TEDxMarin
Robb Willer: How to have better political conversations
罗博威勒: 如何更好地谈论政治
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罗博威勒研究了团聚和分裂我们的力量。 作为一个社会心理学家，他研究了道德标准－一种分裂的来源－如何用作团结人心的力量。威勒分享了在谈论政治时，我们应该如何弥合分裂并提出了通俗易懂的建议。
Robb Willer - Social psychologist
Robb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change. Full bio
Robb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So you probably have the sense,
as most people do,
as most people do,
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你可能会有和大部分人一样的想法,
00:15
that polarization
is getting worse in our country,
is getting worse in our country,
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意识到我们国家的两级分化越来越严重,
00:19
that the divide
between the left and the right
between the left and the right
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左派与右派之间的隔阂
00:23
is as bad as it's been
in really any of our lifetimes.
in really any of our lifetimes.
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从来没有像现在这么糟过。
00:26
But you might also reasonably wonder
if research backs up your intuition.
if research backs up your intuition.
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但你可能也想过
你的直觉是否被研究证实过。
你的直觉是否被研究证实过。
00:32
And in a nutshell,
the answer is sadly yes.
the answer is sadly yes.
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一言以蔽之，答案可惜是肯定的.
00:38
In study after study, we find
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在反复研究后,我们发现
00:40
that liberals and conservatives
have grown further apart.
have grown further apart.
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自由派和保守派已渐行渐远。
00:45
They increasingly wall themselves off
in these ideological silos,
in these ideological silos,
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他们把自己关在意识形态的巨塔中,
00:50
consuming different news,
talking only to like-minded others
talking only to like-minded others
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看不同的新闻，只跟同类人讲话,
00:54
and more and more choosing
to live in different parts of the country.
to live in different parts of the country.
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而且越来越倾向住在不同的国家.
00:58
And I think that
most alarming of all of it
most alarming of all of it
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我认为最令人担忧的
01:01
is seeing this rising
animosity on both sides.
animosity on both sides.
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是两边兴起的敌意.
01:06
Liberals and conservatives,
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自由派与保守派,
01:08
Democrats and Republicans,
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民主党与共和党,
01:10
more and more they just
don't like one another.
don't like one another.
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他们越来越不喜欢对方。
01:14
You see it in many different ways.
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你在很多方面都能观察到这件事。
01:16
They don't want to befriend one another.
They don't want to date one another.
They don't want to date one another.
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他们不想和对方做朋友。
他们不想和对方约会。
他们不想和对方约会。
01:20
If they do, if they find out,
they find each other less attractive,
they find each other less attractive,
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即使约了，如果发现彼此立场不同，
就觉得对方不像之前那么有吸引力，
就觉得对方不像之前那么有吸引力，
01:23
and they more and more don't want
their children to marry someone
their children to marry someone
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同时也越来越不想让他们的孩子
01:26
who supports the other party,
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和另一个党派的人结婚。
01:28
a particularly shocking statistic.
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这项统计特别令人震惊。
01:31
You know, in my lab,
the students that I work with,
the students that I work with,
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你知道吗，在我的实验室，
我与共事的学生
我与共事的学生
01:34
we're talking about
some sort of social pattern --
some sort of social pattern --
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常常会聊一些社会模式
01:37
I'm a movie buff, and so I'm often like,
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我是个电影痴，我常常这样想，
01:41
what kind of movie are we in here
with this pattern?
with this pattern?
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在这种情况下，我们的哪部电影里有这样的模式？
01:45
So what kind of movie are we in
with political polarization?
with political polarization?
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那么，哪部电影里有政治两级分化的情况？
01:49
Well, it could be a disaster movie.
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嗯， 可能是灾难电影。
01:52
It certainly seems like a disaster.
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它确实看起来绝对像一场灾难。
01:54
Could be a war movie.
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可能是一场战争电影。
01:57
Also fits.
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也合情合理。
01:59
But what I keep thinking is that
we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
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但我认为可能是像《僵尸启示录》这部电影。
02:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
02:04
Right? You know the kind.
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对吧？你知道那种电影的。
02:07
There's people wandering around in packs,
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人们成群结对的四处漫游，
02:09
not thinking for themselves,
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不为他们自已着想，
02:11
seized by this mob mentality
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服从的从众心理
02:13
trying to spread their disease
and destroy society.
and destroy society.
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试着散播疾病，摧毁社会。
02:17
And you probably think, as I do,
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你可能在想，像我一样，
02:19
that you're the good guy
in the zombie apocalypse movie,
in the zombie apocalypse movie,
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你是《僵尸启示录》中是个好人，
02:23
and all this hate and polarization,
it's being propagated by the other people,
it's being propagated by the other people,
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而所有这样的仇恨和极化，
都可能会被其他人所传播着
都可能会被其他人所传播着
02:27
because we're Brad Pitt, right?
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因为我们是布拉德·皮特，对吧？
（在僵尸启示录中饰演 “好人”）
（在僵尸启示录中饰演 “好人”）
02:29
Free-thinking, righteous,
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自由思辨，充满正义，
02:32
just trying to hold on
to what we hold dear,
to what we hold dear,
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只坚持我们所相信的，
02:35
you know, not foot soldiers
in the army of the undead.
in the army of the undead.
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你知道的，不像亡灵战士，
02:38
Not that.
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绝对不是。
02:40
Never that.
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永远不是。
02:42
But here's the thing:
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但你想想：
02:43
what movie do you suppose
they think they're in?
they think they're in?
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你觉得他们在哪部电影里呢？
02:47
Right?
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对吧？
02:48
Well, they absolutely think
that they're the good guys
that they're the good guys
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他们绝对相信他们在电影里
02:51
in the zombie apocalypse movie. Right?
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是正义的一方，对吧？
02:53
And you'd better believe
that they think that they're Brad Pitt
that they think that they're Brad Pitt
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他们觉得自己是布拉德·皮特。
02:56
and that we, we are the zombies.
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而我们，是那群僵尸。
03:01
And who's to say that they're wrong?
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而谁又能说他们是错的呢？
03:04
I think that the truth is
that we're all a part of this.
that we're all a part of this.
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我觉得事实是
我们都是其中的一部分。
我们都是其中的一部分。
03:08
And the good side of that
is that we can be a part of the solution.
is that we can be a part of the solution.
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而好的一方面就是我们
都能成为解决方案的一部分。
都能成为解决方案的一部分。
03:12
So what are we going to do?
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所以，我们要做什么呢？
03:15
What can we do to chip away
at polarization in everyday life?
at polarization in everyday life?
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我们在日常生活中要怎麽做
才能逐渐弥合两极化？
才能逐渐弥合两极化？
03:19
What could we do to connect with
and communicate with
and communicate with
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我们要怎麽做才能
03:23
our political counterparts?
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与我们的政治立场不同的人
建立关系与对话？
建立关系与对话？
03:25
Well, these were exactly the questions
that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
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这正是我与我的同事麦特．范柏格
03:29
became fascinated with a few years ago,
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在几年前开始热衷的问题，
03:31
and we started
doing research on this topic.
doing research on this topic.
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然后我们开始做研究。
03:34
And one of the first things
that we discovered
that we discovered
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我们最初发现的几件事之一
03:37
that I think is really helpful
for understanding polarization
for understanding polarization
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也是我觉得很重要的
03:41
is to understand
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就是我们必须了解
03:42
that the political divide in our country
is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
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我国的政治分歧来自于
根深蒂固的道德分歧。
根深蒂固的道德分歧。
03:47
So one of the most robust findings
in the history of political psychology
in the history of political psychology
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政治心理学史上
有一项确凿的发现，
有一项确凿的发现，
03:51
is this pattern identified
by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
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由乔恩．海特及杰西．格蓝发现的模型，
03:55
psychologists,
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这两位是心理学家，
03:56
that liberals and conservatives
tend to endorse different values
tend to endorse different values
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他们发现自由派及保守派
倾向对不同的价值观
倾向对不同的价值观
04:00
to different degrees.
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有不同程度的支持。
04:02
So for example, we find that liberals
tend to endorse values like equality
tend to endorse values like equality
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举个例子，我们发现自由派
倾向于认同平等、公平、
倾向于认同平等、公平、
04:08
and fairness and care
and protection from harm
and protection from harm
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关怀和保护免受伤害等价值观，
04:11
more than conservatives do.
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其程度比保守派更大。
04:13
And conservatives tend to endorse
values like loyalty, patriotism,
values like loyalty, patriotism,
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保守派则倾向于忠诚、爱国、
04:19
respect for authority and moral purity
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尊重权威及道德纯洁等，
04:22
more than liberals do.
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比自由派比例更高。
04:25
And Matt and I were thinking
that maybe this moral divide
that maybe this moral divide
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麦特和我认为或许这是种道德分歧，
04:30
might be helpful
for understanding how it is
for understanding how it is
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这可能会更帮助了解
04:33
that liberals and conservatives
talk to one another
talk to one another
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自由派与保守派之间的对话模式
04:35
and why they so often
seem to talk past one another
seem to talk past one another
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以及为什么他们在对话时
04:38
when they do.
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好像鸡同鸭讲。
04:39
So we conducted a study
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所以我们做了一项研究，
04:41
where we recruited liberals to a study
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我们招募自由派来做一项研究
04:44
where they were supposed
to write a persuasive essay
to write a persuasive essay
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他们应该要写一篇议论文
04:46
that would be compelling to a conservative
in support of same-sex marriage.
in support of same-sex marriage.
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吸引保守人士支持同性婚姻。
04:51
And what we found was that liberals
tended to make arguments
tended to make arguments
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我们发现自由派往往
04:55
in terms of the liberal moral values
of equality and fairness.
of equality and fairness.
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用自由派的道德价值观，
如平等及公平来论述。
如平等及公平来论述。
04:59
So they said things like,
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所以他们会说出像这样的话：
05:01
"Everyone should have the right
to love whoever they choose,"
to love whoever they choose,"
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“每个人都应该有权利
爱他们选择的人。”
爱他们选择的人。”
05:04
and, "They" -- they being gay Americans --
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而且，“他们” （指同性恋）
05:07
"deserve the same equal rights
as other Americans."
as other Americans."
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“应与其他美国人享有
同样的平等权利。”
同样的平等权利。”
05:10
Overall, we found
that 69 percent of liberals
that 69 percent of liberals
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总体而言，我们发现 69% 的自由派
05:13
invoked one of the more liberal
moral values in constructing their essay,
moral values in constructing their essay,
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会引用偏向自由派的道德
价值观来写论文，
价值观来写论文，
05:19
and only nine percent invoked
one of the more conservative moral values,
one of the more conservative moral values,
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只有 9% 会引用
偏向保守派的道德价值观，
偏向保守派的道德价值观，
05:22
even though they were supposed
to be trying to persuade conservatives.
to be trying to persuade conservatives.
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即使他们应该要试着说服保守派。
05:26
And when we studied conservatives
and had them make persuasive arguments
and had them make persuasive arguments
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在我们研究保守人士时，
要他们写具有说服力的论据
要他们写具有说服力的论据
05:30
in support of making English
the official language of the US,
the official language of the US,
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支持让英语成为美国官方语言时，
05:33
a classically conservative
political position,
political position,
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一个很经典的保守派政治立场，
05:36
we found that they weren't
much better at this.
much better at this.
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他们的表现也不尽人意。
05:38
59 percent of them made arguments
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59% 的人论述时，
05:39
in terms of one of the more
conservative moral values,
conservative moral values,
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引用偏向保守派的道德价值观，
05:42
and just eight percent
invoked a liberal moral value,
invoked a liberal moral value,
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只有 8% 引用了
自由派的道德价值观，
自由派的道德价值观，
05:45
even though they were supposed
to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
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尽管他们说服的目标
应该是自由派人士。
应该是自由派人士。
05:49
Now, you can see right away
why we're in trouble here. Right?
why we're in trouble here. Right?
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现在，你就了解为什么
我们有这种两极化问题，对吧？
我们有这种两极化问题，对吧？
05:54
People's moral values,
they're their most deeply held beliefs.
they're their most deeply held beliefs.
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人们的道德价值观
是他们最坚信不移的信念。
是他们最坚信不移的信念。
05:57
People are willing
to fight and die for their values.
to fight and die for their values.
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人们愿意为了价值观战斗、牺牲性命。
06:01
Why are they going to give that up
just to agree with you
just to agree with you
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为什么他们要放弃价值观
只为了获得你的认同
只为了获得你的认同
06:04
on something that they don't particularly
want to agree with you on anyway?
want to agree with you on anyway?
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更何况他们本来就不是特别同意某些事情？
06:08
If that persuasive appeal that
you're making to your Republican uncle
you're making to your Republican uncle
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如果你对资深共和党提出说服的呼吁
06:11
means that he doesn't
just have to change his view,
just have to change his view,
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意味着他不仅仅是需要改变他的想法，
06:13
he's got to change
his underlying values, too,
his underlying values, too,
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还要改变他最深层的价值观，
06:15
that's not going to go very far.
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那是不太可能的事情。
06:18
So what would work better?
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所以怎么做才有用？
06:20
Well, we believe it's a technique
that we call moral reframing,
that we call moral reframing,
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嗯，我们相信有个方法，
我们称之为道德重塑框架
我们称之为道德重塑框架
06:24
and we've studied it
in a series of experiments.
in a series of experiments.
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我们对此用一系列的实验来研究。
06:27
In one of these experiments,
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在其中一项实验中，
06:28
we recruited liberals
and conservatives to a study
and conservatives to a study
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我们招募自由派及保守派
来做一个研究，
来做一个研究，
06:31
where they read one of three essays
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他们先读三篇论文中的一篇，
06:34
before having their environmental
attitudes surveyed.
attitudes surveyed.
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读完之后对他们做环境态度调查。
06:37
And the first of these essays
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其中的第一篇论文
06:39
was a relatively conventional
pro-environmental essay
pro-environmental essay
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是比较常见的支持环保派文章，
06:42
that invoked the liberal values
of care and protection from harm.
of care and protection from harm.
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运用自由派关怀
及保护不受伤害等价值观。
及保护不受伤害等价值观。
06:46
It said things like,
"In many important ways
"In many important ways
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它会这样说：
“从很多重要方面来看，
“从很多重要方面来看，
06:49
we are causing real harm
to the places we live in,"
to the places we live in,"
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我们都在对自己生活的地方
造成严重的危害。“
造成严重的危害。“
06:52
and, "It is essential
that we take steps now
that we take steps now
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以及：“我们现在就必须采取行动，
06:54
to prevent further destruction
from being done to our Earth."
from being done to our Earth."
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以避免对地球造成进一步的毁坏。“
06:59
Another group of participants
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另外一组参加者
07:00
were assigned to read
a really different essay
a really different essay
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则被指派阅读一份截然不同的论文，
07:02
that was designed to tap into
the conservative value of moral purity.
the conservative value of moral purity.
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专为保守派道德纯洁的价值而打造。
07:08
It was a pro-environmental essay as well,
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它也是一份支持环保的论文，
07:10
and it said things like,
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而且它是这样说的：
07:11
"Keeping our forests, drinking water,
and skies pure is of vital importance."
and skies pure is of vital importance."
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“让我们的森林、饮水及天空
保持纯淨是非常重要的。”
保持纯淨是非常重要的。”
07:17
"We should regard the pollution
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“我们所居住的环境污染
07:18
of the places we live in
to be disgusting."
to be disgusting."
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是极其糟糕的。“
07:21
And, "Reducing pollution
can help us preserve
can help us preserve
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“减少环境污染可以帮助和保护
07:23
what is pure and beautiful
about the places we live."
about the places we live."
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我们所居住的环境的纯净而美丽。”
07:27
And then we had a third group
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然后我们指派第三组人
07:29
that were assigned
to read just a nonpolitical essay.
to read just a nonpolitical essay.
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读一份与政治无关的论文。
07:31
It was just a comparison group
so we could get a baseline.
so we could get a baseline.
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这只是一个对照组，
让我们有基准线。
让我们有基准线。
07:34
And what we found when we surveyed people
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发现当我们调查
07:36
about their environmental
attitudes afterwards,
attitudes afterwards,
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在他们读过后对环境的态度，
07:38
we found that liberals,
it didn't matter what essay they read.
it didn't matter what essay they read.
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我们发现对自由派，
给他们读什么论文不重要。
给他们读什么论文不重要。
07:41
They tended to have highly
pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
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无论如何他们都倾向支持环境态度。
07:44
Liberals are on board
for environmental protection.
for environmental protection.
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自由派一直都在支持环保。
07:47
Conservatives, however,
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然而，保守派人士
07:48
were significantly more supportive
of progressive environmental policies
of progressive environmental policies
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会更支持激进的环境政策
07:53
and environmental protection
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及环境保护，
07:54
if they had read the moral purity essay
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如果之前让他们读的
是道德纯洁的论文，
是道德纯洁的论文，
07:56
than if they read
one of the other two essays.
one of the other two essays.
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效果会比另外两篇更好。
08:00
We even found that conservatives
who read the moral purity essay
who read the moral purity essay
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我们甚至发现读过
道德纯洁短论的保守派，
道德纯洁短论的保守派，
08:03
were significantly more likely to say
that they believed in global warming
that they believed in global warming
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更有可能说他们相信全球变暖
08:06
and were concerned about global warming,
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及担心全球暖化，
08:08
even though this essay
didn't even mention global warming.
didn't even mention global warming.
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即使论文中根本没有提到全球暖化。
08:11
That's just a related environmental issue.
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那只是相关的环保问题。
08:13
But that's how robust
this moral reframing effect was.
this moral reframing effect was.
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可见道德重新框架的效应。
08:17
And we've studied this on a whole slew
of different political issues.
of different political issues.
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我们已对一系列不同的政治议题做过同样的研究
08:21
So if you want to move conservatives
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所以如果你想促进保守人士
08:25
on issues like same-sex marriage
or national health insurance,
or national health insurance,
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更支持同性婚姻或全民健保等议题
08:28
it helps to tie these liberal
political issues to conservative values
political issues to conservative values
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把这些自由派政治议题与保守派价值观，
08:32
like patriotism and moral purity.
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如爱国或道德纯洁联系起来会更有帮助。
08:35
And we studied it the other way, too.
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我们对另一边也做过同样的研究。
08:37
If you want to move liberals
to the right on conservative policy issues
to the right on conservative policy issues
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如果你想让自由派倾右
支持保守派政治议题，
支持保守派政治议题，
08:41
like military spending and making English
the official language of the US,
the official language of the US,
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如军费及让英语成为美国的官方语言，
08:46
you're going to be more persuasive
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你将会更具说服力，
08:48
if you tie those conservative
policy issues to liberal moral values
policy issues to liberal moral values
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只要你把这些保守政治议题
与自由派道德价值观相联系
与自由派道德价值观相联系
08:51
like equality and fairness.
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如平等及公平连在一起。
08:54
All these studies
have the same clear message:
have the same clear message:
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这些研究都显示出同样的明确信息：
08:57
if you want to persuade
someone on some policy,
someone on some policy,
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如果你想说服某人支持某项政策，
09:00
it's helpful to connect that policy
to their underlying moral values.
to their underlying moral values.
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把该项政策与某人的基本道德价值
连在一起会有帮助。
连在一起会有帮助。
09:05
And when you say it like that
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这样说好像
09:07
it seems really obvious. Right?
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非常简单明了是吗？
09:09
Like, why did we come here tonight?
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那我们今天晚上还来这里做什么？
09:11
Why --
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为什么呢？
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:13
It's incredibly intuitive.
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这个概念很容易被直观理解。
09:17
And even though it is,
it's something we really struggle to do.
it's something we really struggle to do.
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即便如此，这真的很难做到。
09:20
You know, it turns out that when we go
to persuade somebody on a political issue,
to persuade somebody on a political issue,
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你知道，事实是当我们
想说服某人某项政治议题时，
想说服某人某项政治议题时，
09:24
we talk like we're speaking into a mirror.
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就好像我们在对着镜子讲话。
09:27
We don't persuade so much
as we rehearse our own reasons
as we rehearse our own reasons
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即便排练我们的理由 我们还说服不了那么多人
09:31
for why we believe
some sort of political position.
some sort of political position.
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只说自己相信某项政治立场。
09:35
We kept saying when we were designing
these reframed moral arguments,
these reframed moral arguments,
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我们一直在说要设计道德重塑框架的论述，
09:39
"Empathy and respect,
empathy and respect."
empathy and respect."
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“同理心及尊重，
同理心及尊重。”
同理心及尊重。”
09:43
If you can tap into that,
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如果你能记住这点，
09:44
you can connect
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你就能连接价值观
09:46
and you might be able to persuade
somebody in this country.
somebody in this country.
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或许这样你就能说服这个国家一些人。
09:49
So thinking again
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所以再想一下
09:52
about what movie we're in,
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我们正在演出哪部电影，
09:55
maybe I got carried away before.
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可能我说的感同身受.
09:56
Maybe it's not a zombie apocalypse movie.
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可能不是《僵尸启示录》类的片子
09:59
Maybe instead it's a buddy cop movie.
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可能比较像警察搭档片。
10:02
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:04
Just roll with it, just go with it please.
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再忍一下，再撑一下就好。
10:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:08
You know the kind:
there's a white cop and a black cop,
there's a white cop and a black cop,
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你知道有种电影，通常有个
白人警察和黑人警察，
白人警察和黑人警察，
10:11
or maybe a messy cop and an organized cop.
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或者一个粗心大意的警察
和一个一丝不苟的警察。
和一个一丝不苟的警察。
10:13
Whatever it is, they don't get along
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不管什么组合，他们都处不好，
10:15
because of this difference.
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因为两者之间的差异。
10:17
But in the end, when they have
to come together and they cooperate,
to come together and they cooperate,
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但到了最后他们必须一起合作时，
10:20
the solidarity that they feel,
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让两者感到的团结力量更大，
10:22
it's greater because of that gulf
that they had to cross. Right?
that they had to cross. Right?
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变得更好的原因是必须跨越鸿沟，对吧？
10:27
And remember that in these movies,
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要记得在这些电影里，
10:29
it's usually worst in the second act
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通常转折前的情况会很糟，
10:32
when our leads are further apart
than ever before.
than ever before.
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主角完全水火不容。
10:35
And so maybe that's
where we are in this country,
where we are in this country,
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或许这正是我们国家现在的写照。
10:37
late in the second act
of a buddy cop movie --
of a buddy cop movie --
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稍后在警探搭档片的转折处
10:40
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:42
torn apart but about
to come back together.
to come back together.
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被撕裂成两半，
但就快要弥合在一起了。
但就快要弥合在一起了。
10:47
It sounds good,
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说的好听，
10:49
but if we want it to happen,
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但是如果我们真的想让它实现，
10:50
I think the responsibility
is going to start with us.
is going to start with us.
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我想责任就从我们开始。
10:54
So this is my call to you:
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所以这是我对大家的呼吁：
10:57
let's put this country back together.
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让我们使这个国家再团结起来。
11:01
Let's do it despite the politicians
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不管政治人物
11:04
and the media and Facebook and Twitter
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媒体、脸书、推特
11:07
and Congressional redistricting
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及选区重划
11:08
and all of it,
all the things that divide us.
all the things that divide us.
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包括所有那些分裂我们的东西。
11:12
Let's do it because it's right.
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我们开始做正确的事情。
11:15
And let's do it
because this hate and contempt
because this hate and contempt
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因为这仇恨和蔑视
11:20
that flows through all of us every day
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每天在我们之间流窜着，
11:23
makes us ugly and it corrupts us,
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让我们面目狰狞，腐蚀着我们，
11:26
and it threatens
the very fabric of our society.
the very fabric of our society.
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威胁着我们的社会结构。
11:31
We owe it to one another and our country
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我们亏欠彼此与这个国家
11:34
to reach out and try to connect.
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试着去沟通及连结。
11:38
We can't afford to hate them any longer,
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我们没有时间再仇视别人了，
11:42
and we can't afford
to let them hate us either.
to let them hate us either.
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也没有时间让别人仇视我们了
11:45
Empathy and respect.
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共情与尊重。
11:47
Empathy and respect.
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共情与尊重。
11:49
If you think about it, it's the very least
that we owe our fellow citizens.
that we owe our fellow citizens.
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如果你仔细想想，
这是我们亏欠同胞的。
这是我们亏欠同胞的。
11:54
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:55
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robb Willer - Social psychologistRobb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Why you should listen
Robb Willer is a professor of sociology, psychology and organizational behavior at Stanford University. He studies the role of morality in politics. His research shows how moral values, typically a source of ideological division, can also be used to bring people together. His political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Willer has won numerous awards for his teaching and research, including the Golden Apple Teaching Award, the only award given by UC-Berkeley’s student body. Willer's class, "Self and Society," was the highest enrollment class at UC-Berkeley. His consulting clients have included the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Open Society Foundation, the Last Resort Exoneration Project and the Department of Justice.
Willer's writing has appeared in the New York Times and the Washington Post, including his op-eds "The Secret to Political Persuasion" and "Is the Environment a Moral Cause?"
Willer received a Ph.D from Cornell University and a BA from the University of Iowa. Before becoming a professor, he worked as a dishwasher, construction worker, mover, line cook and union organizer.
Robb Willer | Speaker | TED.com