TEDxUF
Mac Stone: Stunning photos of the endangered Everglades
麥克．史東: 瀕臨滅絕的美國大沼澤地絕美照片
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,268,200 views
幾個世紀以來，人都一直視沼澤和濕地為障礙而極力避開。但是攝影師麥克．史東一直在記錄佛羅里達大沼澤地中那些野生動物的故事——沼澤並非障礙，而是國家寶藏。透過他那些絕美的照片，史東以一種新的視角為我們展現一個古老、重要，卻被忽略的荒野之地。他要傳達的訊息是：走出去親自體驗吧！「做就對了，把你的腳伸入水中吧！」他說：「我保證，沼澤會改變你的。」
Mac Stone - Photographer
Florida-based photographer Mac Stone specializes in documenting the Everglades, an area he prizes for its wildlife and flora. Full bio
Florida-based photographer Mac Stone specializes in documenting the Everglades, an area he prizes for its wildlife and flora. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So I've had the great privilege
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我曾有幸遊覽過
00:14
of traveling to some incredible places,
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一些非常不可思議的地方，
00:17
photographing these distant landscapes
and remote cultures
and remote cultures
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並為這些遍佈全球的
遙遠風景和邊緣文化
遙遠風景和邊緣文化
00:21
all over the world.
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拍攝照片。
00:22
I love my job.
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我熱愛我的工作。
00:24
But people think it's
this string of epiphanies
this string of epiphanies
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大家都以為我的工作
應該伴隨著一連串的頓悟、
應該伴隨著一連串的頓悟、
00:26
and sunrises and rainbows,
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日出和彩虹，
00:29
when in reality, it looks
more something like this.
more something like this.
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可是在現實中，往往是這樣的。
00:32
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:33
This is my office.
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這就是我的辦公室。
我們無法提供最理想的過夜之所，
00:35
We can't afford the fanciest places
to stay at night,
to stay at night,
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00:38
so we tend to sleep a lot outdoors.
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所以我們常常露宿野外。
只要我們能保持乾燥，
00:41
As long as we can stay dry,
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00:42
that's a bonus.
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就是一種福利。
00:44
We also can't afford
the fanciest restaurants.
the fanciest restaurants.
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我們也沒錢吃最高級的餐館。
00:46
So we tend to eat
whatever's on the local menu.
whatever's on the local menu.
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所以我們要入鄉隨俗地吃當地食物。
如果你去到厄瓜多的 Páramo，
00:50
And if you're in the Ecuadorian Páramo,
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00:53
you're going to eat
a large rodent called a cuy.
a large rodent called a cuy.
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你將能吃到一種超大的天竺鼠。
00:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:57
But what makes our experiences
perhaps a little bit different
perhaps a little bit different
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但是真正鑄就我們那些
與眾不同獨特經驗的，
01:01
and a little more unique
than that of the average person
than that of the average person
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也許就是哪種扎根
在我們的腦海中的想法，
在我們的腦海中的想法，
01:03
is that we have this gnawing thing
in the back of our mind
in the back of our mind
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01:07
that even in our darkest moments,
and those times of despair,
and those times of despair,
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那就是即使在我們最黑暗的時刻，
和那些絕望的瞬間，
和那些絕望的瞬間，
01:11
we think, "Hey, there might be
an image to be made here,
an image to be made here,
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我們都還會想到：
「嗨，我們該為這裡拍張照片，
「嗨，我們該為這裡拍張照片，
01:15
there might be a story to be told."
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這裡的故事應該讓更多人知道。 」
為什麼講故事如此重要？
01:18
And why is storytelling important?
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01:20
Well, it helps us to connect with our
cultural and our natural heritage.
cultural and our natural heritage.
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因為，故事是我們與自身文化
和自然遺產的連接紐帶。
和自然遺產的連接紐帶。
01:25
And in the Southeast,
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但是在美國東南部，
01:26
there's an alarming disconnect
between the public
between the public
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公眾與自然區域之間
響起了彼此失聯的警鐘，
響起了彼此失聯的警鐘，
01:29
and the natural areas that allow
us to be here in the first place.
us to be here in the first place.
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而這片自然區域
恰是我們能進入這裡的大門。
恰是我們能進入這裡的大門。
我們都是視覺生物，
01:33
We're visual creatures,
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01:35
so we use what we see
to teach us what we know.
to teach us what we know.
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所以我們用親眼所見的
去教導我們所知的。
去教導我們所知的。
我們中的大多數人
都非常不願意
都非常不願意
01:39
Now the majority of us
aren't going to willingly go
aren't going to willingly go
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01:42
way down to a swamp.
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走入一片沼澤。
01:44
So how can we still expect
those same people to then advocate
those same people to then advocate
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所以我們要如何繼續期待這些人，
會成為提倡保護濕地的表率呢？
01:48
on behalf of their protection?
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我們做不到。
01:50
We can't.
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01:51
So my job, then, is to use photography
as a communication tool,
as a communication tool,
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所以我的工作就是，
用攝影作為傳達工具，
用攝影作為傳達工具，
01:55
to help bridge the gap
between the science and the aesthetics,
between the science and the aesthetics,
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在科學與美學之間
搭起一座橋樑。
搭起一座橋樑。
01:59
to get people talking,
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讓人們交談，
02:01
to get them thinking,
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讓人們思考，
02:02
and to hopefully, ultimately,
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然後最終希望，
02:04
get them caring.
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讓他們關心自然。
02:06
I started doing this 15 years ago
right here in Gainesville,
right here in Gainesville,
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15年前，我就在蓋恩斯維爾
這裡從事攝影工作，
這裡從事攝影工作，
02:09
right here in my backyard.
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就在我家後院中。
02:11
And I fell in love
with adventure and discovery,
with adventure and discovery,
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我熱愛冒險、發現，
02:14
going to explore
all these different places
all these different places
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以及去探索所有的那些
02:16
that were just minutes
from my front doorstep.
from my front doorstep.
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離我家只有幾分鐘路程的不同地方。
02:18
There are a lot
of beautiful places to find.
of beautiful places to find.
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在那裡，可以找到許多美麗的地方。
即便這麼多年過去，
02:21
Despite all these years that have passed,
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02:24
I still see the world
through the eyes of a child
through the eyes of a child
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我依然用孩童的目光
去看待這個世界，
去看待這個世界，
02:26
and I try to incorporate
that sense of wonderment
that sense of wonderment
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並且我每次都盡我所能地
02:29
and that sense of curiosity
into my photography
into my photography
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嘗試將那些驚歎和好奇的感受，
用我的攝影描繪出來。
02:34
as often as I can.
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02:37
And we're pretty lucky
because here in the South,
because here in the South,
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而且我們非常幸運，因為在南部，
02:39
we're still blessed
with a relatively blank canvas
with a relatively blank canvas
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我們何其有幸地擁有
這麼一塊空白的畫布，
這麼一塊空白的畫布，
02:42
that we can fill with the most
fanciful adventures
fanciful adventures
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讓我們得以在上面填滿
最富有想像力的冒險，
最富有想像力的冒險，
02:45
and incredible experiences.
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和難以置信的體驗。
02:48
It's just a matter of how far
our imagination will take us.
our imagination will take us.
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想像力有多遠，我們就走多遠。
很多人看著這張照片說道：
02:52
See, a lot of people
look at this and they say,
look at this and they say,
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「哇哦，這棵樹真漂亮。」
02:54
"Oh yeah, wow, that's a pretty tree."
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02:56
But I don't just see a tree --
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可是我看到的不僅僅是樹，
02:57
I look at this and I see opportunity.
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當我望著這張照片時，
我看到的是契機，
我看到的是契機，
03:00
I see an entire weekend.
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和一整個愉快的週末。
03:03
Because when I was a kid,
these were the types of images
these were the types of images
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因為在我的孩提時代，
正是這類照片
正是這類照片
03:05
that got me off the sofa
and dared me to explore,
and dared me to explore,
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讓我離開沙發激勵我去探索，
03:08
dared me to go find the woods
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激勵我去尋找森林，
03:09
and put my head underwater
and see what we have.
and see what we have.
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讓我潛入水底去探查裡面裝著什麼。
諸位，我的攝影足跡遍佈全球。
03:13
And folks, I've been photographing
all over the world
all over the world
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03:16
and I promise you,
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我向你們保證，
03:17
what we have here in the South,
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我們在南部所擁有的，
03:19
what we have in the Sunshine State,
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我們在陽光之州佛羅里達所擁有的，
03:20
rivals anything else that I've seen.
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足以媲美我見過的任何風景。
但是我們的旅遊業卻在
極力推銷那些錯誤的東西。
極力推銷那些錯誤的東西。
03:23
But yet our tourism industry is busy
promoting all the wrong things.
promoting all the wrong things.
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大部分的孩子在12歲前
去迪士尼世界的次數，
去迪士尼世界的次數，
03:28
Before most kids are 12,
they'll have been to Disney World
they'll have been to Disney World
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03:31
more times than they've been in a canoe
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遠遠超出他們在佈滿繁星的星空下，
03:33
or camping under a starry sky.
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乘駕獨木舟或露營的次數。
當然我並非反對迪士尼和米老鼠；
我以前也去過。
我以前也去過。
03:36
And I have nothing against Disney
or Mickey; I used to go there, too.
or Mickey; I used to go there, too.
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03:40
But they're missing out on those
fundamental connections
fundamental connections
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但是他們因此錯失了
03:43
that create a real sense
of pride and ownership
of pride and ownership
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可以創造他們與故鄉之間那種
03:46
for the place that they call home.
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驕傲感與認同感的基礎連結。
03:49
And this is compounded by the issue
that the landscapes
that the landscapes
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這是一系列互相關聯的問題：
風景塑造了我們的自然遺產，
03:52
that define our natural heritage
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03:54
and fuel our aquifer
for our drinking water
for our drinking water
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並且補充著我們的地下蓄水層，
以供給被我們認為是
以供給被我們認為是
03:57
have been deemed as scary
and dangerous and spooky.
and dangerous and spooky.
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可怕、危險，
和令人毛骨悚然的飲用水。
和令人毛骨悚然的飲用水。
當我們的祖先第一次踏上這片土地，
04:02
When our ancestors first came here,
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04:04
they warned, "Stay out
of these areas, they're haunted.
of these areas, they're haunted.
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他們警告說：
「遠離那些區域，那裡鬧鬼，
「遠離那些區域，那裡鬧鬼，
04:06
They're full of evil spirits and ghosts."
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那裡充滿了惡靈與幽魂。」
04:09
I don't know where
they came up with that idea.
they came up with that idea.
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我不知道他們這些想法
是從哪得來的。
是從哪得來的。
04:12
But it's actually led
to a very real disconnect,
to a very real disconnect,
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但它確實造成了一種分離、
04:15
a very real negative mentality
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一種非常消極的心理，
04:17
that has kept the public
disinterested, silent,
disinterested, silent,
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讓公眾對這裡漠不關心和沉默，
04:20
and ultimately, our environment at risk.
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以致最終，
讓我們的環境處於危險之中。
讓我們的環境處於危險之中。
04:24
We're a state that's surrounded
and defined by water,
and defined by water,
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我們是一個由水
包圍和構成的州，
包圍和構成的州，
04:27
and yet for centuries,
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可是幾個世紀以來，
04:29
swamps and wetlands have been regarded
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沼澤與濕地被視為是
04:31
as these obstacles to overcome.
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我們需要克服的障礙。
04:34
And so we've treated them
as these second-class ecosystems,
as these second-class ecosystems,
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因此我們將其當做是
次要的生態系統，
次要的生態系統，
04:38
because they have
very little monetary value
very little monetary value
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因為它們在金錢上的價值很小。
04:40
and of course, they're known
to harbor alligators and snakes --
to harbor alligators and snakes --
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當然，裡面也是短吻鱷
和蛇類的避風港。
和蛇類的避風港。
04:44
which, I'll admit, these aren't
the most cuddly of ambassadors.
the most cuddly of ambassadors.
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我不得不承認，
牠們並非這片土地最可愛的使者。
牠們並非這片土地最可愛的使者。
04:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:48
So it became assumed, then,
that the only good swamp
that the only good swamp
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所以大家會認為，最好的沼澤
04:51
was a drained swamp.
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應該是一片乾涸的沼澤。
但事實上，
04:53
And in fact,
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04:54
draining a swamp to make way
for agriculture and development
for agriculture and development
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為了農業和開發鋪路
而排乾沼澤的做法，
而排乾沼澤的做法，
04:57
was considered the very essence
of conservation not too long ago.
of conservation not too long ago.
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不久前還被認為是一種
保護濕地的絕對手段。
保護濕地的絕對手段。
但是現在我們改變了想法，
05:02
But now we're backpedaling,
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05:04
because the more we come to learn
about these sodden landscapes,
about these sodden landscapes,
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因為我們越深入去了解
這些豐澤的景色，
這些豐澤的景色，
05:07
the more secrets we're starting to unlock
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我們解鎖的奧秘便越多，
05:09
about interspecies relationships
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關於各個物種間的關係，
05:11
and the connectivity of habitats,
watersheds and flyways.
watersheds and flyways.
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牠們棲息地之間的關聯，
分佈流域和遷徙路線。
分佈流域和遷徙路線。
以這種鳥為例。
05:17
Take this bird, for example:
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05:19
this is the prothonotary warbler.
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這是一隻蘭翅黃森鶯。
05:20
I love this bird because
it's a swamp bird,
it's a swamp bird,
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我喜歡這種鳥，因為牠是沼澤鳥。
05:23
through and through, a swamp bird.
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徹徹底底的沼澤鳥。
05:24
They nest and they mate and they breed
in these old-growth swamps
in these old-growth swamps
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牠們從築巢到交配到繁育
都在這片古老的沼澤，
都在這片古老的沼澤，
和被水浸沒的森林中。
05:28
in these flooded forests.
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05:30
And so after the spring,
after they raise their young,
after they raise their young,
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春天過後等牠們把雛鳥哺育成年，
05:32
they then fly thousand of miles
over the Gulf of Mexico
over the Gulf of Mexico
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牠們將飛越數千英里
橫跨墨西哥灣，
橫跨墨西哥灣，
05:35
into Central and South America.
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進入美國中南部。
然後渡過寒冬，
05:37
And then after the winter,
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05:39
the spring rolls around
and they come back.
and they come back.
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春天重臨大地，牠們便會返航。
05:41
They fly thousands of miles
over the Gulf of Mexico.
over the Gulf of Mexico.
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牠們再次飛越數千英里
橫跨墨西哥灣。
橫跨墨西哥灣。
05:44
And where do they go? Where do they land?
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牠們去了哪裡？牠們在哪著陸？
牠們回到了同一顆樹。
05:47
Right back in the same tree.
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這太迷人了。
05:50
That's nuts.
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05:52
This is a bird the size
of a tennis ball --
of a tennis ball --
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這種鳥的體型只有網球大小。
05:55
I mean, that's crazy!
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我覺得，這太神奇了！
05:57
I used a GPS to get here today,
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我今天靠GPS導航才能來到這，
05:59
and this is my hometown.
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而且這還是在我的家鄉。
06:01
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:02
It's crazy.
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太不可思議了。
06:04
So what happens, then, when this bird
flies over the Gulf of Mexico
flies over the Gulf of Mexico
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所以，當這種鳥橫跨墨西哥灣，
06:08
into Central America for the winter
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進入美國中南部過冬，
06:09
and then the spring rolls around
and it flies back,
and it flies back,
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然後春天重返時，牠會再飛回來，
06:12
and it comes back to this:
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回來所看到的卻是這種景象：
06:15
a freshly sodded golf course?
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一個新鮮的草地高爾夫球場？
06:17
This is a narrative that's
all too commonly unraveling
all too commonly unraveling
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這種事情對於我們這個州來說，
06:20
here in this state.
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再尋常不過了。
06:21
And this is a natural process
that's occurred for thousands of years
that's occurred for thousands of years
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這一自然歷程存在數千年之久，
但我們最近才學會了解它。
06:25
and we're just now learning about it.
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06:26
So you can imagine all else we have
to learn about these landscapes
to learn about these landscapes
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所以你可以想像這片風景中
還有多少這樣的事情需要去了解，
還有多少這樣的事情需要去了解，
06:30
if we just preserve them first.
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但前提是我們要保護它們。
06:31
Now despite all this rich life
that abounds in these swamps,
that abounds in these swamps,
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現在雖然有如此豐富的物種
生活在沼澤中，
生活在沼澤中，
06:36
they still have a bad name.
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它們卻始終惡名昭彰。
06:38
Many people feel uncomfortable
with the idea of wading
with the idea of wading
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許多人想到自己跋涉在
佛羅里達的黑水河中時，
佛羅里達的黑水河中時，
他們會覺得不舒服。
06:42
into Florida's blackwater.
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06:44
I can understand that.
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我理解這種感受。
06:46
But what I loved about growing up
in the Sunshine State
in the Sunshine State
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但是在陽光之州長大的我，
喜歡這裡的原因是，
喜歡這裡的原因是，
06:49
is that for so many of us,
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我們之中的大多數人，
06:50
we live with this latent
but very palpable fear
but very palpable fear
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樂於與顯見的潛在恐懼
一同生活，
一同生活，
06:54
that when we put our toes into the water,
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當我們將腳趾深入水中，
06:56
there might be something much more ancient
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那裡可能存在著某些
比我們更加古老、
比我們更加古老、
06:59
and much more adapted than we are.
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比我們更加適應這個環境的生物。
07:02
Knowing that you're not top dog
is a welcomed discomfort, I think.
is a welcomed discomfort, I think.
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當你了解到自己並非這裡的主宰時，
這是非常難受和不安的。
這是非常難受和不安的。
在這個現代化、
城市化和數位化的時代，
城市化和數位化的時代，
07:08
How often in this modern
and urban and digital age
and urban and digital age
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07:11
do you actually get the chance
to feel vulnerable,
to feel vulnerable,
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你有多少機會去體驗脆弱感，
07:15
or consider that the world may not
have been made for just us?
have been made for just us?
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或者思考這個世界
未必是專為我們而建造的？
未必是專為我們而建造的？
07:19
So for the last decade,
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所以在過去的十年間，
07:21
I began seeking out these areas
where the concrete yields to forest
where the concrete yields to forest
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我在探尋從鋼筋叢林到真正的森林，
07:24
and the pines turn to cypress,
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從松樹林到柏木林的區域，
07:26
and I viewed all these
mosquitoes and reptiles,
mosquitoes and reptiles,
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然後我看遍了所有的蚊子和爬蟲類，
07:30
all these discomforts,
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所有這些讓人不舒服的生物，
07:31
as affirmations that I'd found
true wilderness,
true wilderness,
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我肯定我找到了真正的荒野，
07:35
and I embrace them wholly.
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我擁抱它們所有的一切。
07:37
Now as a conservation photographer
obsessed with blackwater,
obsessed with blackwater,
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身為一個著迷於黑水河的
環境保護攝影師，
環境保護攝影師，
07:41
it's only fitting that I'd
eventually end up
eventually end up
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我最終找到了唯一適合我的地方，
07:43
in the most famous swamp of all:
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也是所有的沼澤地中最著名的地方：
07:45
the Everglades.
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大沼澤地。
在佛羅里達長大，
07:47
Growing up here in North Central Florida,
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07:49
it always had these enchanted names,
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這裡總有一些充滿魔力的地名，
07:50
places like Loxahatchee and Fakahatchee,
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像洛克瑟哈和斐克瑟哈，
07:54
Corkscrew, Big Cypress.
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螺絲錐、大絲柏等。
07:56
I started what turned
into a five-year project
into a five-year project
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我開始了一個
後來耗時五年的計畫，
後來耗時五年的計畫，
07:59
to hopefully reintroduce
the Everglades in a new light,
the Everglades in a new light,
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希望以一種嶄新、
且更具啟發性的角度，
且更具啟發性的角度，
08:03
in a more inspired light.
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向世人重新介紹大沼澤地。
08:05
But I knew this would be a tall order,
because here you have an area
because here you have an area
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但我知道這會非常辛苦，因為這裡，
08:09
that's roughly a third the size
the state of Florida, it's huge.
the state of Florida, it's huge.
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大致有佛羅里達州的三分之一大，
它太大了。
它太大了。
08:12
And when I say Everglades,
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當我說到大沼澤地的時候，
08:13
most people are like,
"Oh, yeah, the national park."
"Oh, yeah, the national park."
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可能大部分人會說：
「哦，對，國家公園。」
「哦，對，國家公園。」
08:16
But the Everglades is not just a park;
it's an entire watershed,
it's an entire watershed,
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但是大沼澤地不僅僅是公園，
它是一整片流域，
它是一整片流域，
08:21
starting with the Kissimmee
chain of lakes in the north,
chain of lakes in the north,
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發源於北方湖泊的基西米河流域。
08:24
and then as the rains
would fall in the summer,
would fall in the summer,
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當夏天雨季來臨，
08:26
these downpours would flow
into Lake Okeechobee,
into Lake Okeechobee,
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傾盆大雨注入奧科喬比湖，
08:28
and Lake Okeechobee would fill up
and it would overflow its banks
and it would overflow its banks
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奧科喬比湖水滿漲時會漫過堤岸，
08:32
and spill southward, ever slowly,
with the topography,
with the topography,
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順著地勢緩慢向南方流去，
08:35
and get into the river of grass,
the Sawgrass Prairies,
the Sawgrass Prairies,
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最後進入青草之湖
索格拉斯大草原，
索格拉斯大草原，
08:38
before meting into the cypress slews,
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之後再進入大片松柏林，
08:40
until going further south
into the mangrove swamps,
into the mangrove swamps,
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然後一直向北方蔓延
流入紅樹林沼澤，
流入紅樹林沼澤，
08:42
and then finally -- finally --
reaching Florida Bay,
reaching Florida Bay,
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最終抵達佛羅里達灣，
08:46
the emerald gem of the Everglades,
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猶如大沼澤地上的祖母綠寶石，
08:48
the great estuary,
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這片壯闊的港灣，
08:49
the 850 square-mile estuary.
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有著850平方英里。
08:52
So sure, the national park
is the southern end of this system,
is the southern end of this system,
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所以可以確定的是，國家公園只是
這整個系統的最南端，
這整個系統的最南端，
08:56
but all the things that make it unique
are these inputs that come in,
are these inputs that come in,
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但是讓它變得與眾不同的是，
那些從100英里外的北方
奔騰而至的淡水。
奔騰而至的淡水。
09:00
the fresh water that starts
100 miles north.
100 miles north.
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09:02
So no manner of these political
or invisible boundaries
or invisible boundaries
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沒有政策或是那些看不見的約束
09:06
protect the park from polluted water
or insufficient water.
or insufficient water.
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可以保護公園遠離水汙染或乾旱。
09:11
And unfortunately, that's precisely
what we've done.
what we've done.
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所以不幸的是，會有這樣的結果
也是我們造成的。
也是我們造成的。
過去60年中，
09:14
Over the last 60 years,
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09:16
we have drained, we have dammed,
we have dredged the Everglades
we have dredged the Everglades
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我們泄水、築垻、挖掘大沼澤地，
09:19
to where now only one third of the water
that used to reach the bay
that used to reach the bay
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以至於現在抵達佛羅里達灣的水量，
只有過去的三分之一。
09:23
now reaches the bay today.
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2007
09:26
So this story is not all sunshine
and rainbows, unfortunately.
and rainbows, unfortunately.
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所以不幸的是，
這個故事不全是陽光和彩虹
這個故事不全是陽光和彩虹
無論好壞與否，
09:30
For better or for worse,
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1886
09:32
the story of the Everglades
is intrinsically tied
is intrinsically tied
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大沼澤地的故事，
本質上與人類和大自然關係的起伏好壞
09:36
to the peaks and the valleys
of mankind's relationship
of mankind's relationship
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09:39
with the natural world.
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是緊密相連的。
09:41
But I'll show you
these beautiful pictures,
these beautiful pictures,
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但是我要給你們展示一些美麗的照片，
09:43
because it gets you on board.
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因為這樣才能讓你們進入狀態。
09:44
And while I have your attention,
I can tell you the real story.
I can tell you the real story.
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當你們的注意力被吸引過來時，
我將告訴你們真正的故事。
我將告訴你們真正的故事。
09:47
It's that we're taking this,
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我們最初看到的是這樣，
09:49
and we're trading it for this,
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但我們以驚人的速度
把它變成了這番景象。
把它變成了這番景象。
09:52
at an alarming rate.
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很多人沒有意識到的是
09:55
And what's lost on so many people
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09:57
is the sheer scale
of which we're discussing.
of which we're discussing.
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我們正在探討的範圍有多麼大。
09:59
Because the Everglades is not just
responsible for the drinking water
responsible for the drinking water
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因為大沼澤地所承載的不僅僅是
為七百萬佛羅里達居民提供飲用水；
10:03
for 7 million Floridians;
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10:05
today it also provides
the agricultural fields
the agricultural fields
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現在它還灌溉大量農田，
10:07
for the year-round tomatoes and oranges
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以全年種植番茄和橘子，
10:10
for over 300 million Americans.
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供應超過三億美國人。
同樣的夏季季節性洪水，
10:14
And it's that same seasonal pulse
of water in the summer
of water in the summer
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10:17
that built the river of grass
6,000 years ago.
6,000 years ago.
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在六千年前形成了青草之河。
諷刺的是，今天它同樣
承載著超過50萬英畝、
承載著超過50萬英畝、
10:22
Ironically, today, it's also responsible
for the over half a million acres
for the over half a million acres
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10:26
of the endless river of sugarcane.
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一望無際的甘蔗田之河。
這也意味著在同樣
這片土地和流域中，
這片土地和流域中，
10:29
These are the same fields
that are responsible
that are responsible
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10:32
for dumping exceedingly high levels
of fertilizers into the watershed,
of fertilizers into the watershed,
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4024
施用了極為過量的肥料，
10:36
forever changing the system.
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2163
且永遠改變了這裡的生態系統。
10:38
But in order for you to not just
understand how this system works,
understand how this system works,
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為了讓你們不僅僅是了解
這一系統如何運作，
這一系統如何運作，
10:41
but to also get personally
connected to it,
connected to it,
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同樣能與它產生更切身的聯繫，
10:44
I decided to break the story down
into several different narratives.
into several different narratives.
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我決定把故事打亂
放進幾段不同的故事中。
放進幾段不同的故事中。
10:47
And I wanted that story to start
in Lake Okeechobee,
in Lake Okeechobee,
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我想從奧科喬湖比開始我們的故事，
10:50
the beating heart of the Everglade system.
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它是大沼澤地生態系統裡
跳動的心臟。
跳動的心臟。
10:52
And to do that, I picked an ambassador,
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為了這樣做，我挑選了一個親善大使，
10:55
an iconic species.
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一種標誌性的生物。
10:57
This is the Everglade snail kite.
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1992
牠是大沼澤地食螺鳶。
一種非常漂亮的鳥，
10:59
It's a great bird,
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1246
11:00
and they used to nest in the thousands,
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1874
牠們以前的數量成千上萬，
11:02
thousands in the northern Everglades.
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1803
在沼澤地的北方。
11:04
And then they've gone down
to about 400 nesting pairs today.
to about 400 nesting pairs today.
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可現在牠們的數量
已經下降到大約400對左右。
已經下降到大約400對左右。
11:08
And why is that?
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為什麼會這樣？
11:09
Well, it's because they eat
one source of food, an apple snail,
one source of food, an apple snail,
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因為牠們食物單一，只吃蘋果螺，
11:12
about the size of a ping-pong ball,
an aquatic gastropod.
an aquatic gastropod.
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一種大小如乒乓球的水生腹足動物。
11:16
So as we started damming up
the Everglades,
the Everglades,
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3225
所以當我們開始排乾大沼澤地時，
11:19
as we started diking Lake Okeechobee
and draining the wetlands,
and draining the wetlands,
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3477
當我們疏導奧科喬比湖
並排乾濕地時，
並排乾濕地時，
11:22
we lost the habitat for the snail.
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2112
我們毀掉了螺類的棲息地。
11:25
And thus, the population
of the kites declined.
of the kites declined.
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2792
因此，食螺鳶的數量隨之下降。
11:28
And so, I wanted a photo that would
not only communicate this relationship
not only communicate this relationship
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因此，我想要拍的照片
不僅僅是表達這種
不僅僅是表達這種
11:31
between wetland, snail and bird,
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濕地、螺類與鳥類的關係，
11:35
but I also wanted a photo
that would communicate
that would communicate
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2249
而且我還希望照片中能表達
11:37
how incredible this relationship was,
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2794
這種關係的不可思議性，
11:40
and how very important it is
that they've come to depend on each other,
that they've come to depend on each other,
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4156
和牠們之間的相互依存性，
對於健康的濕地和鳥類來說
是多麼重要。
是多麼重要。
11:44
this healthy wetland and this bird.
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1667
11:46
And to do that, I brainstormed this idea.
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1972
為此，我想到了這個辦法。
11:48
I started sketching
out these plans to make a photo,
out these plans to make a photo,
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3238
我開始起草了這個拍攝計劃，
11:51
and I sent it to the wildlife biologist
down in Okeechobee --
down in Okeechobee --
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2887
並把它傳給一名
在奧基喬比野生生物學家，
在奧基喬比野生生物學家，
11:54
this is an endangered bird,
so it takes special permission to do.
so it takes special permission to do.
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這是一種瀕臨滅亡的鳥類
所有需要特別許可才行。
所有需要特別許可才行。
11:57
So I built this submerged platform
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所有我製造了一個沉在水中的平台
11:59
that would hold snails
just right under the water.
just right under the water.
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2482
這樣就會把蘋果螺固定到水下。
12:01
And I spent months planning
this crazy idea.
this crazy idea.
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我花了幾個月的時間
去籌備這個瘋狂的計劃。
去籌備這個瘋狂的計劃。
12:06
And I took this platform
down to Lake Okeechobee
down to Lake Okeechobee
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我把這個平台放入奧科喬比湖，
12:09
and I spent over a week in the water,
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並在水裡待了一個多星期，
12:11
wading waist-deep,
9-hour shifts from dawn until dusk,
9-hour shifts from dawn until dusk,
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水深及腰，從拂曉到黃昏
九個小時的移動，
九個小時的移動，
12:14
to get one image that I thought
might communicate this.
might communicate this.
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只為拍下一張能表達
我的構想的照片。
我的構想的照片。
12:18
And here's the day that it finally worked:
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這是我最終得償所願的那天。
12:20
[Video: (Mac Stone narrating)
After setting up the platform,
After setting up the platform,
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影片：（史東旁白）
「平台佈置好後，
「平台佈置好後，
12:23
I look off and I see a kite
coming over the cattails.
coming over the cattails.
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我注視著它，
然後我看到有一隻鳶飛過香蒲。
然後我看到有一隻鳶飛過香蒲。
12:25
And I see him scanning and searching.
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牠一直在掃視和搜尋著。
12:27
And he gets right over the trap,
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當牠越過這個陷阱後，
12:29
and I see that he's seen it.
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我看到牠有所察覺。
12:30
And he beelines,
he goes straight for the trap.
he goes straight for the trap.
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然後牠直奔陷阱而去。
12:33
And in that moment,
all those months of planning, waiting,
all those months of planning, waiting,
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在那一刻，這數月來的籌劃、等待，
12:36
all the sunburn, mosquito bites --
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以及所有的曬傷和蚊蟲叮咬，
12:38
suddenly, they're all worth it.
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瞬間，都值得了。」
12:41
(Mac Stone in film) Oh my gosh,
I can't believe it!]
I can't believe it!]
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（史東在影片中說道：）
「天啊，我簡直不敢相信！」
「天啊，我簡直不敢相信！」
你們可以想像當時的我有多麼激動。
12:45
You can believe how excited I was
when that happened.
when that happened.
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12:48
But what the idea was,
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但是這個計劃是針對那些
12:49
is that for someone
who's never seen this bird
who's never seen this bird
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從未見過這種鳥、
12:51
and has no reason to care about it,
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也沒有任何理由去關心這種鳥的人，
12:53
these photos, these new perspectives,
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這些照片、這些新的認知，
12:56
will help shed a little new light
on just one species
on just one species
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將提供一個新的視角，
單單一個物種
單單一個物種
12:59
that makes this watershed
so incredible, so valuable, so important.
so incredible, so valuable, so important.
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就讓這片流域變得如此不可思議，
如此珍貴和重要。
如此珍貴和重要。
我知道，我不能來到蓋文斯維爾，
13:04
Now, I know I can't come
here to Gainesville
here to Gainesville
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13:07
and talk to you about animals
in the Everglades
in the Everglades
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跟大家談大沼澤地裡的野生動物時，
13:09
without talking about gators.
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卻沒提到短吻鱷。
13:11
I love gators, I grew up loving gators.
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我愛短吻鱷，從小到大一直都愛著。
13:14
My parents always said I had
an unhealthy relationship with gators.
an unhealthy relationship with gators.
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我的父母常說
我和短吻鱷有不正常的關係。
我和短吻鱷有不正常的關係。
13:17
But what I like about them is,
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785801
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但我喜歡牠們的原因是，
13:19
they're like the freshwater
equivalent of sharks.
equivalent of sharks.
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牠們和鯊魚一樣喜愛淡水。
13:21
They're feared, they're hated,
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人們恐懼牠、厭惡牠，
13:23
and they are tragically misunderstood.
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牠們一直悲慘地被誤解。
13:26
Because these are a unique species,
they're not just apex predators.
they're not just apex predators.
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因為牠們是一種獨特的生物，
而不僅僅是頂尖的獵食者。
而不僅僅是頂尖的獵食者。
13:30
In the Everglades,
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在大沼澤地，
13:31
they are the very architects
of the Everglades,
of the Everglades,
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牠們是大沼澤地出色的建築師，
13:34
because as the water drops
down in the winter
down in the winter
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因為當冬季水位下降，
13:36
during the dry season,
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進入枯水期，
13:37
they start excavating these holes
called gator holes.
called gator holes.
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3022
牠們開始挖掘短吻鱷洞穴。
13:40
And they do this because
as the water drops down,
as the water drops down,
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牠們這樣做的原因是
當水位下降，
當水位下降，
13:42
they'll be able to stay wet
and they'll be able to forage.
and they'll be able to forage.
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810735
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我們依然可以保持潮濕
而且牠們可以覓食。
而且牠們可以覓食。
當然，這不止造福牠們，
13:46
And now this isn't just affecting them,
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814645
2319
13:48
other animals also depend
on this relationship,
on this relationship,
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其他的動物也依賴這種關係，
13:51
so they become a keystone species as well.
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2678
所以牠們成了一種關鍵性的生物。
13:54
So how do you make an apex predator,
an ancient reptile,
an ancient reptile,
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822677
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所以這些頂尖獵食者、
古老的爬行生物，
古老的爬行生物，
13:58
at once look like it dominates the system,
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826936
2478
乍看之下，好像主宰著這一生態系統，
14:01
but at the same time, look vulnerable?
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829438
2443
但同時，要怎麼讓牠們
看起來也是弱勢的一群？
看起來也是弱勢的一群？
14:04
Well, you wade into a pit
of about 120 of them,
of about 120 of them,
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832706
4043
好吧，不然你進去一個
有120隻短吻鱷的坑試試，
有120隻短吻鱷的坑試試，
14:08
then you hope that you've made
the right decision.
the right decision.
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2406
之後你會希望自己做出了正確的決定。
14:11
(Laughter)
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839203
1764
（笑聲）
14:13
I still have all my fingers, it's cool.
309
841955
1960
我的手指都還在，這很酷。
14:16
But I understand, I know
I'm not going to rally you guys,
I'm not going to rally you guys,
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844677
2702
但我知道，我並沒要慫恿你們，
14:19
I'm not going to rally the troops to
"Save the Everglades for the gators!"
"Save the Everglades for the gators!"
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我不是在對你們宣揚說：
「為了短吻鱷去拯救大沼澤地吧！」
「為了短吻鱷去拯救大沼澤地吧！」
14:23
It won't happen because
they're so ubiquitous,
they're so ubiquitous,
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851037
2198
這不可能發生，
因為牠們活得很好，
因為牠們活得很好，
現在我們到處都可以看見牠們，
14:25
we see them now,
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853259
1151
14:26
they're one of the great conservation
success stories of the US.
success stories of the US.
314
854434
3342
牠們是美國環境保護的成功典範。
14:29
But there is one species in the Everglades
that no matter who you are,
that no matter who you are,
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857800
3326
但大沼澤地裡有一種生物
無論你是誰，
無論你是誰，
都不禁會關愛牠，那就是玫瑰琵鷺。
14:33
you can't help but love, too,
and that's the roseate spoonbill.
and that's the roseate spoonbill.
316
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3079
14:36
These birds are great, but they've had
a really tough time in the Everglades,
a really tough time in the Everglades,
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864253
3631
這種鳥極其美麗，但是牠們
在大沼澤的生存卻極其艱難，
在大沼澤的生存卻極其艱難，
14:39
because they started out with thousands
of nesting pairs in Florida Bay,
of nesting pairs in Florida Bay,
318
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3466
因為牠們最初在佛羅里達灣
有數以千計的數量，
有數以千計的數量，
14:43
and at the turn of the 20th century,
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871398
2063
但到了20世紀，
14:45
they got down to two -- two nesting pairs.
320
873485
3592
卻僅剩二——兩對。
14:49
And why?
321
877101
1164
為什麼？
因為女人認為這種鳥
在她們帽子上
在她們帽子上
14:50
That's because women thought
they looked better on their hats
they looked better on their hats
322
878681
2896
14:53
then they did flying in the sky.
323
881601
2013
比飛在天上更好看。
於是我們禁止了羽毛裝飾，
14:56
Then we banned the plume trade,
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884324
2409
14:58
and their numbers started rebounding.
325
886757
2118
所以牠們的數量開始回升。
15:00
And as their numbers started rebounding,
326
888899
2025
當牠們的數量開始回升後，
15:02
scientists began to pay attention,
327
890948
1739
科學家開始注意到這種鳥類，
15:04
they started studying these birds.
328
892711
1713
他們開始研究。
15:06
And what they found out is that
329
894448
1485
他們的研究發現，
15:07
these birds' behavior
is intrinsically tied
is intrinsically tied
330
895957
2158
這些鳥的行為，
15:10
to the annual draw-down
cycle of water in the Everglades,
cycle of water in the Everglades,
331
898139
2918
本質上與大沼澤地每年水位下降，
15:13
the thing that defines
the Everglades watershed.
the Everglades watershed.
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901081
2679
及流域一切的循環週期息息相關，
他們發現，
15:16
What they found out is that
333
904291
1537
15:17
these birds started nesting in the winter
as the water drew down,
as the water drew down,
334
905852
3068
這種鳥在冬天水位下降時開始築巢，
15:20
because they're tactile feeders,
so they have to touch whatever they eat.
so they have to touch whatever they eat.
335
908944
3580
因為牠們是感知型的進食動物，
所以牠們必須觸碰食物。
所以牠們必須觸碰食物。
15:24
And so they wait for these
concentrated pools of fish
concentrated pools of fish
336
912548
3098
所以牠們會等待這些濃縮後的魚池，
15:27
to be able to feed enough
to feed their young.
to feed their young.
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915670
2397
這樣牠們才有足夠的食物哺育雛鳥。
15:30
So these birds became the very icon
of the Everglades --
of the Everglades --
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918877
2989
所以這種鳥成了大沼澤地的象徵——
15:33
an indicator species
of the overall health of the system.
of the overall health of the system.
339
921890
3492
一種顯示著整個生態系統
是否健康的風向指標性生物。
是否健康的風向指標性生物。
15:37
And just as their numbers were rebounding
in the mid-20th century --
in the mid-20th century --
340
925406
3207
牠們數量一直回升到二十世紀中葉——
15:40
shooting up to 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200 --
341
928637
4649
數量上升到 900、
1000、1100、1200，
1000、1100、1200，
15:45
just as that started happening, we started
draining the southern Everglades.
draining the southern Everglades.
342
933310
3756
數量開始回升的時候，
我們開始排乾南部的大沼澤地。
我們開始排乾南部的大沼澤地。
15:49
And we stopped two-thirds
of that water from moving south.
of that water from moving south.
343
937090
3504
我們阻斷了三分之二
流向北部的水。
流向北部的水。
15:52
And it had drastic consequences.
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940618
2499
而這造成了巨大的影響。
15:55
And just as those numbers
started reaching their peak,
started reaching their peak,
345
943584
2614
就當這種鳥的數量達到頂峰時，
15:58
unfortunately, today,
the real spoonbill story,
the real spoonbill story,
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946222
3073
非常不幸的是，今天，
真實的玫瑰琵鷺，
真實的玫瑰琵鷺，
16:01
the real photo of what it looks like
is more something like this.
is more something like this.
347
949319
4617
真正關於牠們生存現狀的照片
卻是這樣的。
卻是這樣的。
今天佛羅里達灣僅有不到70對琵鷺，
16:07
And we're down to less than 70
nesting pairs in Florida Bay today,
nesting pairs in Florida Bay today,
348
955007
4616
16:11
because we've disrupted
the system so much.
the system so much.
349
959647
2544
因為我們將這一生態系統破壞殆盡。
16:14
So all these different organizations
are shouting, they're screaming,
are shouting, they're screaming,
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962215
3251
所以所有的環保組織
都在吶喊，都在高呼：
都在吶喊，都在高呼：
16:17
"The Everglades is fragile! It's fragile!"
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965490
2015
「大沼澤地岌岌可危！岌岌可危！」
16:19
It is not.
352
967529
1151
並不是的，
16:20
It is resilient.
353
968704
1550
它是可以恢復的。
16:22
Because despite all we've taken,
despite all we've done and we've drained
despite all we've done and we've drained
354
970278
3492
因為無論我們掠奪多少，
無論我們對它做過什麼，
無論我們對它做過什麼，
16:25
and we've dammed and we've dredged it,
355
973794
1839
無論我們排乾、築珼或是挖掘，
16:27
pieces of it are still here,
waiting to be put back together.
waiting to be put back together.
356
975657
2896
那些殘留仍然在這，
等待我們將其復原。
等待我們將其復原。
16:30
And this is what I've loved
about South Florida,
about South Florida,
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978577
2254
這就是我熱愛南佛羅里達的原因。
16:32
that in one place, you have
this unstoppable force of mankind
this unstoppable force of mankind
358
980855
3774
在這，人們有著無法阻擋的魄力，
16:36
meeting the immovable object
of tropical nature.
of tropical nature.
359
984653
3435
去接觸那些熱情自然裡
無法撼動的事物。
無法撼動的事物。
16:40
And it's at this new frontier
that we are forced with a new appraisal.
that we are forced with a new appraisal.
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988973
3840
在這片新的疆域
我們被迫重新審視。
我們被迫重新審視。
16:44
What is wilderness worth?
361
992837
1683
荒野有什麼價值？
16:47
What is the value of biodiversity,
or our drinking water?
or our drinking water?
362
995119
3094
生物多樣性和飲用水的價值是什麼？
幸運的是，經過數十年思考。
16:51
And fortunately, after decades of debate,
363
999195
2433
16:53
we're finally starting to act
on those questions.
on those questions.
364
1001652
2967
我們終於開始踐行這些問題。
16:56
We're slowly undertaking these projects
365
1004643
2357
我們開逐漸實行這些計劃
16:59
to bring more freshwater back to the bay.
366
1007024
2496
將更多的淡水注入海灣。
17:01
But it's up to us as citizens,
as residents, as stewards
as residents, as stewards
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1009544
3655
但這取決於我們，
作為公民，作為居民，作為管理者，
作為公民，作為居民，作為管理者，
17:05
to hold our elected officials
to their promises.
to their promises.
368
1013223
2955
去監督我們選出的官員
能履行他們的承諾。
能履行他們的承諾。
你能幫什麼呢？
17:09
What can you do to help?
369
1017154
1833
17:11
It's so easy.
370
1019011
1255
非常簡單。
17:12
Just get outside, get out there.
371
1020290
1968
只要走出去，走出戶外。
17:14
Take your friends out, take your kids out,
372
1022282
2031
帶著你朋友，帶著你的孩子，
17:16
take your family out.
373
1024337
1575
帶上你的家人一起走出去。
17:17
Hire a fishing guide.
374
1025936
1662
雇一個釣魚顧問。
17:19
Show the state that protecting wilderness
375
1027622
1983
讓政府看到保護荒野
17:21
not only makes ecological sense,
but economic sense as well.
but economic sense as well.
376
1029629
4087
不僅僅是生態上合理，
在經濟上也合理。
在經濟上也合理。
那很有趣，做就對了，
把你的腳伸入水中吧！
把你的腳伸入水中吧！
17:26
It's a lot of fun, just do it --
put your feet in the water.
put your feet in the water.
377
1034288
3327
17:29
The swamp will change you, I promise.
378
1037639
2514
我保證，沼澤會改變你的。
過去的這些年，
17:33
Over the years, we've been so generous
379
1041351
1872
17:35
with these other landscapes
around the country,
around the country,
380
1043247
3070
我們對國內的其它風景如此慷慨，
17:38
cloaking them with this American pride,
381
1046341
2821
將它們擁簇成美國之光，
17:41
places that we now consider to define us:
382
1049186
2371
那些代表美國的地方：
17:43
Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Yellowstone.
383
1051581
3125
大峽谷、優勝美地國家公園、
黃石公園。
黃石公園。
17:46
And we use these parks
and these natural areas
and these natural areas
384
1054730
2409
我用這些國家公園和自然區域
17:49
as beacons and as cultural compasses.
385
1057163
3243
作為美國的燈塔和文化指南。
可悲的是，大沼澤地
17:53
And sadly, the Everglades is very commonly
386
1061184
2045
17:55
left out of that conversation.
387
1063253
1916
常常被人們所遺忘。
17:57
But I believe it's every bit
as iconic and emblematic
as iconic and emblematic
388
1065600
2508
但我相信它至少是一種經典和象徵，
18:00
of who we are as a country
389
1068132
1873
象徵著我們整個國家，
18:02
as any of these other wildernesses.
390
1070029
2501
也像其它的荒野一樣。
18:04
It's just a different kind of wild.
391
1072554
2487
只不過是另一種與眾不同的荒野。
但是我很欣慰，
18:08
But I'm encouraged,
392
1076057
1327
18:09
because maybe we're finally
starting to come around,
starting to come around,
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因為或許我們終於明白，
18:12
because what was once deemed
this swampy wasteland,
this swampy wasteland,
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因為那個曾被人視為沼澤的濕地，
18:14
today is a World Heritage site.
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今天已經成了世界自然遺產。
18:17
It's a wetland
of international importance.
of international importance.
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它是世界級重要的濕地。
過去的六十年我們有所進展。
18:20
And we've come a long way
in the last 60 years.
in the last 60 years.
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2803
18:23
And as the world's largest and most
ambitious wetland restoration project,
ambitious wetland restoration project,
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4394
作為世界上最龐大
且最富雄心的濕地復原計劃，
且最富雄心的濕地復原計劃，
18:27
the international spotlight
is on us in the Sunshine State.
is on us in the Sunshine State.
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全世界的目光
都聚焦在我們陽光之州。
都聚焦在我們陽光之州。
18:32
Because if we can heal this system,
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因為如果我們能修復這個生態系統，
18:34
it's going to become an icon
for wetland restoration
for wetland restoration
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3449
它將成為一個全球性的
濕地修復典範。
18:37
all over the world.
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1365
18:40
But it's up to us to decide which legacy
we want to attach our flag to.
we want to attach our flag to.
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但這一切都取決於哪一項遺產
是我們想要印入旗幟的。
是我們想要印入旗幟的。
18:45
They say that the Everglades
is our greatest test.
is our greatest test.
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他們說保護大沼澤地
是我們最偉大的考驗。
是我們最偉大的考驗。
18:49
If we pass it, we get to keep the planet.
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如果我們通過了，
我們就是在保護地球。
我們就是在保護地球。
我喜歡這段話，
18:53
I love that quote,
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1403
18:54
because it's a challenge, it's a prod.
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2033
因為這是一項挑戰，是一種激勵。
18:57
Can we do it? Will we do it?
408
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1879
我們能做到嗎？我們願意去做嗎？
18:58
We have to, we must.
409
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1739
我們必須這樣。
19:01
But the Everglades is not just a test.
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1965
因為大沼澤地並非只是一次考驗。
19:03
It's also a gift,
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1619
它也是一件禮物，
19:05
and ultimately, our responsibility.
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而最終，是你我的義務。
19:08
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
19:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mac Stone - PhotographerFlorida-based photographer Mac Stone specializes in documenting the Everglades, an area he prizes for its wildlife and flora.
Why you should listen
Mac Stone is a conservation photographer from Gainesville, Florida. Growing up exploring the springs, swamps, and hammocks of North Central Florida, he developed a passion for photography at a young age.
Over the years his camera has carried him to some of the most remote and imperiled areas this side of the globe. For six months, Stone lived in Ecuador during the presidential overthrow of 2005 and worked with Wildlife Conservation Society biologists in the Amazon rainforest. Soon after, he moved to Honduras and lived in a small village along the Cangrejal River. For two years he taught photography to underprivileged youth as a way to raise environmental awareness in the region. Some of the students have gone on to win international acclaim and start up their own eco-tourism businesses. Through photography, Stone strives to start new conversations and expose the dynamic relationship between mankind and the natural world.
Currently, his work focuses on America's swamps in an attempt to change public opinion towards our country’s wetlands. After spending five years living and working in the Everglades watershed, he will be releasing a 304-page coffee table book about the heralded River of Grass. Everglades: America's Wetland, published by University Press of Florida in October 2014 has won a silver medal with the Florida Book Awards and is now in its second printing.
Mac Stone | Speaker | TED.com