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（静态声）
07:55
Yeah, but watch. When it didn't find anything to eat --
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呵呵，注意，当它没找到可吃的——
07:58
(Honking sound)
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（鸣叫声）
07:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:02
I think that's an expression that can be understood
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我想这种声音
08:04
in any language.
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任何人都能听懂。
08:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:11
At the end of its breeding cycle,
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在美国西部，大盆地犁足蟾蜍
08:12
the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
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完成繁殖周期后，
08:15
digs itself down about a meter under
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会把自己埋在距地面约一米的
08:17
the hard-panned desert soil of the American West,
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坚硬沙漠土壤下
08:20
where it can stay for many seasons
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待上几个季节
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until conditions are just right for it to emerge again.
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直到条件适合才会再出来。
08:25
And when there's enough moisture in the soil
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春天时，当土壤中有了足够的水分，
08:27
in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface
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青蛙会回到地表，
08:30
and gather around these large, vernal pools
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大规模的聚集在
08:34
in great numbers.
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巨大且充满春意的水池边。
08:36
And they vocalize in a chorus
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它们齐声高歌，
08:40
that's absolutely in sync with one another.
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而且彼此同步一致
08:43
And they do that for two reasons.
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这样做有两个原因
08:44
The first is competitive, because they're looking for mates,
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第一个是竞争，因为它们在求偶
08:48
and the second is cooperative,
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第二个是合作，
08:49
because if they're all vocalizing in sync together,
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如果它们一齐同步发声的话
08:52
it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes,
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土狼、狐狸和猫头鹰等捕食者
08:56
foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal.
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就很难捕食到某单只青蛙。
09:00
This is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like
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这个声谱图就是蛙叫的表现形式，
09:03
when it's in a very healthy pattern.
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而且是很健康的模式
09:06
(Frogs croaking)
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（青蛙呱呱地叫）
09:16
Mono Lake is just to the east of Yosemite National Park
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莫诺湖在加利福利亚州
09:20
in California,
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约塞米蒂国家公园的东边，
09:21
and it's a favorite habitat of these toads,
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这里是一片蟾蜍喜欢的栖息地，
09:24
and it's also favored by U.S. Navy jet pilots,
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然而美国海军喷气机驾驶员也很喜欢，
09:27
who train in their fighters flying them at speeds
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他们在这里训练战士驾驶战斗机
09:30
exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour
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时速超过 1100 千米，
09:33
and altitudes only a couple hundred meters
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贴着莫诺盆地
09:35
above ground level of the Mono Basin,
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上方几百米飞行，
09:38
very fast, very low, and so loud
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极快、极低且声音极大
09:42
that the anthrophony, the human noise,
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这种人为噪音
09:45
even though it's six and a half kilometers
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你们刚才也听到了，
09:46
from the frog pond you just heard a second ago,
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尽管距离在蛙塘 6.5 千米
09:49
it masked the sound of the chorusing toads.
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但却掩盖了蟾蜍的鸣声
09:53
You can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy
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在这声谱图中，所有在前一个图中
09:56
that was once in the first spectrogram is gone
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表现出来的能量
09:59
from the top end of the spectrogram,
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全部从声谱图顶部消失了，
10:01
and that there's breaks in the chorusing at two and a half,
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并且齐鸣中有间断，2.5 秒处、
10:03
four and a half, and six and a half seconds,
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4.5 秒处和 6.5 秒处，
10:06
and then the sound of the jet, the signature,
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之后是喷气机的声音，
10:09
is in yellow at the very bottom of the page.
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特征是最底部的黄色部分
10:11
(Frogs croaking)
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（青蛙呱呱地叫）
10:21
Now at the end of that flyby,
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现在是喷气机飞过的尾声
10:23
it took the frogs fully 45 minutes
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整整45分钟后
10:27
to regain their chorusing synchronicity,
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蛙群才恢复同步齐鸣。
10:29
during which time, and under a full moon,
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在这段时间里，一轮满月高挂夜空，
10:32
we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl
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我们发现两只土狼和一只大角猫头鹰
10:35
came in to pick off a few of their numbers.
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抓走了几只青蛙。
10:38
The good news is that, with a little bit of habitat restoration
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好消息是，由于栖息地的恢复、
10:42
and fewer flights, the frog populations,
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飞机噪音减少了影响，
10:44
once diminishing during the 1980s and early '90s,
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在 80 年代和 90 年代初
一度递减的青蛙数量
一度递减的青蛙数量
10:48
have pretty much returned to normal.
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现已几乎回到正常
10:52
I want to end with a story told by a beaver.
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我想用一个关于海狸的故事结束演讲，
10:55
It's a very sad story,
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这是一个很悲伤的故事，
10:56
but it really illustrates how animals
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但真实的展现了
11:00
can sometimes show emotion,
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动物有时也会表达情感。
11:02
a very controversial subject among some older biologists.
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这论点对一些老生物学家来说颇具争议。
11:07
A colleague of mine was recording in the American Midwest
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有一次，我同事
11:10
around this pond that had been formed
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在美国中西部的一个池塘附近录音
11:12
maybe 16,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
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这个池塘约在 16000 年前
的冰川时期末尾形成
的冰川时期末尾形成
11:16
It was also formed in part by a beaver dam
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海狸坝也是池塘的重要组成部分，
11:18
at one end that held that whole ecosystem together
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在一端把整个生态系统连在一起，
11:21
in a very delicate balance.
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使其保持微妙的平衡。
11:24
And one afternoon, while he was recording,
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某天下午，正当他录音时，
11:28
there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere
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突然间冒出
11:32
a couple of game wardens,
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几个狩猎监督官，
11:34
who for no apparent reason,
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无端端地
11:36
walked over to the beaver dam,
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走到海狸坝上，
11:37
dropped a stick of dynamite down it, blowing it up,
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把一串炸药扔到坝底，把坝炸掉了，
11:41
killing the female and her young babies.
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炸死了许多雌海狸和年幼婴儿
11:45
Horrified, my colleagues remained behind
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同事惊呆了，他躲在后面
11:47
to gather his thoughts
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整理思绪
11:50
and to record whatever he could the rest of the afternoon,
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想在下午剩下的时间
录下所有他能录下的声音
录下所有他能录下的声音
11:53
and that evening, he captured a remarkable event:
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当天傍晚，他发现
一件不可思议的事情，
一件不可思议的事情，
11:58
the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles
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幸存的雄海狸组成一个个圈，
在水里慢慢游着，
在水里慢慢游着，
12:02
crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring.
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为死去的配偶和幼婴悲恸的哭着。
12:08
This is probably the saddest sound
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或许这是我从所有生物里
12:11
I've ever heard coming from any organism,
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听到过最悲哀的声音，
12:14
human or other.
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不管是人还是其他生物
12:18
(Beaver crying)
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（海狸的哭声）
12:34
Yeah. Well.
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好的
12:35
There are many facets to soundscapes,
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音景还有其他方面，
12:38
among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing,
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其中，动物教导我们舞蹈和歌唱
12:41
which I'll save for another time.
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我留着下次再讲。
12:44
But you have heard how biophonies
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但是你们知道了生物声
12:47
help clarify our understanding of the natural world.
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怎样帮助我们理解自然世界
12:51
You've heard the impact of resource extraction,
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你们也听说资源榨取、
12:53
human noise and habitat destruction.
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人为噪音和栖所破坏的影响。
12:56
And where environmental sciences have typically
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环境科学已试着通过我们所看见的
12:58
tried to understand the world from what we see,
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去认识这个世界，
13:02
a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear.
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通过我们所听见的，
可有较为充分的认识。
可有较为充分的认识。
13:06
Biophonies and geophonies are the signature voices
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生物声和自然声
13:10
of the natural world,
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是自然界独特的声音。
13:12
and as we hear them,
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当我们听到这些声音
13:13
we're endowed with a sense of place,
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就会对那地方具有感觉
13:16
the true story of the world we live in.
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就是我们居住的世界的真实故事。
13:19
In a matter of seconds,
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在几秒钟内
13:21
a soundscape reveals much more information
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从许多方面来看，
13:24
from many perspectives,
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音景揭示了更多的信息
13:26
from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration.
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由量化数据到创作灵感。
13:30
Visual capture implicitly frames
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在特定的空间范围内，
13:33
a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context,
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影像撷取隐含地表达局限的正面角度
13:37
while soundscapes widen that scope
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而音景把那个视野范围
13:39
to a full 360 degrees, completely enveloping us.
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扩濶到360度，将我们完全包围。
13:45
And while a picture may be worth 1,000 words,
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如果一张图胜过千言万语，
13:48
a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.
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那么一个音景就值一千张图。
13:53
And our ears tell us
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耳朵告诉我们，
13:55
that the whisper of every leaf and creature
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每一片树叶和每种生物的窃窃私语
13:59
speaks to the natural sources of our lives,
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诉说着我们生活的自然来源，
14:02
which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things,
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甚至包含了博爱的真谛，
14:07
especially our own humanity,
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尤其是人性
14:09
and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.
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最后一句话就由來自
亚马逊森林的美洲豹说吧。
亚马逊森林的美洲豹说吧。
14:15
(Growling)
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（咆哮声）
14:29
Thank you for listening.
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谢谢你的收听
14:31
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bernie Krause - Natural sounds expertBernie Krause's legendary soundscapes uncover nature’s rich sonic tapestry -- along with some unexpected results.
Why you should listen
With a stellar electronic music resumé including work with The Byrds, Stevie Wonder and many others, Bernie Krause is assured a place in the pop culture canon. But Krause continues to make history by capturing the fading voices of nature: studying sonic interplay between species as they attract mates, hunt prey, and sound out their roles in the ecosystem.
Krause’s recordings are not merely travelogues or relaxation tools -- they are critical barometers of global environmental health. His documents of vanishing aural habitats are a chilling reminder of shrinking biodiversity. As he tells the Guardian: "The fragile weave of natural sound is being torn apart by our seemingly boundless need to conquer the environment rather than to find a way to abide in consonance with it."
Bernie Krause | Speaker | TED.com