TEDxMarin
Robb Willer: How to have better political conversations
洛博．威樂: 如何有更好的政治對話
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洛博．威樂研究團結和分裂我們的力量。身為社會心理學家，他研究如何善用道德價值觀──非常典型的分裂來源──也能使其成為讓眾人團結在一起的要素。威樂分享令人信服的見解，告訴大家如何彌合意識形態的鴻溝，並提供直覺性建議，以便在談論政治時更有說服力。
Robb Willer - Social psychologist
Robb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change. Full bio
Robb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So you probably have the sense,
as most people do,
as most people do,
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你大概像大家一樣，
00:15
that polarization
is getting worse in our country,
is getting worse in our country,
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意識到這個國家愈來愈兩極化，
00:19
that the divide
between the left and the right
between the left and the right
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左派與右派之間的隔閡，
00:23
is as bad as it's been
in really any of our lifetimes.
in really any of our lifetimes.
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這輩子從來沒有像現在這麼糟過。
00:26
But you might also reasonably wonder
if research backs up your intuition.
if research backs up your intuition.
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你也可能理性地想過
你的直覺是否有研究實證。
你的直覺是否有研究實證。
00:32
And in a nutshell,
the answer is sadly yes.
the answer is sadly yes.
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一言以蔽之，這個答案
很不幸的是「有」。
很不幸的是「有」。
00:38
In study after study, we find
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一個又一個的研究顯示
00:40
that liberals and conservatives
have grown further apart.
have grown further apart.
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自由派與保守派早已漸行漸遠。
00:45
They increasingly wall themselves off
in these ideological silos,
in these ideological silos,
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他們愈來愈把自己關在
意識形態的巨塔中，
意識形態的巨塔中，
00:50
consuming different news,
talking only to like-minded others
talking only to like-minded others
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看不同的新聞，只跟同類的人講話，
00:54
and more and more choosing
to live in different parts of the country.
to live in different parts of the country.
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而且愈來愈傾向
選擇住在不同的地方。
選擇住在不同的地方。
00:58
And I think that
most alarming of all of it
most alarming of all of it
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我認為最令人擔心的
01:01
is seeing this rising
animosity on both sides.
animosity on both sides.
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是兩邊興起的敵意。
01:06
Liberals and conservatives,
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自由派與保守派，
01:08
Democrats and Republicans,
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民主黨與共和黨，
01:10
more and more they just
don't like one another.
don't like one another.
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他們就是愈來愈不喜歡對方。
01:14
You see it in many different ways.
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你在很多方面都能觀察到這件事。
01:16
They don't want to befriend one another.
They don't want to date one another.
They don't want to date one another.
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他們不要跟對方做朋友。
他們不要跟對方約會。
他們不要跟對方約會。
即使約了，如果發現彼此立場不同，
就覺得對方不像之前那麼有吸引力，
就覺得對方不像之前那麼有吸引力，
01:20
If they do, if they find out,
they find each other less attractive,
they find each other less attractive,
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01:23
and they more and more don't want
their children to marry someone
their children to marry someone
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他們愈來愈不想讓自己的孩子
01:26
who supports the other party,
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與支持另一黨的人結婚，
01:28
a particularly shocking statistic.
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這項統計特別令人震驚。
01:31
You know, in my lab,
the students that I work with,
the students that I work with,
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你知道嗎，在我的實驗室，
我與共事的學生群
我與共事的學生群
01:34
we're talking about
some sort of social pattern --
some sort of social pattern --
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常常會聊一些社會模式──
01:37
I'm a movie buff, and so I'm often like,
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我是個電影癡，我常常這樣想，
01:41
what kind of movie are we in here
with this pattern?
with this pattern?
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這樣的模式下我們在演哪齣電影？
01:45
So what kind of movie are we in
with political polarization?
with political polarization?
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政治兩極化下我們在演哪齣戲？
01:49
Well, it could be a disaster movie.
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嗯，可能是災難片。
01:52
It certainly seems like a disaster.
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確實很像災難片。
01:54
Could be a war movie.
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可能是戰爭片。
01:57
Also fits.
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也很像。
01:59
But what I keep thinking is that
we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
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但是我一直都認為我們是活在
殭屍啟示錄這類的電影裡。
殭屍啟示錄這類的電影裡。
02:03
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:04
Right? You know the kind.
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對吧？你知道那種電影。
02:07
There's people wandering around in packs,
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成群結隊的人四處晃盪，
02:09
not thinking for themselves,
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完全身不由己，
02:11
seized by this mob mentality
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被暴民心態奪心勾魂，
02:13
trying to spread their disease
and destroy society.
and destroy society.
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要傳播他們的疾病摧毀社會。
02:17
And you probably think, as I do,
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你大概跟我一樣會想
02:19
that you're the good guy
in the zombie apocalypse movie,
in the zombie apocalypse movie,
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你是殭屍片裡的好人，
02:23
and all this hate and polarization,
it's being propagated by the other people,
it's being propagated by the other people,
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所有的仇恨啊兩極化啊，
都是另一邊的人搞起來的。
都是另一邊的人搞起來的。
02:27
because we're Brad Pitt, right?
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因為我們都是布萊德·彼特，對吧？
02:29
Free-thinking, righteous,
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自由思考、正義凜然，
02:32
just trying to hold on
to what we hold dear,
to what we hold dear,
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試圖堅守我們珍愛的，
02:35
you know, not foot soldiers
in the army of the undead.
in the army of the undead.
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你知道，不要當殭屍的走路工。
02:38
Not that.
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才不要。
02:40
Never that.
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絕對不要。
02:42
But here's the thing:
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問題是：
02:43
what movie do you suppose
they think they're in?
they think they're in?
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你想他們覺得自己
是活在什麼電影裡呢？
是活在什麼電影裡呢？
02:47
Right?
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對吧？
02:48
Well, they absolutely think
that they're the good guys
that they're the good guys
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他們當然認為自己
才是殭屍片裡的好人，對吧？
02:51
in the zombie apocalypse movie. Right?
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你最好相信他們認為
自己才是布萊德·彼特，
自己才是布萊德·彼特，
02:53
And you'd better believe
that they think that they're Brad Pitt
that they think that they're Brad Pitt
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而我們，我們才是殭屍。
02:56
and that we, we are the zombies.
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03:01
And who's to say that they're wrong?
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誰能說他們是錯的？
03:04
I think that the truth is
that we're all a part of this.
that we're all a part of this.
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我認為真相是我們都身在其中。
03:08
And the good side of that
is that we can be a part of the solution.
is that we can be a part of the solution.
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好的一面就是我們也可以
成為解決方案的一部分。
成為解決方案的一部分。
03:12
So what are we going to do?
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那我們要怎麼辦？
03:15
What can we do to chip away
at polarization in everyday life?
at polarization in everyday life?
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我們在日常生活中要怎麼做
才能逐漸消彌兩極化？
才能逐漸消彌兩極化？
03:19
What could we do to connect with
and communicate with
and communicate with
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我們要怎麼做才能
與我們政治上的死對頭
建立關係、對話？
建立關係、對話？
03:23
our political counterparts?
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03:25
Well, these were exactly the questions
that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
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這正是我與我的同事麥特．范柏格
03:29
became fascinated with a few years ago,
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在幾年前開始熱衷的問題，
03:31
and we started
doing research on this topic.
doing research on this topic.
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我們開始研究這個題目。
03:34
And one of the first things
that we discovered
that we discovered
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我們最先發現的幾件事裡，
03:37
that I think is really helpful
for understanding polarization
for understanding polarization
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有一樣我認為對瞭解
兩極化非常有幫助，
兩極化非常有幫助，
03:41
is to understand
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就是我們必須了解
03:42
that the political divide in our country
is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
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我國的政治分歧來自於
根深蒂固的道德分歧。
根深蒂固的道德分歧。
03:47
So one of the most robust findings
in the history of political psychology
in the history of political psychology
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政治心理學史上
有一項強有力的發現，
有一項強有力的發現，
03:51
is this pattern identified
by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
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由強海特及傑西格藍發現的模式，
03:55
psychologists,
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這兩位是心理學家，
03:56
that liberals and conservatives
tend to endorse different values
tend to endorse different values
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他們發現自由派及保守派
傾向對不同的價值觀
傾向對不同的價值觀
04:00
to different degrees.
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有不同程度的支持。
04:02
So for example, we find that liberals
tend to endorse values like equality
tend to endorse values like equality
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舉個例子，我們發現自由派
對於認同平等、公平、
對於認同平等、公平、
04:08
and fairness and care
and protection from harm
and protection from harm
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關懷和保護免受傷害等價值觀，
04:11
more than conservatives do.
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其程度比保守派大。
04:13
And conservatives tend to endorse
values like loyalty, patriotism,
values like loyalty, patriotism,
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保守派則對忠誠、愛國、
04:19
respect for authority and moral purity
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尊重權威及道德純潔等，
04:22
more than liberals do.
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比自由派更加支持。
04:25
And Matt and I were thinking
that maybe this moral divide
that maybe this moral divide
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麥特和我認為或許這種道德分歧，
04:30
might be helpful
for understanding how it is
for understanding how it is
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可能對了解
自由派與保守派的對話模式有幫助，
04:33
that liberals and conservatives
talk to one another
talk to one another
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以及為什麼他們在對話時
常常好像雞同鴨講。
常常好像雞同鴨講。
04:35
and why they so often
seem to talk past one another
seem to talk past one another
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04:38
when they do.
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04:39
So we conducted a study
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所以我們做了一項研究，
04:41
where we recruited liberals to a study
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我們招募自由派來做一項研究，
04:44
where they were supposed
to write a persuasive essay
to write a persuasive essay
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他們應該要寫一份說服性短論，
04:46
that would be compelling to a conservative
in support of same-sex marriage.
in support of same-sex marriage.
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吸引保守人士支持同性婚姻。
04:51
And what we found was that liberals
tended to make arguments
tended to make arguments
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我們發現自由派往往
04:55
in terms of the liberal moral values
of equality and fairness.
of equality and fairness.
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用自由派的道德價值觀，
如平等及公平來論述。
如平等及公平來論述。
04:59
So they said things like,
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所以他們會說出像這樣的話：
05:01
"Everyone should have the right
to love whoever they choose,"
to love whoever they choose,"
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「每個人都應該有權利
愛他們選擇的人。」
愛他們選擇的人。」
05:04
and, "They" -- they being gay Americans --
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而且「他們」──指美國同性戀──
05:07
"deserve the same equal rights
as other Americans."
as other Americans."
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「應與其他美國人享有
同樣的平等權利。」
同樣的平等權利。」
05:10
Overall, we found
that 69 percent of liberals
that 69 percent of liberals
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總體而言，我們發現 69% 的自由派
05:13
invoked one of the more liberal
moral values in constructing their essay,
moral values in constructing their essay,
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會引用偏向自由派的道德
價值觀來寫短論，
價值觀來寫短論，
05:19
and only nine percent invoked
one of the more conservative moral values,
one of the more conservative moral values,
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只有 9% 會引用
偏向保守派的道德價值觀，
偏向保守派的道德價值觀，
05:22
even though they were supposed
to be trying to persuade conservatives.
to be trying to persuade conservatives.
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即使他們應該要試著說服保守派。
05:26
And when we studied conservatives
and had them make persuasive arguments
and had them make persuasive arguments
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在我們研究保守人士，
要他們寫說服論據
要他們寫說服論據
05:30
in support of making English
the official language of the US,
the official language of the US,
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支持讓英語成為美國的國語時，
05:33
a classically conservative
political position,
political position,
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這是很經典的保守派政治立場，
05:36
we found that they weren't
much better at this.
much better at this.
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我們發現他們在這點的
表現也沒有比較好。
表現也沒有比較好。
05:38
59 percent of them made arguments
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59% 的人論述時，
05:39
in terms of one of the more
conservative moral values,
conservative moral values,
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引用偏向保守派的道德價值觀，
05:42
and just eight percent
invoked a liberal moral value,
invoked a liberal moral value,
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只有 8% 引用一項
自由派的道德價值觀，
自由派的道德價值觀，
05:45
even though they were supposed
to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
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儘管他們說服的目標
應該是自由派人士。
應該是自由派人士。
05:49
Now, you can see right away
why we're in trouble here. Right?
why we're in trouble here. Right?
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現在，你馬上就了解為什麼
我們有這種麻煩，對吧？
我們有這種麻煩，對吧？
05:54
People's moral values,
they're their most deeply held beliefs.
they're their most deeply held beliefs.
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人的道德價值觀
是他們最堅信不移的信念。
是他們最堅信不移的信念。
05:57
People are willing
to fight and die for their values.
to fight and die for their values.
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人願意為了價值觀戰鬥、犧牲性命。
06:01
Why are they going to give that up
just to agree with you
just to agree with you
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他們為什麼要放棄價值觀，
只為了與你認同
只為了與你認同
06:04
on something that they don't particularly
want to agree with you on anyway?
want to agree with you on anyway?
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他們本來就不同意的東西？
06:08
If that persuasive appeal that
you're making to your Republican uncle
you're making to your Republican uncle
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如果你對共和黨叔叔
提出的那番呼籲，
提出的那番呼籲，
06:11
means that he doesn't
just have to change his view,
just have to change his view,
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不但要讓他改變觀點，
06:13
he's got to change
his underlying values, too,
his underlying values, too,
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還要改變他最基本的價值觀，
06:15
that's not going to go very far.
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大概沒有什麼效果。
06:18
So what would work better?
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所以怎麼做才有用？
06:20
Well, we believe it's a technique
that we call moral reframing,
that we call moral reframing,
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嗯，我們相信有個方法，
我們稱之為道德重新框架，
我們稱之為道德重新框架，
06:24
and we've studied it
in a series of experiments.
in a series of experiments.
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我們對此用一系列的實驗來研究。
06:27
In one of these experiments,
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在其中一項實驗中，
06:28
we recruited liberals
and conservatives to a study
and conservatives to a study
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我們招募自由派及保守派
來做一個研究，
來做一個研究，
06:31
where they read one of three essays
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他們先讀三篇短論中的一篇，
06:34
before having their environmental
attitudes surveyed.
attitudes surveyed.
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讀完之後對他們做環境態度調查。
06:37
And the first of these essays
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第一篇短論
06:39
was a relatively conventional
pro-environmental essay
pro-environmental essay
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是比較常見的親環保派文章，
06:42
that invoked the liberal values
of care and protection from harm.
of care and protection from harm.
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運用自由派關懷
及保護不受傷害等價值觀。
及保護不受傷害等價值觀。
06:46
It said things like,
"In many important ways
"In many important ways
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它會像這樣說：
「從很多重要方面來看，
「從很多重要方面來看，
06:49
we are causing real harm
to the places we live in,"
to the places we live in,"
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我們都在對生活的地方
造成真正的危害。」
造成真正的危害。」
06:52
and, "It is essential
that we take steps now
that we take steps now
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以及：「我們現在就必須採取步驟，
06:54
to prevent further destruction
from being done to our Earth."
from being done to our Earth."
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以避免對地球造成進一步的毀壞。」
06:59
Another group of participants
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另外一組參加者
07:00
were assigned to read
a really different essay
a really different essay
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則被指派閱讀一份截然不同的短論，
07:02
that was designed to tap into
the conservative value of moral purity.
the conservative value of moral purity.
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專為保守派道德純潔的價值而打造。
07:08
It was a pro-environmental essay as well,
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它也是一份親環保的短論，
07:10
and it said things like,
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而且它是這樣說的：
07:11
"Keeping our forests, drinking water,
and skies pure is of vital importance."
and skies pure is of vital importance."
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「讓我們的森林、飲水及天空
保持純淨是非常重要的。」
保持純淨是非常重要的。」
07:17
"We should regard the pollution
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「我們應該視
07:18
of the places we live in
to be disgusting."
to be disgusting."
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汙染的居所為可憎之處。」
07:21
And, "Reducing pollution
can help us preserve
can help us preserve
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以及：「減少污染可以幫助我們保護
07:23
what is pure and beautiful
about the places we live."
about the places we live."
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我們純潔而美麗的居所。」
07:27
And then we had a third group
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然後我們指派第三組人
07:29
that were assigned
to read just a nonpolitical essay.
to read just a nonpolitical essay.
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讀一份與政治無關的短論。
這只是一個對照組，
讓我們有基準線。
讓我們有基準線。
07:31
It was just a comparison group
so we could get a baseline.
so we could get a baseline.
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我們發現當我們調查
07:34
And what we found when we surveyed people
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他們讀過之後的環境態度，
07:36
about their environmental
attitudes afterwards,
attitudes afterwards,
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我們發現對自由派，
給他們讀什麼短論不重要。
給他們讀什麼短論不重要。
07:38
we found that liberals,
it didn't matter what essay they read.
it didn't matter what essay they read.
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無論如何他們都傾向
高度親環境態度。
高度親環境態度。
07:41
They tended to have highly
pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
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自由派支持環保。
07:44
Liberals are on board
for environmental protection.
for environmental protection.
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然而保守派人士
07:47
Conservatives, however,
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會顯著更支持先進的環境政策
07:48
were significantly more supportive
of progressive environmental policies
of progressive environmental policies
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07:53
and environmental protection
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及環境保護，
07:54
if they had read the moral purity essay
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如果之前讓他們讀的
是道德純潔的短論，
是道德純潔的短論，
07:56
than if they read
one of the other two essays.
one of the other two essays.
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效果會比另外兩篇更好。
08:00
We even found that conservatives
who read the moral purity essay
who read the moral purity essay
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我們甚至發現讀過
道德純潔短論的保守派，
道德純潔短論的保守派，
08:03
were significantly more likely to say
that they believed in global warming
that they believed in global warming
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更有可能說他們相信全球暖化
及擔心全球暖化，
08:06
and were concerned about global warming,
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即使短論中根本沒有提到全球暖化。
08:08
even though this essay
didn't even mention global warming.
didn't even mention global warming.
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那只是相關的環保議題。
08:11
That's just a related environmental issue.
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08:13
But that's how robust
this moral reframing effect was.
this moral reframing effect was.
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由此可知道德重新框架
效應有多強大。
效應有多強大。
08:17
And we've studied this on a whole slew
of different political issues.
of different political issues.
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我們已對眾多不同的
政治議題做過同樣的研究。
政治議題做過同樣的研究。
08:21
So if you want to move conservatives
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所以如果你想促使保守人士
08:25
on issues like same-sex marriage
or national health insurance,
or national health insurance,
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更支持同性婚姻或全民健保等議題，
08:28
it helps to tie these liberal
political issues to conservative values
political issues to conservative values
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把這些自由派政治議題
與保守派價值觀，
與保守派價值觀，
08:32
like patriotism and moral purity.
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如愛國或道德純潔等
連起來會有幫助。
連起來會有幫助。
08:35
And we studied it the other way, too.
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我們對另一邊也做過同樣的研究。
08:37
If you want to move liberals
to the right on conservative policy issues
to the right on conservative policy issues
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如果你想讓自由派傾右
支持保守派政治議題，
支持保守派政治議題，
08:41
like military spending and making English
the official language of the US,
the official language of the US,
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如軍費及英文國語化，
08:46
you're going to be more persuasive
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你會更具說服力，
08:48
if you tie those conservative
policy issues to liberal moral values
policy issues to liberal moral values
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只要你把這些保守政治議題
與自由派道德價值觀，
與自由派道德價值觀，
08:51
like equality and fairness.
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如平等及公平連在一起。
08:54
All these studies
have the same clear message:
have the same clear message:
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這些研究都顯示出同樣的明確信息：
08:57
if you want to persuade
someone on some policy,
someone on some policy,
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如果你想說服某人支持某項政策，
09:00
it's helpful to connect that policy
to their underlying moral values.
to their underlying moral values.
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把該項政策與某人的基本道德價值
連結在一起會有幫助。
連結在一起會有幫助。
09:05
And when you say it like that
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你可能會說
09:07
it seems really obvious. Right?
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這非常顯而易見，不是嗎？
09:09
Like, why did we come here tonight?
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那我們今天晚上還來做什麼？
09:11
Why --
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為什麼──
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:13
It's incredibly intuitive.
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這靠直覺就知道了。
09:17
And even though it is,
it's something we really struggle to do.
it's something we really struggle to do.
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即便如此，這真的很難做到。
09:20
You know, it turns out that when we go
to persuade somebody on a political issue,
to persuade somebody on a political issue,
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你知道嗎，事實是當我們
想說服某人某項政治議題時，
想說服某人某項政治議題時，
09:24
we talk like we're speaking into a mirror.
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我們好像在對著鏡子講話。
09:27
We don't persuade so much
as we rehearse our own reasons
as we rehearse our own reasons
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我們根本說服不了別人，
如果只重複論述自己的理由，
如果只重複論述自己的理由，
09:31
for why we believe
some sort of political position.
some sort of political position.
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自己相信某項政治立場的原因。
09:35
We kept saying when we were designing
these reframed moral arguments,
these reframed moral arguments,
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我們一直在說要設計出
道德重新框架的論述，
道德重新框架的論述，
09:39
"Empathy and respect,
empathy and respect."
empathy and respect."
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你要有同理心及尊重，
同理心及尊重。
同理心及尊重。
09:43
If you can tap into that,
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如果你能帶進這點，
09:44
you can connect
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你就能產生關係，
09:46
and you might be able to persuade
somebody in this country.
somebody in this country.
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你或許就能在這個國家說服某人。
09:49
So thinking again
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所以再想一下
09:52
about what movie we're in,
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我們是在演哪齣電影，
09:55
maybe I got carried away before.
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可能我之前說的太誇張了。
09:56
Maybe it's not a zombie apocalypse movie.
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可能不是殭屍啟示錄這類的片子。
09:59
Maybe instead it's a buddy cop movie.
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可能比較像警察搭檔片。
10:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:04
Just roll with it, just go with it please.
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再忍一下，再撐一下就好。
10:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:08
You know the kind:
there's a white cop and a black cop,
there's a white cop and a black cop,
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你知道這種片，通常有個
白人警察和黑人警察，
白人警察和黑人警察，
10:11
or maybe a messy cop and an organized cop.
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或者一個亂七八糟
和一個一絲不苟的警察。
和一個一絲不苟的警察。
10:13
Whatever it is, they don't get along
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不管什麼組合，他們都處不好，
10:15
because of this difference.
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因為兩者之間的差別太大。
10:17
But in the end, when they have
to come together and they cooperate,
to come together and they cooperate,
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但到了最後他們必須一起合作時，
10:20
the solidarity that they feel,
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兩者感到的團結力量更大，
10:22
it's greater because of that gulf
that they had to cross. Right?
that they had to cross. Right?
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因為必須跨越鴻溝，對吧？
10:27
And remember that in these movies,
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要記得在這種電影裡，
10:29
it's usually worst in the second act
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通常第二幕的情況會更糟，
10:32
when our leads are further apart
than ever before.
than ever before.
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主角完全水火不容。
10:35
And so maybe that's
where we are in this country,
where we are in this country,
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或許這正是我們國家現在的寫照。
10:37
late in the second act
of a buddy cop movie --
of a buddy cop movie --
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警探搭檔片第二幕尾聲──
10:40
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:42
torn apart but about
to come back together.
to come back together.
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被撕裂成兩半，
但就快要彌合在一起了。
但就快要彌合在一起了。
10:47
It sounds good,
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說的好聽，
10:49
but if we want it to happen,
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但是如果我們真的想讓它實現，
10:50
I think the responsibility
is going to start with us.
is going to start with us.
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我想責任就從我們開始。
10:54
So this is my call to you:
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所以這是我對大家的呼籲：
10:57
let's put this country back together.
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讓我們把這個國家再結合起來。
11:01
Let's do it despite the politicians
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就做吧！不管政治人物、
11:04
and the media and Facebook and Twitter
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媒體、臉書、推特
11:07
and Congressional redistricting
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及選區重劃
11:08
and all of it,
all the things that divide us.
all the things that divide us.
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那些東西如何分裂我們。
11:12
Let's do it because it's right.
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就做吧！因為這是該做的事。
11:15
And let's do it
because this hate and contempt
because this hate and contempt
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就做吧！因為這仇恨和蔑視
11:20
that flows through all of us every day
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每天在我們之間流竄著，
11:23
makes us ugly and it corrupts us,
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讓我們面目猙獰，腐蝕著我們，
11:26
and it threatens
the very fabric of our society.
the very fabric of our society.
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威脅的也正是我們的社會結構。
11:31
We owe it to one another and our country
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我們應該給彼此及這個國家
11:34
to reach out and try to connect.
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伸出友誼之手與嘗試溝通的機會。
11:38
We can't afford to hate them any longer,
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我們沒有本錢再仇視別人，
11:42
and we can't afford
to let them hate us either.
to let them hate us either.
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也沒有本錢讓別人仇視我們。
11:45
Empathy and respect.
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同理心與尊重。
11:47
Empathy and respect.
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同理心與尊重。
11:49
If you think about it, it's the very least
that we owe our fellow citizens.
that we owe our fellow citizens.
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如果你仔細想想，
至少這是我們欠同胞的。
至少這是我們欠同胞的。
11:54
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:55
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robb Willer - Social psychologistRobb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Why you should listen
Robb Willer is a professor of sociology, psychology and organizational behavior at Stanford University. He studies the role of morality in politics. His research shows how moral values, typically a source of ideological division, can also be used to bring people together. His political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Willer has won numerous awards for his teaching and research, including the Golden Apple Teaching Award, the only award given by UC-Berkeley’s student body. Willer's class, "Self and Society," was the highest enrollment class at UC-Berkeley. His consulting clients have included the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Open Society Foundation, the Last Resort Exoneration Project and the Department of Justice.
Willer's writing has appeared in the New York Times and the Washington Post, including his op-eds "The Secret to Political Persuasion" and "Is the Environment a Moral Cause?"
Willer received a Ph.D from Cornell University and a BA from the University of Iowa. Before becoming a professor, he worked as a dishwasher, construction worker, mover, line cook and union organizer.
Robb Willer | Speaker | TED.com