ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.

Why you should listen

Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is  leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.

More profile about the speaker
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxRiodelaPlata

Romina Libster: The power of herd immunity

羅米納.林斯特: 群體免疫的力量

Filmed:
742,420 views

疫苗如何預防疾病 - 甚至包括太年幼不能接種疫苗的?這一個概念叫「群體免疫」,它依賴於大量接種疫苗的人群,打破傳染鏈。健康研究人員羅米納.林斯特解釋了群體免疫力如何阻止甲型H1N1流感在她家鄉致命的爆發。
- Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
One of the first patients耐心
I had to see as a pediatrician兒科醫師 was Sol索爾,
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成為小兒科醫生後
我要接見的第一個病人叫索爾
是一個很美麗的彌月嬰兒
00:17
a beautiful美麗 month-old月齡 baby寶寶
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00:20
who was admitted承認 with signs跡象
of a severe嚴重 respiratory呼吸 infection感染.
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她患有很嚴重呼吸道感染的徵兆
直到那時為止
00:23
Until直到 then, I had never seen看到
a patient患者 worsen惡化 so fast快速.
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我從未見過一個病人惡化得那麼快
只在兩天裡,她就要接駁呼吸器
00:28
In just two days
she was connected連接的 to a respirator呼吸器
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第三天她就離世了
00:31
and on the third第三 day she died死亡.
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索爾患上了百日咳
00:34
Sol索爾 had whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
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在房間裡經過一番討論
00:37
After discussing討論 the case案件 in the room房間
and after a quite相當 distressing令人痛心 catharsis導瀉,
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經過很令人心痛的宣泄之後
我記得我的總住院醫師曾經對我說:
00:42
I remember記得 my chief首席 resident居民 said to me,
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00:44
"Okay, take a deep breath呼吸. Wash your face面對.
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「好了,深呼吸,洗個臉吧
現在才是最困難
00:48
And now comes the hardest最難 part部分:
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我們要向她的父母解釋。」
00:51
We have to go talk to her parents父母."
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那時候,我腦海裡出現很多問題
00:54
At that time, a thousand questions問題
came來了 to mind心神,
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從「怎麼一個彌月的嬰兒會這麼不幸?」
00:58
from, "How could a one-month-old一個月齡
baby寶寶 be so unfortunate不幸的?"
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01:03
to, "Could we have doneDONE
something about it?"
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到「我們是否能做些甚麼呢?」
在疫苗出現之前
01:07
Before vaccines疫苗 existed存在,
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很多傳染病每年奪去數百萬人的性命
01:09
many許多 infectious傳染病 diseases疾病
killed殺害 millions百萬 of people per year.
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1989年流感大流行時期
01:15
During the 1918 flu流感 pandemic流感大流行
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5千萬人死亡
01:18
50 million百萬 people died死亡.
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比阿限廷現在的人口還多
01:21
That's greater更大 than Argentina's阿根廷
current當前 population人口.
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或許,在座有年紀大一點的會記得1956年在阿限廷
01:25
Perhaps也許, the older舊的 ones那些 among其中 you
remember記得 the polio脊髓灰質炎 epidemic疫情
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發生了一場小兒麻痺流行病
01:29
that occurred發生 in Argentina阿根廷 in 1956.
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01:32
At that time, there was no vaccine疫苗
available可得到 against反對 polio脊髓灰質炎.
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在那時候,沒有適合的疫苗對抗小兒麻痺
01:35
People didn't know what to do.
They were going crazy.
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人們都無計可施
他們都快要被迫瘋了
他們用生石灰畫樹
01:38
They would go painting繪畫 trees樹木
with caustic尖刻 lime青檸.
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他們將小包的樟腦放進小孩的內衣褲裡
01:40
They'd他們會 put little bags包裝袋 of camphor
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01:41
in their children's兒童 underwear內衣,
as if that could do something.
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彷彿可以產生一些作用
在這場小兒麻痺流行病中
01:46
During the polio脊髓灰質炎 epidemic疫情,
thousands數千 of people died死亡.
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有幾千人死亡
01:50
And thousands數千 of people were left
with very significant重大 neurological神經 damage損傷.
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另外有數千人患有影響非常大的神經損害後遺症
我是因為閱讀而知道這事件的
01:56
I know this because I read about it,
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因為感激疫苗的出現
01:59
because thanks謝謝 to vaccines疫苗,
my generation was lucky幸運
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我們這世代很幸運
不用經歷像那樣恐怖的流行病
02:03
to not live生活 through通過 an epidemic疫情
as terrible可怕 as this.
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疫苗是20世紀公眾健康
02:05
Vaccines疫苗 are one of the great successes成功
of the 20th century's世紀 public上市 health健康.
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其中一個很大的成就
02:11
After potable飲用水 water,
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自從有了可飲用的水
對降低死亡率有很大的幫助
02:13
they are the interventions干預措施
that have most reduced減少 mortality死亡,
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02:16
even more than antibiotics抗生素.
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甚至比抗生素還大
疲苗杜絕地球上很多可怕的疾病
02:19
Vaccines疫苗 eradicated根除 terrible可怕 diseases疾病
such這樣 as smallpox天花 from the planet行星
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例如天花
更成功大大地降低
02:24
and succeeded成功 in significantly顯著
reducing減少 mortality死亡
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02:28
due應有 to other diseases疾病 such這樣 as measles麻疹,
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因其他疾病造成的死亡率,例如麻疹
百日咳、小兒麻痺,還有更多
02:30
whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽, polio脊髓灰質炎 and many許多 more.
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以上所有疾病都被視為
02:34
All these diseases疾病 are considered考慮
vaccine-preventable疫苗可預防 diseases疾病.
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疫苗可預防疾病
這是甚麼意思呢?
02:41
What does this mean?
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02:43
That they are potentially可能 preventable預防的,
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即是它們是可預防的
但要預防,必需做一點東西
02:46
but in order訂購 to be so,
something must必須 be doneDONE.
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你需要接種疫苗
02:49
You need to get vaccinated接種疫苗.
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我經常想,如果今天我們都不在這兒
02:52
I imagine想像 that most,
if not all of us here today今天,
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02:55
received收到 a vaccine疫苗
at some point in our life.
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在我們人生中某個時候接種疫苗
現在,我不確定
03:00
Now, I'm not so sure that many許多 of us know
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我們當中多少人知道長大成人後
03:04
which哪一個 vaccines疫苗 or boosters助推器
we should receive接收 after adolescence青春期.
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應該接受哪上疫苗或增壓劑
你有沒有曾經想過當我們接種疫苗時
03:10
Have you ever wondered想知道
who we are protecting保護
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我們正在保護誰?
03:14
when we vaccinate接種疫苗?
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我究竟想帶出甚麼意思?
03:17
What do I mean by that?
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除了保護我們自身
03:18
Is there any other effect影響
beyond protecting保護 ourselves我們自己?
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有沒有帶來其他影響?
讓我告訴你一些事
03:25
Let me show顯示 you something.
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試想像現在這一刻
03:27
Imagine想像 for a moment時刻
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我們身處在一個城市裡
03:30
that we are in a city
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那裡從沒有發生任何一種疾病
03:32
that has never had a case案件
of a particular特定 disease疾病,
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譬如麻疹
03:35
such這樣 as the measles麻疹.
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即是說在城市裡
03:37
This would mean that no one in the city
has ever had contact聯繫 with the disease疾病.
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無一曾經和疾病扯上關係
無一擁有天然防禦力能
03:42
No one has natural自然 defenses防禦 against反對,
nor也不 been vaccinated接種疫苗 against反對 measles麻疹.
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或者曾接種疫苗對抗麻疹
假若有一天,這個城市出現麻疹
03:47
If one day, a person sick生病 with the measles麻疹
appears出現 in this city
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有一個人染了病
03:53
the disease疾病 won't慣於 find much resistance抵抗性
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這個疾病的抗性不高
它會開始人傳人
03:56
and will begin開始 spreading傳播
from person to person,
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而且很快就會廣泛地傳播到整個社區
03:59
and in no time it will disseminate傳播
throughout始終 the community社區.
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在一段時間之後
04:03
After a certain某些 time
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很大部分的人都會染病
04:05
a big part部分 of the population人口 will be ill生病.
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這種情形是發生在還沒有疫苗的時候
04:09
This happened發生 when there were no vaccines疫苗.
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04:14
Now, imagine想像 the complete完成 opposite對面 case案件.
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現在,想像一下完全相反的情況
04:19
We are in a city
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我們身處在一個城市
那兒有超過9成人口對麻疹是有防禦能力的
04:21
where more than 90 percent百分
of the population人口
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04:24
has defenses防禦 against反對
the measles麻疹, which哪一個 means手段
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意思即是要不他們是曾經患有麻疹,幸而存活
04:27
that they either had the disease疾病,
survived倖存, and developed發達 natural自然 defenses防禦;
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有了自然的抵抗力
要不就是他們本身就已經對麻疹免疫
04:30
or that they had been
immunized免疫 against反對 measles麻疹.
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假如有一天
04:35
If one day,
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城裡有一個人罹患麻疹
04:36
a person sick生病 with the measles麻疹
appears出現 in this city,
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04:41
the disease疾病 will find much more resistance抵抗性
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疾病的抗性較高
不會那麼容易在人與人之間傳播
04:44
and won't慣於 be transmitted發送
that much from person to person.
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病情就可以受到控制
04:48
The spread傳播 will probably大概 remain contained
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麻疹的爆發亦不會發生
04:52
and a measles麻疹 outbreak暴發 won't慣於 happen發生.
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我想請你們注意一點
04:57
I would like you
to pay工資 attention注意 to something.
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已接種疫苗的人
05:00
People who are vaccinated接種疫苗
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不單止保障了他們自身
05:03
are not only protecting保護 themselves他們自己,
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更加阻止了疾病在社區內散播
05:06
but by blocking閉塞 the dissemination傳播
of the disease疾病
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他們間接保障了
05:09
within the community社區,
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05:11
they are indirectly間接 protecting保護
the people in this community社區
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社區裡的未接種疫苗人
05:16
who are not vaccinated接種疫苗.
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他們創造了一個保護屏障
05:18
They create創建 a kind of protective保護的 shield屏蔽
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來避免疾病闖進接觸到人們
05:21
which哪一個 prevents防止 them from
coming未來 in contact聯繫 with the disease疾病,
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因此那些人受到保障
05:24
so that these people are protected保護.
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這一種由已接種疫苗的人包圍群體內未接種的人
05:28
This indirect間接 protection保護
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05:31
that the unvaccinated接種疫苗 people
within a community社區 receive接收
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令他們簡單地得到的間接保護
05:35
simply只是 by being存在 surrounded包圍
by vaccinated接種疫苗 people,
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叫群體免疫
05:39
is called herd放牧 immunity免疫.
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有很多在社群裡的人
05:45
Many許多 people in the community社區
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幾乎只靠這種群體免疫來對抗疾病
05:47
depend依靠 almost幾乎 exclusively
on this herd放牧 immunity免疫
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05:51
to be protected保護 against反對 disease疾病.
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你見到圖像裡未接種疫苗的人不只是個假設
05:54
The unvaccinated接種疫苗 people you see
in infographics信息圖表 are not just hypothetical假想.
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那些人是我們的姪女姪兒、我們的孩子
05:59
Those people are our nieces侄女
and nephews侄子, our children孩子,
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他們都可能因為年紀太小
而不能接受首次疫苗注射
06:02
who may可能 be too young年輕
to receive接收 their first shots鏡頭.
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那些人或會是我們的父母、兄弟姊妹
06:07
They are our parents父母, our siblings兄弟姐妹,
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06:09
our acquaintances熟人,
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我們認識的人卻患有疾病
06:10
who may可能 have a disease疾病,
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或者接受了藥劑反而會減低他們的防禦能力
06:12
or take medication藥物治療
that lowers降低 their defenses防禦.
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此外還有一些對於某種疫苗會過敏的人
06:18
There are also people who are
allergic過敏的 to a particular特定 vaccine疫苗.
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甚至在我們當中
06:23
They could even be among其中 us,
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有些人注射了疫苗
06:25
any of us who got vaccinated接種疫苗,
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但是疫苗達不到預期的效果
06:27
but the vaccine疫苗 didn't produce生產
the expected預期 effect影響,
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因為不是所有疫苗都百分之百有效
06:31
because not all vaccines疫苗
are always 100 percent百分 effective有效.
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這些人全部都幾乎
06:35
All these people depend依靠
almost幾乎 exclusively on herd放牧 immunity免疫
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只靠群體免疫來對抗疾病
06:40
to be protected保護 against反對 diseases疾病.
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要實現群體免疫的效用
06:44
To achieve實現 this effect影響 of herd放牧 immunity免疫,
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必需要很大的人口比例接種疫苗
06:49
it is necessary必要 that a large percentage百分比
of the population人口 be vaccinated接種疫苗.
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這個比例叫作閾值數
06:54
This percentage百分比 is called the threshold.
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閾值數取決於很多變數
06:57
The threshold depends依靠 on many許多 variables變量:
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取決於種的特性
07:01
It depends依靠 on the germ's細菌的 characteristics特點,
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和疫苗產生的免疫反應
07:03
and those of the immune免疫的 response響應
that the vaccine疫苗 generates生成.
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但他們都有一個共通點
07:08
But they all have something in common共同.
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那就是,如果已接種疫苗社區的人口比例
07:10
If the percentage百分比 of the population人口
in a vaccinated接種疫苗 community社區
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低於這個閾值數
07:15
is below下面 this threshold number,
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疾病會更自由無礙地擴散
07:19
the disease疾病 will begin開始
to spread傳播 more freely自如
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07:23
and may可能 generate生成 an outbreak暴發
of this disease疾病 within the community社區.
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可能會導致該社區爆發疫症
07:27
Even diseases疾病 which哪一個 were
at some point controlled受控 may可能 reappear再現.
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即使之前已受控的疾病都可能再出現
這個不止是理論
07:36
This is not just a theory理論.
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是有發生過,而且仍然在發生
07:38
This has happened發生,
and is still happening事件.
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在1998年,一個英國研究者於其中一本
07:43
In 1998, a British英國的 researcher研究員
published發表 an article文章
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很重要的醫學期刊中刊登了一篇論文
07:47
in one of the most important重要
medical journals期刊,
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當中提及專門預防麻疹、腮腺炎及風疹的
07:50
saying that the MMRMMR vaccine疫苗,
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麻腮風三聯疫苗跟自閉症有關
07:53
which哪一個 is given特定 for measles麻疹,
mumps腮腺炎 and rubella風疹,
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07:55
was associated相關 with autism自閉症.
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這產生了即時性的影響
07:57
This generated產生 an immediate即時 impact碰撞.
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人們開始停止接種疫苗,
08:01
People began開始 to stop getting得到 vaccinated接種疫苗,
and stopped停止 vaccinating接種疫苗 their children孩子.
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更不讓他們的孩子接種疫苗
然後結果呢?
08:05
And what happened發生?
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全世界很多國家接種疫苗的人數
下跌至低於閾值數
08:07
The number of people vaccinated接種疫苗,
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08:09
in many許多 communities社區 around the world世界,
fell下跌 below下面 this threshold.
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世界各國 — 美國、歐洲都爆發麻疹
08:13
And there were outbreaks爆發 of measles麻疹
in many許多 cities城市 in the world世界 --
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08:17
in the U.S., in Europe歐洲.
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很多人患病
08:19
Many許多 people got sick生病.
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很多人死於麻疹
08:22
People died死亡 of measles麻疹.
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之後怎樣呢?
08:25
What happened發生?
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08:27
This article文章 also generated產生 a huge巨大 stir攪拌
within the medical community社區.
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那篇論文在醫學界亦牽起了巨大的轟動
許多研究人員開始著手評估這是否屬實
08:32
Dozens許多 of researchers研究人員 began開始 to assess評估
if this was actually其實 true真正.
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不單沒有一個找到麻腮風三聯疫苗與
08:37
Not only could no one find
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人口水平上自閉症的因果關係
08:40
a causal因果 association協會 between之間 MMRMMR
and autism自閉症 at the population人口 level水平,
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更加發現那篇論文存在不實的言論
08:45
but it was also found發現 that this article文章
had incorrect不正確 claims索賠.
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更甚的是,它是騙人的
08:50
Even more, it was fraudulent騙人的.
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是欺詐的
08:54
It was fraudulent騙人的.
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事實上,在2010年該期刊
公開聲明收回那篇論文
08:57
In fact事實, the journal日誌 publicly公然 retracted縮回
the article文章 in 2010.
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其中一個主要的顧慮和不接種疫苗的藉口
09:04
One of the main主要 concerns關注 and excuses藉口
for not getting得到 vaccinated接種疫苗
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是不利的影響
09:08
are the adverse不利的 effects效果.
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疫苗,就像其他藥物
09:11
Vaccines疫苗, like other drugs毒品,
can have potential潛在 adverse不利的 effects效果.
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可以帶來潛在的反面影響
多數是溫和及短暫的
09:17
Most are mild溫和 and temporary臨時.
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但益處一般都比可能存在的併發症多
09:20
But the benefits好處 are always greater更大
than possible可能 complications並發症.
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當我們患病,一定要盡快醫治
09:27
When we are ill生病,
we want to heal癒合 fast快速.
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許多人當被感染到傳染病時會服食抗生素
09:32
Many許多 of us who are here
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09:34
take antibiotics抗生素
when we have an infection感染,
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當高血壓時服用降壓藥
09:38
we take anti-hypertensives抗高血壓
when we have high blood血液 pressure壓力,
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有時候服食心臟藥
09:41
we take cardiac心臟的 medications藥物治療.
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為甚麼呢?因為我們生病,需要盡快治理
09:43
Why? Because we are sick生病
and we want to heal癒合 fast快速.
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09:46
And we don't question it much.
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我們不會對此存疑
那為甚麼當我們健康的時候將預防疾病
09:48
Why is it so difficult
to think of preventing防止 diseases疾病,
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當作是照顧自己一樣就變得這麼困難呢?
09:53
by taking服用 care關心 of ourselves我們自己
when we are healthy健康?
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在我們患病時或者在危難迫近眉睫的情形時
09:57
We take care關心 of ourselves我們自己 a lot
when affected受影響 by an illness疾病,
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我們懂得好好照顧自己
10:00
or in situations情況 of imminent即將來臨 danger危險.
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我想在座各位很多都記得2009年
10:04
I imagine想像 most of us here,
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10:06
remember記得 the influenza-A流感-A pandemic流感大流行
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在阿根廷及世界各地爆發的流感大流行
10:10
which哪一個 broke打破 out in 2009
in Argentina阿根廷 and worldwide全世界.
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當時第一批感染個案曝光時
10:14
When the first cases
began開始 to come to light,
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我們在阿根廷正在步入冬季
10:17
we, here in Argentina阿根廷,
were entering進入 the winter冬季 season季節.
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當時我們一無所知
10:21
We knew知道 absolutely絕對 nothing.
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簡直是一團糟
10:24
Everything was a mess食堂.
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街上的人們都戴上口罩走到藥房購買酒精液
10:25
People wore穿著 masks面具 on the street,
ran into pharmacies藥店 to buy購買 alcohol gel凝膠.
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人們在藥房外排隊等候疫苗
10:30
People would line up
in pharmacies藥店 to get a vaccine疫苗,
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他們甚至不知道那疫苗是否合適
10:34
without even knowing會心
if it was the right vaccine疫苗
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是否能夠保護他們對抗新病毒
10:36
that would protect保護 them
against反對 this new virus病毒.
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我們完全是一無所知
10:39
We knew知道 absolutely絕對 nothing.
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當時,我除了處理我在
嬰幼兒基金會研究金的審查
10:41
At that time, in addition加成 to doing
my fellowship獎學金 at the Infant嬰兒 Foundation基礎,
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我還在一間預付醫藥公司當家庭兒科醫生
10:46
I worked工作 as a home pediatrician兒科醫師
for a prepaid充值 medicine醫學 company公司.
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我記得當時從早上8時當值至晚上8時
10:51
I remember記得 that I started開始
my shift轉移 at 8 a.m.,
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10:54
and by 8, I already已經 had a list名單
of 50 scheduled計劃 visits訪問.
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已經有50個預定探訪的名單
那時一片混亂;大家都不知道怎麼辦
10:59
It was chaos混沌;
people didn't know what to do.
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我還記得我很留意為哪些類型的病人作檢查
11:02
I remember記得 the types類型 of patients耐心
that I was examining檢查.
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那些病人比我們往常在冬季見到的年紀大一點
11:07
The patients耐心 were a little older舊的 than
what we were used to seeing眼看 in winter冬季,
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發燒的時間較長一點
11:12
with longer fevers發燒.
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我向我研究金的導師提及這一點
11:14
And I mentioned提到 that
to my fellowship獎學金 mentor導師,
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他亦從他的同事聽聞過相同的情況
11:18
and he, for his part部分, had heard聽說
the same相同 from a colleague同事,
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大量孕婦及年輕成人正在深切治療部留醫
11:21
about the large number
of pregnant women婦女
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11:24
and young年輕 adults成年人
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11:26
being存在 hospitalized住院 in intensive集約 care關心,
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他們的臨床資料被歸類為複雜個案
11:28
with hard-to-manage難以管理 clinical臨床 profiles型材.
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在那時候,我們著手瞭解究竟發生甚麼事
11:32
At that time, we set out to understand理解
what was happening事件.
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在星期一早上
11:39
First thing Monday星期一 morning早上,
we took the car汽車
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我們駕車到布宜諾斯艾利斯省的一家醫院
11:42
and went to a hospital醫院
in Buenos布宜諾斯艾利斯 Aires布宜諾斯艾利斯 Province,
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那兒被劃為新型流感病毒個案的轉診醫院
11:45
that served提供服務 as a referral轉診 hospital醫院
for cases of the new influenza流感 virus病毒.
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我們到達醫院的時候,那兒很擁擠
11:51
We arrived到達 at the hospital醫院;
it was crowded.
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所有醫護人員都穿上
像美國太空總署的生物安全服
11:53
All health健康 staff員工 were dressed連衣裙的
in NASA-likeNASA樣 bio-safety生物安全 suits西裝.
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我們全部在衣袋裡都有面罩
11:57
We all had face面對 masks面具 in our pockets口袋.
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我猶如一個疑病症患者,兩小時都不能呼吸
11:59
I, being存在 a hypochondriac憂鬱症,
didn't breathe呼吸 for two hours小時.
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可是我們目睹這是甚麼一回事
12:02
But we could see what was happening事件.
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我們立即開始聯絡位於城市及
12:05
Immediately立即, we started開始
reaching到達 out to pediatricians兒科醫生
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布宜諾斯艾利斯省一共六間醫院的兒科醫生
12:09
from six hospitals醫院 in the city
and in Buenos布宜諾斯艾利斯 Aires布宜諾斯艾利斯 Province.
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我們的主要目的是在最短到時間內找出
12:13
Our main主要 goal目標 was to find out
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這種新病毒在接觸小孩時有甚麼表現
12:16
how this new virus病毒 behaved
in contact聯繫 with our children孩子,
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12:20
in the shortest最短 time possible可能.
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是一場馬拉松式的工作
12:23
A marathon馬拉松 work.
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在三個月內
12:26
In less than three months個月,
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我們見到新型H1N1病毒
12:29
we could see what effect影響
this new H1N1 virus病毒 had
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在251個因該病毒而留醫的小朋友身上產生甚麼影響
12:35
on the 251 children孩子
hospitalized住院 by this virus病毒.
206
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12:41
We could see which哪一個 children孩子
got more seriously認真地 ill生病:
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我們見到哪些小孩會病得較重:
12:45
children孩子 under four, especially特別 those
less than one year old;
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四歲以下,尤其少於一歲的小朋友;
有神經疾病的患者;
12:49
patients耐心 with neurological神經 diseases疾病;
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與及患上慢性肺部疾病的小朋友
12:51
and young年輕 children孩子
with chronic慢性 pulmonary肺的 diseases疾病.
210
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12:55
Identifying確定 these at-risk有一定風險 groups
was important重要
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識別這些高危人士很重要
13:00
to include包括 them as priority優先 groups
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可以將他們囊括在建議
優先取得流感疫苗的一群裡
13:02
in the recommendations建議
for getting得到 the influenza流感 vaccine疫苗,
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不單只在阿根廷
13:05
not only here in Argentina阿根廷,
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在其它流感大流行尚未出現的國家都一樣
13:07
but also in other countries國家
which哪一個 the pandemic流感大流行 not yet然而 reached到達.
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一年後
13:12
A year later後來,
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對抗流感大流行H1N1病毒的疫苗面世
13:14
when a vaccine疫苗 against反對 the pandemic流感大流行
H1N1 virus病毒 became成為 available可得到,
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我們想見到會發生甚麼事
13:19
we wanted to see what happened發生.
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在一個以保障高危一族為主的
大型疫苗接種活動後
13:22
After a huge巨大 vaccination疫苗接種 campaign運動
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13:25
aimed針對 at protecting保護 at-risk有一定風險 groups,
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那些醫院有9成3的高危人士接種疫苗
13:30
these hospitals醫院, with 93 percent百分
of the at-risk有一定風險 groups vaccinated接種疫苗,
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之後他們再沒有需要留醫H1N1流感的單一患者
13:37
had not hospitalized住院 a single patient患者
222
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13:40
for the pandemic流感大流行 H1N1 virus病毒.
223
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(拍掌)
13:43
(Applause掌聲)
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13:47
In 2009: 251.
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2009年:251宗
2010年:0宗
13:53
In 2010: zero.
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13:56
Vaccination疫苗接種 is an act法案
of individual個人 responsibility責任,
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接種疫苗是個人責任的表現
14:01
but it has a huge巨大 collective集體 impact碰撞.
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卻帶來龐大的集體影響
假如我一經接種,我不單只保障自己
14:06
If I get vaccinated接種疫苗,
not only am I protecting保護 myself,
229
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14:11
but I am also protecting保護 others其他.
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更保障了其他人
索爾罹患百日咳
14:15
Sol索爾 had whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
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14:19
Sol索爾 was very young年輕,
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索爾還很年幼
她不能夠注射首支疫苗來對抗百日咳
14:21
and she hadn't有沒有 yet然而 received收到
her first vaccine疫苗 against反對 whooping百日咳 cough咳嗽.
233
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14:27
I still wonder奇蹟 what would have happened發生
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我仍然在想
如果每一個在索爾身邊的人都已經接種了疫苗
14:30
if everyone大家 around Sol索爾
had been vaccinated接種疫苗.
235
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會有一個怎麼樣的結果
14:37
(Applause掌聲)
236
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Translated by Felcia Lau
Reviewed by Michael Ge 葛叔

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.

Why you should listen

Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is  leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.

More profile about the speaker
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com