TEDxRiodelaPlata
Romina Libster: The power of herd immunity
羅米納．林斯特: 群體免疫的力量
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
742,420 views
疫苗如何預防疾病 - 甚至包括太年幼不能接種疫苗的？這一個概念叫「群體免疫」，它依賴於大量接種疫苗的人群，打破傳染鏈。健康研究人員羅米納．林斯特解釋了群體免疫力如何阻止甲型H1N1流感在她家鄉致命的爆發。
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of the first patients
I had to see as a pediatrician was Sol,
I had to see as a pediatrician was Sol,
0
280
4780
成為小兒科醫生後
我要接見的第一個病人叫索爾
是一個很美麗的彌月嬰兒
00:17
a beautiful month-old baby
1
5370
2780
00:20
who was admitted with signs
of a severe respiratory infection.
of a severe respiratory infection.
2
8150
3680
她患有很嚴重呼吸道感染的徵兆
直到那時為止
00:23
Until then, I had never seen
a patient worsen so fast.
a patient worsen so fast.
3
11830
4280
我從未見過一個病人惡化得那麼快
只在兩天裡，她就要接駁呼吸器
00:28
In just two days
she was connected to a respirator
she was connected to a respirator
4
16810
3000
第三天她就離世了
00:31
and on the third day she died.
5
19810
2740
索爾患上了百日咳
00:34
Sol had whooping cough.
6
22550
2750
在房間裡經過一番討論
00:37
After discussing the case in the room
and after a quite distressing catharsis,
and after a quite distressing catharsis,
7
25300
4710
經過很令人心痛的宣泄之後
我記得我的總住院醫師曾經對我說：
00:42
I remember my chief resident said to me,
8
30460
2049
00:44
"Okay, take a deep breath. Wash your face.
9
32509
3341
「好了，深呼吸，洗個臉吧
現在才是最困難
00:48
And now comes the hardest part:
10
36430
2620
我們要向她的父母解釋。」
00:51
We have to go talk to her parents."
11
39050
2410
那時候，我腦海裡出現很多問題
00:54
At that time, a thousand questions
came to mind,
came to mind,
12
42150
3970
從「怎麼一個彌月的嬰兒會這麼不幸？」
00:58
from, "How could a one-month-old
baby be so unfortunate?"
baby be so unfortunate?"
13
46120
4330
01:03
to, "Could we have done
something about it?"
something about it?"
14
51200
2870
到「我們是否能做些甚麼呢？」
在疫苗出現之前
01:07
Before vaccines existed,
15
55400
2280
很多傳染病每年奪去數百萬人的性命
01:09
many infectious diseases
killed millions of people per year.
killed millions of people per year.
16
57680
4870
1989年流感大流行時期
01:15
During the 1918 flu pandemic
17
63100
3530
5千萬人死亡
01:18
50 million people died.
18
66630
3150
比阿限廷現在的人口還多
01:21
That's greater than Argentina's
current population.
current population.
19
69780
3280
或許，在座有年紀大一點的會記得1956年在阿限廷
01:25
Perhaps, the older ones among you
remember the polio epidemic
remember the polio epidemic
20
73060
4050
發生了一場小兒麻痺流行病
01:29
that occurred in Argentina in 1956.
21
77110
2920
01:32
At that time, there was no vaccine
available against polio.
available against polio.
22
80240
3320
在那時候，沒有適合的疫苗對抗小兒麻痺
01:35
People didn't know what to do.
They were going crazy.
They were going crazy.
23
83560
2530
人們都無計可施
他們都快要被迫瘋了
他們用生石灰畫樹
01:38
They would go painting trees
with caustic lime.
with caustic lime.
24
86090
2280
他們將小包的樟腦放進小孩的內衣褲裡
01:40
They'd put little bags of camphor
25
88370
1570
01:41
in their children's underwear,
as if that could do something.
as if that could do something.
26
89940
3520
彷彿可以產生一些作用
在這場小兒麻痺流行病中
01:46
During the polio epidemic,
thousands of people died.
thousands of people died.
27
94080
4520
有幾千人死亡
01:50
And thousands of people were left
with very significant neurological damage.
with very significant neurological damage.
28
98600
4170
另外有數千人患有影響非常大的神經損害後遺症
我是因為閱讀而知道這事件的
01:56
I know this because I read about it,
29
104650
2640
因為感激疫苗的出現
01:59
because thanks to vaccines,
my generation was lucky
my generation was lucky
30
107290
3790
我們這世代很幸運
不用經歷像那樣恐怖的流行病
02:03
to not live through an epidemic
as terrible as this.
as terrible as this.
31
111080
2810
疫苗是20世紀公眾健康
02:05
Vaccines are one of the great successes
of the 20th century's public health.
of the 20th century's public health.
32
113890
4790
其中一個很大的成就
02:11
After potable water,
33
119210
2020
自從有了可飲用的水
對降低死亡率有很大的幫助
02:13
they are the interventions
that have most reduced mortality,
that have most reduced mortality,
34
121230
3610
02:16
even more than antibiotics.
35
124840
2130
甚至比抗生素還大
疲苗杜絕地球上很多可怕的疾病
02:19
Vaccines eradicated terrible diseases
such as smallpox from the planet
such as smallpox from the planet
36
127570
4990
例如天花
更成功大大地降低
02:24
and succeeded in significantly
reducing mortality
reducing mortality
37
132590
3610
02:28
due to other diseases such as measles,
38
136200
2250
因其他疾病造成的死亡率，例如麻疹
百日咳、小兒麻痺，還有更多
02:30
whooping cough, polio and many more.
39
138450
3330
以上所有疾病都被視為
02:34
All these diseases are considered
vaccine-preventable diseases.
vaccine-preventable diseases.
40
142320
6880
疫苗可預防疾病
這是甚麼意思呢？
02:41
What does this mean?
41
149910
1760
02:43
That they are potentially preventable,
42
151670
3020
即是它們是可預防的
但要預防，必需做一點東西
02:46
but in order to be so,
something must be done.
something must be done.
43
154690
2970
你需要接種疫苗
02:49
You need to get vaccinated.
44
157660
2100
我經常想，如果今天我們都不在這兒
02:52
I imagine that most,
if not all of us here today,
if not all of us here today,
45
160270
3700
02:55
received a vaccine
at some point in our life.
at some point in our life.
46
163970
3240
在我們人生中某個時候接種疫苗
現在，我不確定
03:00
Now, I'm not so sure that many of us know
47
168510
4450
我們當中多少人知道長大成人後
03:04
which vaccines or boosters
we should receive after adolescence.
we should receive after adolescence.
48
172960
4330
應該接受哪上疫苗或增壓劑
你有沒有曾經想過當我們接種疫苗時
03:10
Have you ever wondered
who we are protecting
who we are protecting
49
178710
4080
我們正在保護誰？
03:14
when we vaccinate?
50
182790
1850
我究竟想帶出甚麼意思？
03:17
What do I mean by that?
51
185070
1630
除了保護我們自身
03:18
Is there any other effect
beyond protecting ourselves?
beyond protecting ourselves?
52
186700
4970
有沒有帶來其他影響？
讓我告訴你一些事
03:25
Let me show you something.
53
193050
2120
試想像現在這一刻
03:27
Imagine for a moment
54
195760
2460
我們身處在一個城市裡
03:30
that we are in a city
55
198220
2010
那裡從沒有發生任何一種疾病
03:32
that has never had a case
of a particular disease,
of a particular disease,
56
200230
3250
譬如麻疹
03:35
such as the measles.
57
203480
1700
即是說在城市裡
03:37
This would mean that no one in the city
has ever had contact with the disease.
has ever had contact with the disease.
58
205430
4860
無一曾經和疾病扯上關係
無一擁有天然防禦力能
03:42
No one has natural defenses against,
nor been vaccinated against measles.
nor been vaccinated against measles.
59
210290
4590
或者曾接種疫苗對抗麻疹
假若有一天，這個城市出現麻疹
03:47
If one day, a person sick with the measles
appears in this city
appears in this city
60
215680
4740
有一個人染了病
03:53
the disease won't find much resistance
61
221000
3510
這個疾病的抗性不高
它會開始人傳人
03:56
and will begin spreading
from person to person,
from person to person,
62
224510
2930
而且很快就會廣泛地傳播到整個社區
03:59
and in no time it will disseminate
throughout the community.
throughout the community.
63
227440
4060
在一段時間之後
04:03
After a certain time
64
231810
1720
很大部分的人都會染病
04:05
a big part of the population will be ill.
65
233530
3370
這種情形是發生在還沒有疫苗的時候
04:09
This happened when there were no vaccines.
66
237750
4160
04:14
Now, imagine the complete opposite case.
67
242630
4480
現在，想像一下完全相反的情況
04:19
We are in a city
68
247420
2410
我們身處在一個城市
那兒有超過9成人口對麻疹是有防禦能力的
04:21
where more than 90 percent
of the population
of the population
69
249830
2820
04:24
has defenses against
the measles, which means
the measles, which means
70
252650
2450
意思即是要不他們是曾經患有麻疹，幸而存活
04:27
that they either had the disease,
survived, and developed natural defenses;
survived, and developed natural defenses;
71
255100
3739
有了自然的抵抗力
要不就是他們本身就已經對麻疹免疫
04:30
or that they had been
immunized against measles.
immunized against measles.
72
258839
3701
假如有一天
04:35
If one day,
73
263200
1610
城裡有一個人罹患麻疹
04:36
a person sick with the measles
appears in this city,
appears in this city,
74
264810
3930
04:41
the disease will find much more resistance
75
269230
3380
疾病的抗性較高
不會那麼容易在人與人之間傳播
04:44
and won't be transmitted
that much from person to person.
that much from person to person.
76
272610
3490
病情就可以受到控制
04:48
The spread will probably remain contained
77
276780
3550
麻疹的爆發亦不會發生
04:52
and a measles outbreak won't happen.
78
280750
2930
我想請你們注意一點
04:57
I would like you
to pay attention to something.
to pay attention to something.
79
285060
2700
已接種疫苗的人
05:00
People who are vaccinated
80
288810
2680
不單止保障了他們自身
05:03
are not only protecting themselves,
81
291490
2800
更加阻止了疾病在社區內散播
05:06
but by blocking the dissemination
of the disease
of the disease
82
294290
3610
他們間接保障了
05:09
within the community,
83
297900
1640
05:11
they are indirectly protecting
the people in this community
the people in this community
84
299540
4680
社區裡的未接種疫苗人
05:16
who are not vaccinated.
85
304220
2170
他們創造了一個保護屏障
05:18
They create a kind of protective shield
86
306690
2970
來避免疾病闖進接觸到人們
05:21
which prevents them from
coming in contact with the disease,
coming in contact with the disease,
87
309660
3100
因此那些人受到保障
05:24
so that these people are protected.
88
312760
2620
這一種由已接種疫苗的人包圍群體內未接種的人
05:28
This indirect protection
89
316670
3200
05:31
that the unvaccinated people
within a community receive
within a community receive
90
319870
3500
令他們簡單地得到的間接保護
05:35
simply by being surrounded
by vaccinated people,
by vaccinated people,
91
323370
4010
叫群體免疫
05:39
is called herd immunity.
92
327950
3060
有很多在社群裡的人
05:45
Many people in the community
93
333130
2460
幾乎只靠這種群體免疫來對抗疾病
05:47
depend almost exclusively
on this herd immunity
on this herd immunity
94
335590
3500
05:51
to be protected against disease.
95
339090
2660
你見到圖像裡未接種疫苗的人不只是個假設
05:54
The unvaccinated people you see
in infographics are not just hypothetical.
in infographics are not just hypothetical.
96
342760
3960
那些人是我們的姪女姪兒、我們的孩子
05:59
Those people are our nieces
and nephews, our children,
and nephews, our children,
97
347260
3340
他們都可能因為年紀太小
而不能接受首次疫苗注射
而不能接受首次疫苗注射
06:02
who may be too young
to receive their first shots.
to receive their first shots.
98
350600
3370
那些人或會是我們的父母、兄弟姊妹
06:07
They are our parents, our siblings,
99
355100
2310
06:09
our acquaintances,
100
357410
1430
我們認識的人卻患有疾病
06:10
who may have a disease,
101
358840
1870
或者接受了藥劑反而會減低他們的防禦能力
06:12
or take medication
that lowers their defenses.
that lowers their defenses.
102
360710
3650
此外還有一些對於某種疫苗會過敏的人
06:18
There are also people who are
allergic to a particular vaccine.
allergic to a particular vaccine.
103
366010
4070
甚至在我們當中
06:23
They could even be among us,
104
371350
2400
有些人注射了疫苗
06:25
any of us who got vaccinated,
105
373750
1860
但是疫苗達不到預期的效果
06:27
but the vaccine didn't produce
the expected effect,
the expected effect,
106
375610
3800
因為不是所有疫苗都百分之百有效
06:31
because not all vaccines
are always 100 percent effective.
are always 100 percent effective.
107
379410
4190
這些人全部都幾乎
06:35
All these people depend
almost exclusively on herd immunity
almost exclusively on herd immunity
108
383600
5200
只靠群體免疫來對抗疾病
06:40
to be protected against diseases.
109
388800
2560
要實現群體免疫的效用
06:44
To achieve this effect of herd immunity,
110
392390
4810
必需要很大的人口比例接種疫苗
06:49
it is necessary that a large percentage
of the population be vaccinated.
of the population be vaccinated.
111
397200
4670
這個比例叫作閾值數
06:54
This percentage is called the threshold.
112
402500
3070
閾值數取決於很多變數
06:57
The threshold depends on many variables:
113
405570
3760
取決於種的特性
07:01
It depends on the germ's characteristics,
114
409330
2410
和疫苗產生的免疫反應
07:03
and those of the immune response
that the vaccine generates.
that the vaccine generates.
115
411740
4300
但他們都有一個共通點
07:08
But they all have something in common.
116
416040
2390
那就是，如果已接種疫苗社區的人口比例
07:10
If the percentage of the population
in a vaccinated community
in a vaccinated community
117
418430
5210
低於這個閾值數
07:15
is below this threshold number,
118
423980
3070
疾病會更自由無礙地擴散
07:19
the disease will begin
to spread more freely
to spread more freely
119
427050
4060
07:23
and may generate an outbreak
of this disease within the community.
of this disease within the community.
120
431110
4670
可能會導致該社區爆發疫症
07:27
Even diseases which were
at some point controlled may reappear.
at some point controlled may reappear.
121
435780
7080
即使之前已受控的疾病都可能再出現
這個不止是理論
07:36
This is not just a theory.
122
444550
2190
是有發生過，而且仍然在發生
07:38
This has happened,
and is still happening.
and is still happening.
123
446740
2360
在1998年，一個英國研究者於其中一本
07:43
In 1998, a British researcher
published an article
published an article
124
451050
4700
很重要的醫學期刊中刊登了一篇論文
07:47
in one of the most important
medical journals,
medical journals,
125
455750
2780
當中提及專門預防麻疹、腮腺炎及風疹的
07:50
saying that the MMR vaccine,
126
458530
2620
麻腮風三聯疫苗跟自閉症有關
07:53
which is given for measles,
mumps and rubella,
mumps and rubella,
127
461150
2730
07:55
was associated with autism.
128
463880
1870
這產生了即時性的影響
07:57
This generated an immediate impact.
129
465750
2700
人們開始停止接種疫苗，
08:01
People began to stop getting vaccinated,
and stopped vaccinating their children.
and stopped vaccinating their children.
130
469010
4650
更不讓他們的孩子接種疫苗
然後結果呢？
08:05
And what happened?
131
473680
1620
全世界很多國家接種疫苗的人數
下跌至低於閾值數
下跌至低於閾值數
08:07
The number of people vaccinated,
132
475300
2680
08:09
in many communities around the world,
fell below this threshold.
fell below this threshold.
133
477980
3980
世界各國 — 美國、歐洲都爆發麻疹
08:13
And there were outbreaks of measles
in many cities in the world --
in many cities in the world --
134
481960
3560
08:17
in the U.S., in Europe.
135
485520
2440
很多人患病
08:19
Many people got sick.
136
487960
2160
很多人死於麻疹
08:22
People died of measles.
137
490120
2780
之後怎樣呢？
08:25
What happened?
138
493870
1480
08:27
This article also generated a huge stir
within the medical community.
within the medical community.
139
495350
4120
那篇論文在醫學界亦牽起了巨大的轟動
許多研究人員開始著手評估這是否屬實
08:32
Dozens of researchers began to assess
if this was actually true.
if this was actually true.
140
500020
3670
不單沒有一個找到麻腮風三聯疫苗與
08:37
Not only could no one find
141
505130
3290
人口水平上自閉症的因果關係
08:40
a causal association between MMR
and autism at the population level,
and autism at the population level,
142
508420
5249
更加發現那篇論文存在不實的言論
08:45
but it was also found that this article
had incorrect claims.
had incorrect claims.
143
513669
4901
更甚的是，它是騙人的
08:50
Even more, it was fraudulent.
144
518820
2550
是欺詐的
08:54
It was fraudulent.
145
522120
2390
事實上，在2010年該期刊
公開聲明收回那篇論文
公開聲明收回那篇論文
08:57
In fact, the journal publicly retracted
the article in 2010.
the article in 2010.
146
525120
6430
其中一個主要的顧慮和不接種疫苗的藉口
09:04
One of the main concerns and excuses
for not getting vaccinated
for not getting vaccinated
147
532880
3900
是不利的影響
09:08
are the adverse effects.
148
536780
2190
疫苗，就像其他藥物
09:11
Vaccines, like other drugs,
can have potential adverse effects.
can have potential adverse effects.
149
539770
5640
可以帶來潛在的反面影響
多數是溫和及短暫的
09:17
Most are mild and temporary.
150
545970
2510
但益處一般都比可能存在的併發症多
09:20
But the benefits are always greater
than possible complications.
than possible complications.
151
548480
5990
當我們患病，一定要盡快醫治
09:27
When we are ill,
we want to heal fast.
we want to heal fast.
152
555740
4560
許多人當被感染到傳染病時會服食抗生素
09:32
Many of us who are here
153
560300
2120
09:34
take antibiotics
when we have an infection,
when we have an infection,
154
562420
3670
當高血壓時服用降壓藥
09:38
we take anti-hypertensives
when we have high blood pressure,
when we have high blood pressure,
155
566090
3180
有時候服食心臟藥
09:41
we take cardiac medications.
156
569270
2180
為甚麼呢？因為我們生病，需要盡快治理
09:43
Why? Because we are sick
and we want to heal fast.
and we want to heal fast.
157
571450
3250
09:46
And we don't question it much.
158
574700
2020
我們不會對此存疑
那為甚麼當我們健康的時候將預防疾病
09:48
Why is it so difficult
to think of preventing diseases,
to think of preventing diseases,
159
576720
4430
當作是照顧自己一樣就變得這麼困難呢？
09:53
by taking care of ourselves
when we are healthy?
when we are healthy?
160
581890
3210
在我們患病時或者在危難迫近眉睫的情形時
09:57
We take care of ourselves a lot
when affected by an illness,
when affected by an illness,
161
585100
3190
我們懂得好好照顧自己
10:00
or in situations of imminent danger.
162
588290
2960
我想在座各位很多都記得2009年
10:04
I imagine most of us here,
163
592140
2670
10:06
remember the influenza-A pandemic
164
594810
3730
在阿根廷及世界各地爆發的流感大流行
10:10
which broke out in 2009
in Argentina and worldwide.
in Argentina and worldwide.
165
598540
3390
當時第一批感染個案曝光時
10:14
When the first cases
began to come to light,
began to come to light,
166
602490
3030
我們在阿根廷正在步入冬季
10:17
we, here in Argentina,
were entering the winter season.
were entering the winter season.
167
605520
3840
當時我們一無所知
10:21
We knew absolutely nothing.
168
609910
2210
簡直是一團糟
10:24
Everything was a mess.
169
612120
1410
街上的人們都戴上口罩走到藥房購買酒精液
10:25
People wore masks on the street,
ran into pharmacies to buy alcohol gel.
ran into pharmacies to buy alcohol gel.
170
613530
5370
人們在藥房外排隊等候疫苗
10:30
People would line up
in pharmacies to get a vaccine,
in pharmacies to get a vaccine,
171
618900
3350
他們甚至不知道那疫苗是否合適
10:34
without even knowing
if it was the right vaccine
if it was the right vaccine
172
622250
2560
是否能夠保護他們對抗新病毒
10:36
that would protect them
against this new virus.
against this new virus.
173
624810
2540
我們完全是一無所知
10:39
We knew absolutely nothing.
174
627350
2300
當時，我除了處理我在
嬰幼兒基金會研究金的審查
嬰幼兒基金會研究金的審查
10:41
At that time, in addition to doing
my fellowship at the Infant Foundation,
my fellowship at the Infant Foundation,
175
629650
4830
我還在一間預付醫藥公司當家庭兒科醫生
10:46
I worked as a home pediatrician
for a prepaid medicine company.
for a prepaid medicine company.
176
634740
3910
我記得當時從早上8時當值至晚上8時
10:51
I remember that I started
my shift at 8 a.m.,
my shift at 8 a.m.,
177
639670
3240
10:54
and by 8, I already had a list
of 50 scheduled visits.
of 50 scheduled visits.
178
642910
4150
已經有50個預定探訪的名單
那時一片混亂；大家都不知道怎麼辦
10:59
It was chaos;
people didn't know what to do.
people didn't know what to do.
179
647060
2880
我還記得我很留意為哪些類型的病人作檢查
11:02
I remember the types of patients
that I was examining.
that I was examining.
180
650860
4550
那些病人比我們往常在冬季見到的年紀大一點
11:07
The patients were a little older than
what we were used to seeing in winter,
what we were used to seeing in winter,
181
655690
4360
發燒的時間較長一點
11:12
with longer fevers.
182
660050
2340
我向我研究金的導師提及這一點
11:14
And I mentioned that
to my fellowship mentor,
to my fellowship mentor,
183
662390
3680
他亦從他的同事聽聞過相同的情況
11:18
and he, for his part, had heard
the same from a colleague,
the same from a colleague,
184
666070
3520
大量孕婦及年輕成人正在深切治療部留醫
11:21
about the large number
of pregnant women
of pregnant women
185
669590
2730
11:24
and young adults
186
672320
1690
11:26
being hospitalized in intensive care,
187
674010
2240
他們的臨床資料被歸類為複雜個案
11:28
with hard-to-manage clinical profiles.
188
676250
2910
在那時候，我們著手瞭解究竟發生甚麼事
11:32
At that time, we set out to understand
what was happening.
what was happening.
189
680760
5840
在星期一早上
11:39
First thing Monday morning,
we took the car
we took the car
190
687300
3120
我們駕車到布宜諾斯艾利斯省的一家醫院
11:42
and went to a hospital
in Buenos Aires Province,
in Buenos Aires Province,
191
690420
2930
那兒被劃為新型流感病毒個案的轉診醫院
11:45
that served as a referral hospital
for cases of the new influenza virus.
for cases of the new influenza virus.
192
693350
5670
我們到達醫院的時候，那兒很擁擠
11:51
We arrived at the hospital;
it was crowded.
it was crowded.
193
699020
2530
所有醫護人員都穿上
像美國太空總署的生物安全服
像美國太空總署的生物安全服
11:53
All health staff were dressed
in NASA-like bio-safety suits.
in NASA-like bio-safety suits.
194
701550
3920
我們全部在衣袋裡都有面罩
11:57
We all had face masks in our pockets.
195
705470
2200
我猶如一個疑病症患者，兩小時都不能呼吸
11:59
I, being a hypochondriac,
didn't breathe for two hours.
didn't breathe for two hours.
196
707670
2730
可是我們目睹這是甚麼一回事
12:02
But we could see what was happening.
197
710400
3120
我們立即開始聯絡位於城市及
12:05
Immediately, we started
reaching out to pediatricians
reaching out to pediatricians
198
713520
3690
布宜諾斯艾利斯省一共六間醫院的兒科醫生
12:09
from six hospitals in the city
and in Buenos Aires Province.
and in Buenos Aires Province.
199
717210
4220
我們的主要目的是在最短到時間內找出
12:13
Our main goal was to find out
200
721440
3330
這種新病毒在接觸小孩時有甚麼表現
12:16
how this new virus behaved
in contact with our children,
in contact with our children,
201
724770
3890
12:20
in the shortest time possible.
202
728660
2580
是一場馬拉松式的工作
12:23
A marathon work.
203
731240
2960
在三個月內
12:26
In less than three months,
204
734200
2870
我們見到新型H1N1病毒
12:29
we could see what effect
this new H1N1 virus had
this new H1N1 virus had
205
737070
6090
在251個因該病毒而留醫的小朋友身上產生甚麼影響
12:35
on the 251 children
hospitalized by this virus.
hospitalized by this virus.
206
743160
6140
12:41
We could see which children
got more seriously ill:
got more seriously ill:
207
749520
3980
我們見到哪些小孩會病得較重：
12:45
children under four, especially those
less than one year old;
less than one year old;
208
753500
3620
四歲以下，尤其少於一歲的小朋友；
有神經疾病的患者；
12:49
patients with neurological diseases;
209
757120
2800
與及患上慢性肺部疾病的小朋友
12:51
and young children
with chronic pulmonary diseases.
with chronic pulmonary diseases.
210
759920
3290
12:55
Identifying these at-risk groups
was important
was important
211
763210
4810
識別這些高危人士很重要
13:00
to include them as priority groups
212
768020
2710
可以將他們囊括在建議
優先取得流感疫苗的一群裡
優先取得流感疫苗的一群裡
13:02
in the recommendations
for getting the influenza vaccine,
for getting the influenza vaccine,
213
770730
3000
不單只在阿根廷
13:05
not only here in Argentina,
214
773730
1860
在其它流感大流行尚未出現的國家都一樣
13:07
but also in other countries
which the pandemic not yet reached.
which the pandemic not yet reached.
215
775590
4060
一年後
13:12
A year later,
216
780750
1680
對抗流感大流行H1N1病毒的疫苗面世
13:14
when a vaccine against the pandemic
H1N1 virus became available,
H1N1 virus became available,
217
782430
5090
我們想見到會發生甚麼事
13:19
we wanted to see what happened.
218
787520
2720
在一個以保障高危一族為主的
大型疫苗接種活動後
大型疫苗接種活動後
13:22
After a huge vaccination campaign
219
790240
3170
13:25
aimed at protecting at-risk groups,
220
793410
4770
那些醫院有9成3的高危人士接種疫苗
13:30
these hospitals, with 93 percent
of the at-risk groups vaccinated,
of the at-risk groups vaccinated,
221
798180
6960
之後他們再沒有需要留醫H1N1流感的單一患者
13:37
had not hospitalized a single patient
222
805140
3630
13:40
for the pandemic H1N1 virus.
223
808770
2680
（拍掌）
13:43
(Applause)
224
811450
3050
13:47
In 2009: 251.
225
815920
3960
2009年：251宗
2010年：0宗
13:53
In 2010: zero.
226
821490
2950
13:56
Vaccination is an act
of individual responsibility,
of individual responsibility,
227
824440
4780
接種疫苗是個人責任的表現
14:01
but it has a huge collective impact.
228
829220
4030
卻帶來龐大的集體影響
假如我一經接種，我不單只保障自己
14:06
If I get vaccinated,
not only am I protecting myself,
not only am I protecting myself,
229
834790
4620
14:11
but I am also protecting others.
230
839420
3210
更保障了其他人
索爾罹患百日咳
14:15
Sol had whooping cough.
231
843520
2370
14:19
Sol was very young,
232
847500
2200
索爾還很年幼
她不能夠注射首支疫苗來對抗百日咳
14:21
and she hadn't yet received
her first vaccine against whooping cough.
her first vaccine against whooping cough.
233
849700
4530
14:27
I still wonder what would have happened
234
855160
3800
我仍然在想
如果每一個在索爾身邊的人都已經接種了疫苗
14:30
if everyone around Sol
had been vaccinated.
had been vaccinated.
235
858960
5910
會有一個怎麼樣的結果
14:37
(Applause)
236
865740
2060
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcherDr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.
Why you should listen
Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com