TED2006
Clifford Stoll: The call to learn
Clifford Stoll on ... 無所不談
Filmed:
Readability: 3.5
3,213,274 views
Clifford Stoll 用一個又一個狂野有活力的軼事、觀察、演說甚至是科學實驗深深的擄獲他的聽眾，當然，用他對自我的評價：我是一位科學家。"當我正在著手一件事情時，我已經在想下一件事情了"。
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skeptic
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles. Full bio
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm delighted to be here.
0
0
2000
我非常高興來到這裡。
00:14
I'm honored by the invitation, and thanks.
1
2000
3000
受到邀請我感到非常榮幸，謝謝。
00:17
I would love to talk about stuff that I'm interested in,
2
5000
3000
我想談論一些我感興趣的事情，
00:20
but unfortunately, I suspect that what I'm interested in
3
8000
2000
但遺憾的是我猜測大多數的人，
00:22
won't interest many other people.
4
10000
3000
不會對這些事情感興趣。
00:25
First off, my badge says I'm an astronomer.
5
13000
2000
首先，識別證上說我是位天文學家。
00:27
I would love to talk about my astronomy,
6
15000
2000
我很想談論我的天文學，
00:29
but I suspect that the number of people who are interested in radiative transfer
7
17000
3000
不過我懷疑對輻射轉移、
00:32
in non-gray atmospheres
8
20000
2000
非灰色大氣層、
00:34
and polarization of light in Jupiter's upper atmosphere
9
22000
2000
和木星上層大氣層的光偏振感興趣的人數
00:36
are the number of people who'd fit in a bus shelter.
10
24000
2000
是不是足夠塞滿一整個公車候車站。
00:38
So I'm not going to talk about that.
11
26000
2000
所以，我不打算去談那些。
00:40
(Laughter)
12
28000
2000
（笑聲）
00:42
It would be just as much fun
13
30000
2000
有件值得一提的趣事，
00:44
to talk about some stuff that happened in 1986 and 1987,
14
32000
3000
一件發生在1986和1987的事情，
00:47
when a computer hacker is breaking into our systems
15
35000
3000
當時有個電腦駭客正在入侵我們的電腦系統
00:50
over at Lawrence Berkeley Labs.
16
38000
2000
嘗試駭進我們在羅倫斯‧柏克萊（Lawrence Berkeley）的實驗室。
00:52
And I caught the guys,
17
40000
2000
然後我抓到了那些人，
00:54
and they turned out to be working for what was then the Soviet KGB,
18
42000
4000
發現原來他們正在替前蘇聯國家安全委員會（情報單位）工作，
00:58
and stealing information and selling it.
19
46000
2000
他們竊取資料，並兜售它們。
01:00
And I'd love to talk about that -- and it'd be fun --
20
48000
4000
我很想說說那件事情──而且一定會很有趣──
01:04
but, 20 years later ...
21
52000
3000
但是，20年後‧‧‧
01:07
I find computer security, frankly, to be kind of boring.
22
55000
2000
我發現電腦安全這個領域，老實說，有點無聊。
01:09
It's tedious.
23
57000
2000
非常的乏善可陳。
01:11
I'm --
24
59000
1000
我‧‧‧
01:12
The first time you do something, it's science.
25
60000
3000
當你第一次做一件事情的時候，它就像是一門科學。
01:16
The second time, it's engineering.
26
64000
3000
第二次做時，它就變成了一項工程。
01:19
A third time, it's just being a technician.
27
67000
3000
第三次時，你就只是個技術員。
01:22
I'm a scientist. Once I do something, I do something else.
28
70000
3000
我是一位科學家。當我正在著手一件事情時，我已經在想下一件事情了。
01:25
So, I'm not going to talk about that.
29
73000
2000
所以，我不打算去談那些。（關於駭客的事情）
01:27
Nor am I going to talk about what I think are obvious statements from my first book,
30
75000
7000
我也不會去談論那些在我第一本書（Silicon Snake Oil）裡頭我認為很明顯的論點，
01:34
"Silicon Snake Oil," or my second book,
31
82000
3000
或者我的第二本書，
01:38
nor am I going to talk about
32
86000
2000
我也不會去說明
01:40
why I believe computers don't belong in schools.
33
88000
2000
為什麼我會堅持電腦不應該出現在校園。
01:43
I feel that there's a massive and bizarre idea going around
34
91000
4000
我覺得有個具有巨大影響力且奇怪的想法正在蔓延
01:47
that we have to bring more computers into schools.
35
95000
4000
那就是我們要在學校中設立更多電腦。
01:51
My idea is: no! No!
36
99000
2000
我的想法是：錯！錯！
01:53
Get them out of schools, and keep them out of schools.
37
101000
4000
讓那些電腦遠離學校，讓它們離校園遠遠的。
01:57
And I'd love to talk about this,
38
105000
2000
雖然我會想討論這個議題，
01:59
but I think the argument is so obvious to anyone who's hung around a fourth grade classroom
39
107000
5000
不過我認為我的論點對於任何一個上過小學四年級的人來說，是如此明顯的
02:04
that it doesn't need much talking about --
40
112000
4000
以至於我不需要過多的描述──
02:08
but I guess I may be very wrong about that,
41
116000
2000
不過我猜想我在這上面的觀點可能是錯的離譜，
02:10
and everything else that I've said.
42
118000
1000
甚至我以上所說的可能全都是錯的。
02:11
So don't go back and read my dissertation.
43
119000
2000
所以也不需要回頭去讀我的論文。
02:13
It probably has lies in it as well.
44
121000
2000
也許當中也有著錯誤的訊息。
02:15
Having said that, I outlined my talk about five minutes ago.
45
123000
4000
說到這，剛剛五分鐘前我把我的演說列了幾個項目。
02:19
(Laughter)
46
127000
3000
（笑聲）
02:22
And if you look at it over here,
47
130000
2000
然後假如你看這裡，
02:24
the main thing I wrote on my thumb was the future.
48
132000
3000
寫在我大拇指上，最重要的東西未來。
02:27
I'm supposed to talk about the future, yes?
49
135000
3000
我應該要討論一下未來，對嗎？
02:30
Oh, right. And my feeling is, asking me to talk about the future is bizarre,
50
138000
7000
噢，對。我的感覺是，要我去談論未來會有點奇怪。
02:37
because I've got gray hair,
51
145000
2000
因為我已經滿頭白髮了，
02:39
and so, it's kind of silly for me to talk about the future.
52
147000
6000
所以對我來說，要我去討論未來是一件很蠢的事情。
02:45
In fact, I think that if you really want to know what the future's going to be,
53
153000
4000
事實上，我認為如果你真的想知道未來會變成什麼樣，
02:49
if you really want to know about the future,
54
157000
2000
如果你真的想要知道關於未來的一切，
02:51
don't ask a technologist, a scientist, a physicist.
55
159000
4000
不要去問工程師、科學家、物理學家。
02:55
No! Don't ask somebody who's writing code.
56
163000
4000
不！不要去問那些寫程式碼的傢伙。
03:02
No, if you want to know what society's going to be like in 20 years,
57
170000
5000
如果你想知道20年後的社會會變成什麼樣子，
03:07
ask a kindergarten teacher.
58
175000
2000
去問幼稚園老師。
03:09
They know.
59
177000
3000
他們知道。
03:12
In fact, don't ask just any kindergarten teacher,
60
180000
3000
事實上，也不要隨便抓一個幼稚園老師來問。
03:15
ask an experienced one.
61
183000
2000
問有經驗的幼稚園老師。
03:17
They're the ones who know what society is going to be like in another generation.
62
185000
4000
他們就是那個知道下一代的社會會變成什麼樣子的人。
03:21
I don't. Nor, I suspect,
63
189000
2000
不是我，我猜測也不會是那些，
03:23
do many other people who are talking about what the future will bring.
64
191000
3000
那些在談論未來會變怎樣的人。
03:26
Certainly, all of us can imagine these cool new things
65
194000
4000
當然啦，我們所有人都可以想像這些超酷的新事物
03:30
that are going to be there.
66
198000
1000
那些將要出現的新事物。
03:31
But to me, things aren't the future.
67
199000
4000
但是對我來說，新事物並不等於未來。
03:35
What I ask myself is, what's society is going to be like,
68
203000
3000
我問我自己的是，當現今的小孩們厲害熟練地傳著簡訊
03:38
when the kids today are phenomenally good at text messaging
69
206000
6000
並且花很多時間待在電腦螢幕前，
03:44
and spend a huge amount of on-screen time,
70
212000
3000
卻從未一起去打過保齡球，
03:47
but have never gone bowling together?
71
215000
5000
未來將會變成什麼樣？
03:53
Change is happening, and the change that is happening
72
221000
3000
改變正在發生，而且那些正在發生的改變
03:56
is not one that is in software.
73
224000
2000
不是存在於電腦軟體裡的那些。
03:59
But that's not what I'm going to talk about.
74
227000
1000
但是那不是我要說的。
04:00
I'd love to talk about it, it'd be fun,
75
228000
3000
我很想要講那個，那樣一定會很有趣，
04:03
but I want to talk about what I'm doing now. What am I doing now?
76
231000
3000
但是我想要說說關於我正在做的事情，我正在做什麼？
04:06
Oh -- the other thing that I think I'd like to talk about
77
234000
2000
噢──另一件我想談論的事情
04:08
is right over here. Right over here.
78
236000
3000
在這裡。就在這裡。
04:12
Is that visible? What I'd like to talk about is one-sided things.
79
240000
6000
這樣可以看見嗎？我想說的是單向性的事物。
04:18
I would dearly love to talk about
80
246000
2000
我非常樂於談論這個
04:20
things that have one side.
81
248000
3000
這種單向性的事物。
04:23
Because I love Mobius loops. I not only love Mobius loops,
82
251000
4000
因為我熱愛莫比烏斯（Mobius）循環。我不只是愛莫比烏斯循環，
04:27
but I'm one of the very few people,
83
255000
3000
我也是非常少數人當中，
04:30
if not the only person in the world, that makes Klein bottles.
84
258000
3000
如果世界上不是只有我的話，在製作克萊（Klein）瓶的人
04:33
Right away, I hope that all of your eyes glaze over.
85
261000
3000
現在，我希望所有人的眼睛仔細看這邊。
04:36
This is a Klein bottle.
86
264000
3000
這就是克萊瓶。
04:39
For those of you in the audience who know,
87
267000
3000
對知道克萊瓶的觀眾來說，
04:42
you roll your eyes and say, yup, I know all about it.
88
270000
2000
你會翻個白眼 然後說：對。我都知道。
04:44
It's one sided. It's a bottle whose inside is its outside.
89
272000
2000
它是一個面的。它是一個內壁跟外壁是同一面的瓶子。
04:46
It has zero volume. And it's non-orientable.
90
274000
3000
它沒有體積。而且它還是不可定向的。
04:49
It has wonderful properties.
91
277000
2000
它具有十分奇妙的特性。
04:51
If you take two Mobius loops and sew their common edge together,
92
279000
2000
假如你將兩個莫比烏斯循環的相同一邊接合起來，
04:53
you get one of these, and I make them out of glass.
93
281000
3000
你會得到我手裡的這個，我用玻璃做的。
04:56
And I'd love to talk to you about this,
94
284000
2000
我很高興可以談論這個，
04:58
but I don't have much in the way of ... things to say because --
95
286000
4000
但是這個...我沒有什麼事情可以多說 因為──
05:04
(Laughter)
96
292000
2000
（笑聲）
05:06
(Chris Anderson: I've got a cold.)
97
294000
1000
（Chris Anderson：我有感冒耶！）
05:07
However, the "D" in TED of course stands for design.
98
295000
7000
然而，「TED」中的「D」正是代表設計。
05:14
Just two weeks ago I made --
99
302000
2000
兩個星期前我剛做了──
05:16
you know, I've been making small, medium and big Klein bottles for the trade.
100
304000
6000
你知道的，我一直在做小型、中型還有大型的克萊瓶來販售。
05:22
But what I've just made --
101
310000
4000
不過我剛剛做了──
05:26
and I'm delighted to show you, first time in public here.
102
314000
3000
而且我很高興可以在這裡第一次公開展現給你們看。
05:35
This is a Klein bottle wine bottle,
103
323000
5000
這是一支克萊瓶的葡萄酒瓶，
05:40
which, although in four dimensions
104
328000
3000
儘管在四維空間
05:43
it shouldn't be able to hold any fluid at all,
105
331000
3000
它沒辦法裝下任何液體，
05:46
it's perfectly capable of doing so
106
334000
2000
但是它完全可以這麼做
05:48
because our universe has only three spatial dimensions.
107
336000
2000
因為我們的宇宙只有三維空間。
05:50
And because our universe is only three spatial dimensions,
108
338000
3000
況且因為我們的空間只有三維空間，
05:53
it can hold fluids.
109
341000
2000
所以它可以存放液體。
05:56
So it's highly -- that one's the cool one.
110
344000
5000
所以它非常──它是比較酷的一個。
06:01
That was a month of my life.
111
349000
5000
那可是花了我生命中的一個月。
06:06
But although I would love to talk about topology with you, I'm not going to.
112
354000
4000
雖然我很想和你們分享拓撲學，但今天我不會。
06:11
(Laughter)
113
359000
6000
（笑聲）
06:17
Instead, I'm going to mention my mom,
114
365000
5000
相反地，我想要提一下我媽，
06:22
who passed away last summer.
115
370000
3000
她去年夏天過世了。
06:25
Had collected photographs of me, as mothers will do.
116
373000
3000
就像所有母親會做的事情，她收集了我的照片。
06:28
Could somebody put this guy up?
117
376000
2000
有人可以把這個傢伙（投影機）打開嗎？
06:30
And I looked over her album
118
378000
4000
我瀏覽她的相簿
06:34
and she had collected a picture of me, standing --
119
382000
3000
她有收集了一張我的相片，站著──
06:37
well, sitting -- in 1969, in front of a bunch of dials.
120
385000
4000
嗯，坐著，在1969年，在一堆調節器前面。
06:42
And I looked at it, and said, oh my god,
121
390000
3000
然後我看著這張相片，我說：我的天，
06:45
that was me, when I was working at the electronic music studio!
122
393000
2000
這是我在電子音樂錄音室工作時候的照片！
06:47
As a technician, repairing and maintaining
123
395000
3000
我當時是一個技師，負責維修和保養
06:51
the electronic music studio at SUNY Buffalo. And wow!
124
399000
4000
那間電子音樂工作室在美國紐約州立大學水牛城分校。哇！
06:55
Way back machine. And I said to myself, oh yeah!
125
403000
5000
老舊的機器。然後我對自己說：噢 我想起來了！
07:01
And it sent me back.
126
409000
2000
那張照片讓我的思緒回到那時。
07:05
Soon after that, I found in another picture that she had, a picture of me.
127
413000
7000
不久之後，我在我媽收集的另外一張相片裡發現我。
07:13
This guy over here of course is me.
128
421000
4000
在那邊的那個人正是我。
07:17
This man is Robert Moog,
129
425000
2000
他是羅伯特‧馬各（Robert Moog），
07:19
the inventor of the Moog synthesizer,
130
427000
2000
馬各合成器（Moog synthesizer）的發明者，
07:21
who passed away this past August.
131
429000
4000
他去年八月過世了。
07:26
Robert Moog was a generous, kind person, extraordinarily competent engineer.
132
434000
5000
羅伯特‧馬格是個慷慨、仁慈的人，除此之外，他還是個超群的工程師。
07:31
A musician who took time from his life to teach me,
133
439000
4000
他還是個音樂家，他用他生命中很多的時間來教導我，
07:37
a sophomore, a freshman at SUNY Buffalo.
134
445000
3000
教一個還在美國紐約州立大學水牛城分校念大一、大二的我。
07:40
He'd come up from Trumansburg to teach me
135
448000
5000
他會專程從特魯曼斯堡（Trumansburg）來教我
07:45
not just about the Moog synthesizer, but we'd be sitting there --
136
453000
4000
不只是關於馬各合成器，我們就坐在那裏──
07:49
I'm studying physics at the time. This is 1969, 70, 71.
137
457000
3000
我當時在攻讀物理，那時候是1969年、70和71。
07:52
We're studying physics, I'm studying physics,
138
460000
2000
我們一起研究物理，我還在攻讀物理的時候，
07:54
and he's saying, "That's a good thing to do.
139
462000
2000
他說：「那是件值得去做的事。
07:56
Don't get caught up in electronic music if you're doing physics."
140
464000
2000
如果你要研究物理，就不要迷上電子音樂。」
07:58
Mentoring me. He'd come up and
141
466000
3000
為了指導我，他每次來
08:01
spend hours and hours with me.
142
469000
4000
花無數個小時陪我。
08:05
He wrote a letter of recommendation for me to get into graduate school.
143
473000
3000
我進研究所的推薦信，也是他幫我寫的。
08:08
In the background, my bicycle.
144
476000
2000
在背景裡，我的腳踏車。
08:10
I realize that this picture was taken at a friend's living room.
145
478000
3000
我才發現這張照片是在朋友的客廳照的。
08:13
Bob Moog came by and hauled a whole pile of equipment
146
481000
3000
羅伯斯‧馬各帶著一大堆儀器來
08:16
to show Greg Flint and I things about this.
147
484000
2000
為了向蓋瑞‧佛林特（Greg Flint ）和我展現這些東西。
08:18
We sat around talking about Fourier transforms,
148
486000
2000
我們圍著圈坐，談論傅立葉變換（Fourier transforms）。
08:20
Bessel functions, modulation transfer functions,
149
488000
3000
貝索函數（Bessel functions）、調製轉換函數（modulation transfer functions），
08:23
stuff like this.
150
491000
3000
類似這樣的東西。
08:28
Bob's passing this past summer has been a loss to all of us.
151
496000
3000
對所有人來說，去年夏天羅伯斯‧馬各的死是一大損失。
08:31
Anyone who's a musician has been profoundly influenced by Robert Moog.
152
499000
4000
任何音樂家都深深地被羅伯特‧馬各影響。
08:36
(Applause)
153
504000
2000
（掌聲）
08:38
And I'll just say what I'm about to do. What I'm about to do --
154
506000
5000
我會說我要做什麼。我將要做的是──
08:43
I hope you can recognize that there's a distorted sine wave,
155
511000
4000
我希望你們可以分辨出一種扭曲的正弦波（sine wave），
08:47
almost a triangular wave upon this Hewlett-Packard oscilloscope.
156
515000
4000
在這個惠普示波器上，幾乎像是一個三角形的波纹。
08:53
Oh, cool. I can get to this place over here, right?
157
521000
4000
噢！酷！我可以換到這個話題了嗎？
08:58
Kids. Kids is what I'm going to talk about -- is that okay?
158
526000
2000
孩子們。孩子們是我下一個話題──這樣跳可以嗎？
09:00
It says kids over here, that's what I'd like to talk about.
159
528000
4000
它說下一個就是孩子們了，那就是我下一個要說的話題了。
09:04
I've decided that, for me at least,
160
532000
4000
我已經決定了，至少對我來說，
09:08
I don't have a big enough head.
161
536000
4000
我沒有太多的創意點子。
09:13
So I think locally and I act locally.
162
541000
3000
所以我思考小地方，也從小地方著手。
09:16
I feel that the best way I can help out anything is to help out very, very locally.
163
544000
4000
我覺得我可以幫助任何小孩子的最好辦法就是幫助小區域的孩子，非常非常小的部份。
09:20
So Ph.D. this, and degree there, and the yadda yadda.
164
548000
5000
所以不論是博士，還是任何學位，還是之類的。
09:25
I was talking about this stuff to
165
553000
4000
大約一年前，我和一些學校老師
09:29
some schoolteachers about a year ago.
166
557000
2000
討論了這個議題。
09:31
And one of them, several of them would come up to me and say,
167
559000
2000
其中一位老師，一些老師過來跟我說，
09:33
"Well, how come you ain't teaching?"
168
561000
2000
「嗯，你怎麼不試著教書呢？」
09:35
And I said, "Well, I've taught graduate --
169
563000
1000
我回答：「嗯，我以前教過研究生──
09:36
I've had graduate students, I've taught undergraduate classes."
170
564000
3000
我以前有教過研究生，我也教過大學生。」
09:39
No, they said, "If you're so into kids and all this stuff,
171
567000
2000
他們說：「不，如果你這麼熱衷於孩子的事情，
09:41
how come you ain't over here on the front lines?
172
569000
3000
你怎麼還能夠不去站在教育的最前線呢？
09:44
Put your money where you mouth is."
173
572000
4000
不要說大話，身體力行吧！」
09:48
Is true. Is true. I teach eighth-grade science four days a week.
174
576000
6000
沒錯。沒錯。我一星期有四天在教國二學生理化。
09:54
Not just showing up every now and then.
175
582000
2000
不光只是偶爾出現而已。
09:56
No, no, no, no, no. I take attendance.
176
584000
4000
不，不，不，不，不！我上課要點名的。
10:00
I take lunch hour. (Applause)
177
588000
3000
我還有午休時間。（掌聲）
10:03
This is not -- no, no, no, this is not claps.
178
591000
3000
這不是──不，不，不，不需要為我鼓掌。
10:06
I strongly suggest that this is a good thing for each of you to do.
179
594000
4000
這是件好事，我強烈建議你們所有人去做。
10:10
Not just show up to class every now and then.
180
598000
2000
不只光只是偶爾出席課堂而已。
10:12
Teach a solid week. Okay, I'm teaching three-quarters time, but good enough.
181
600000
4000
一整個星期扎實地教學。嗯，一星期我有四分之三的時間在教書，但已經夠好了。
10:16
One of the things that I've done for my science students
182
604000
2000
我為了我理化課學生做的其中一件事情是
10:18
is to tell them, "Look, I'm going to teach you college-level physics.
183
606000
3000
告訴他們：「聽著！我打算要教你們大學程度的物理了。
10:21
No calculus, I'll cut out that.
184
609000
2000
不會有微積分，我會把那部份拿掉。
10:23
You won't need to know trig.
185
611000
2000
你也不需要知道三角函數。
10:25
But you will need to know eighth-grade algebra,
186
613000
3000
但是你需要懂得國二的代數，
10:28
and we're going to do serious experiments.
187
616000
2000
然後我們就要做真正的實驗。
10:30
None of this open-to-chapter-seven-and-do-all-the-odd-problem-sets.
188
618000
3000
不會是『翻開第七章，做所有奇數的習題。』
10:33
We're going to be doing genuine physics."
189
621000
2000
我們將要做的是真正的物理。」
10:36
And that's one of the things I thought I'd do right now.
190
624000
2000
接下來我要做的是，我帶他們做過的實驗中的一項。
10:38
(High-pitched tone)
191
626000
3000
（高音頻）
10:41
Oh, before I even turn that on,
192
629000
2000
噢！在我打開之前，
10:43
one of the things that we did about three weeks ago in my class --
193
631000
4000
三個星期前，我在課程上做過一件事情──
10:47
this is through the lens, and one of the things we used a lens for
194
635000
2000
透鏡的其中一向用途是：透過透鏡，
10:49
was to measure the speed of light.
195
637000
2000
去測量光速。
10:51
My students in El Cerrito -- with my help, of course,
196
639000
3000
在愛瑟利托（El Cerrito )高中的學生，在我的協助下，
10:54
and with the help of a very beat up oscilloscope --
197
642000
3000
和非常老舊的示波器幫助下，
10:57
measured the speed of light.
198
645000
1000
測量光速。
10:58
We were off by 25 percent. How many eighth graders do you know of
199
646000
5000
雖然我們的實驗有25%的誤差，但就你所知
11:03
who have measured the speed of light?
200
651000
2000
有多少國二生測量過光速？
11:05
In addition to that, we've measured the speed of sound.
201
653000
3000
除此之外，我們還測量過音速。
11:08
I'd love to measure the speed of light here.
202
656000
2000
我想現在就測量光速給你們看。
11:10
I was all set to do it and I was thinking, "Aw man,"
203
658000
2000
我早就準備好一切測量的儀器，我想：「哇！老天。」
11:12
I was just going to impose upon the powers that be,
204
660000
2000
我只是想不斷加強這方面的能力，
11:15
and measure the speed of light.
205
663000
1000
來測量光速。
11:16
And I'm all set to do it. I'm all set to do it,
206
664000
4000
我已經都準備好了。我已經都準備好了。
11:20
but then it turns out that to set up here, you have like 10 minutes to set up!
207
668000
4000
但是要把儀器在這裡設好，大該需要十分鐘！
11:24
And there's no time to do it.
208
672000
2000
現在沒有這個時間。
11:26
So, next time, maybe, I'll measure the speed of light!
209
674000
2000
所以，下次，也許吧，我會測量光速給你們看！
11:28
But meanwhile, let's measure the speed of sound!
210
676000
2000
不過現在，讓我們來測量音速吧！
11:30
Well, the obvious way to measure the speed of sound
211
678000
2000
嗯，要測量音速最簡單的方法
11:32
is to bounce sound off something and look at the echo.
212
680000
3000
是讓聲音反彈，然後測量它的回音。
11:35
But, probably -- one of my students, Ariel [unclear], said,
213
683000
5000
不過，也可能──我有一個學生，艾里爾（Ariel）說：
11:40
"Could we measure the speed of light using the wave equation?"
214
688000
3000
「我們可以用波的公式來測量光速嗎？」
11:43
And all of you know the wave equation is
215
691000
2000
你們都知道的波的公式是：
11:45
the frequency times the wavelength of any wave ...
216
693000
6000
頻率乘以任何波的波長…
11:51
is a constant. When the frequency goes up,
217
699000
3000
會得到一個常數。當頻率升高，
11:54
the wavelength comes down. Wavelength goes up,
218
702000
3000
波長就會變短。波長變長，
11:57
frequency goes down. So, if we have a wave here --
219
705000
4000
頻率就會下降。所以如果我們有一個波──
12:02
over here, that's what's interesting --
220
710000
4000
看這裡，那是之所以有趣的地方──
12:06
as the pitch goes up, things get closer,
221
714000
3000
當音調升高，波紋就會變的集中，
12:09
pitch goes down, things stretch out.
222
717000
2000
當音調降低，波紋就會分散。
12:13
Right? This is simple physics.
223
721000
2000
不是嗎？這是簡單的物理。
12:15
All of you know this from eighth grade, remember?
224
723000
3000
你們在國二的時候都學過，記得嗎？
12:18
What they didn't tell you in physics -- in eighth-grade physics --
225
726000
4000
但他們在國二物理課沒告訴你
12:22
but they should have, and I wish they had,
226
730000
3000
但應該要告訴你──而且我希望他們有告訴你──
12:25
was that if you multiply the frequency times the wavelength of sound
227
733000
4000
的是如果你將頻率乘以聲音波長
12:29
or light, you get a constant.
228
737000
4000
或光的波長，你會得到一個常數。
12:33
And that constant is the speed of sound.
229
741000
2000
那個常數就是音速。
12:36
So, in order to measure the speed of sound,
230
744000
3000
所以想要測量音速，
12:39
all I've got to do is know its frequency. Well, that's easy.
231
747000
4000
我們只需要知道頻率就好。嗯，就是這麼簡單。
12:43
I've got a frequency counter right here.
232
751000
2000
我這裡有一台頻率測量儀。
12:45
Set it up to around A, above A, above A. There's an A, more or less.
233
753000
5000
將它設定在A這裡，大概在A這裡。
12:50
Now, so I know the frequency.
234
758000
4000
現在，我就知道它的頻率了。
12:55
It's 1.76 kilohertz. I measure its wavelength.
235
763000
4000
是 1.76 千赫。我來測量波長。
13:00
All I need now is to flip on another beam,
236
768000
3000
我現在只需要去打開另外一個開關，
13:03
and the bottom beam is me talking, right?
237
771000
3000
下面那個輸入端就可以聽到我的聲音，對嗎？
13:06
So anytime I talk, you'd see it on the screen.
238
774000
4000
只要我說話，你就可以在螢幕上看到波動。
13:11
I'll put it over here, and as I move this away from the source,
239
779000
4000
我把麥克風放在這裡，然後當我漸漸的將它遠離聲源。
13:15
you'll notice the spiral.
240
783000
4000
你會注意到螺旋形的波紋。
13:20
The slinky moves. We're going through different nodes of the wave,
241
788000
5000
接近地移動。我們正在通過不同的波的節點。
13:25
coming out this way.
242
793000
2000
從這邊來。
13:27
Those of you who are physicists, I hear you rolling your eyes,
243
795000
2000
對於在座的物理學家們，我知道你們感到無趣，
13:29
but bear with me. (Laughter)
244
797000
2000
但是再忍耐我一下。（笑聲）
13:31
To measure the wavelength,
245
799000
3000
去測量波長，
13:34
all I need to do is measure the distance from here --
246
802000
5000
我只需要去測量從這裡（波峰），
13:40
one full wave -- over to here.
247
808000
2000
到這裡（下一個波峰），一整個波的長度。
13:42
From here to here is the wavelength of sound.
248
810000
3000
從這裡到這裡，就是聲波的長度。
13:45
So, I'll put a measuring tape here, measuring tape here, move it back over to here.
249
813000
7000
然後，我放了一把捲尺在這裡，將麥克風移動到這裡。
13:53
I've moved the microphone 20 centimeters.
250
821000
4000
我移動了麥克風20公分。
13:57
0.2 meters from here, back to here, 20 centimeters.
251
825000
5000
也就是0.2公尺，從這裡…到後面這裏，總共20公分。
14:04
OK, let's go back to Mr. Elmo.
252
832000
5000
好的，我們回去Elmo（投影機）這裡。
14:10
And we'll say the frequency is 1.76 kilohertz, or 1760.
253
838000
6000
我們會說這個頻率是 1.76千赫，或者1760赫茲。
14:17
The wavelength was 0.2 meters.
254
845000
4000
波長是0.2公尺。
14:21
Let's figure out what this is.
255
849000
4000
我們來看看結果會是什麼。
14:25
(Laughter) (Applause)
256
853000
7000
（笑聲）（掌聲）
14:33
1.76 times 0.2 over here is 352 meters per second.
257
861000
7000
1.76乘以0.2得到的是每秒352公尺。
14:40
If you look it up in the book, it's really 343.
258
868000
6000
假如你去查書，其實是每秒343公尺。
14:46
But, here with kludgy material, and lousy drink --
259
874000
2000
儘管我們受到老舊儀器和難喝的飲料影響──
14:48
we've been able to measure the speed of sound to --
260
876000
4000
我們也還是可以測量出音速──
14:53
not bad. Pretty good.
261
881000
1000
結果已經不錯了。
14:55
All of which comes to what I wanted to say.
262
883000
4000
這全部可以總結到我想說的。
15:00
Go back to this picture of me a million years ago.
263
888000
5000
回到我這張百萬年前的照片。
15:05
It was 1971, the Vietnam War was going on,
264
893000
5000
當時是1971年，越戰還在打，
15:10
and I'm like, "Oh my God!"
265
898000
3000
我的反應是：「我的天啊！」
15:13
I'm studying physics: Landau, Lipschitz, Resnick and Halliday.
266
901000
3000
我在學習物理：藍道（Landau）、利普希茨（Lipschitz)、雷斯尼克（Resnick）和哈利德（Halliday）。
15:16
I'm going home for a midterm. A riot's going on on campus.
267
904000
2000
我在考完期中考回家的路上，遇到了校園暴動。
15:18
There's a riot! Hey, Elmo's done: off.
268
906000
9000
是一場暴動耶！嘿，Elmo（投影機）的工作結束了，關掉。
15:27
There's a riot going on on campus,
269
915000
2000
那是一場發生在校園裡的暴動，
15:29
and the police are chasing me, right?
270
917000
3000
然後警察在追捕我，
15:32
I'm walking across campus. Cop comes and looks at me and says,
271
920000
3000
我經過校園。警察走了過來，看著我說：
15:35
"You! You're a student."
272
923000
2000
「你！你是個學生。」
15:37
Pulls out a gun. Goes boom!
273
925000
2000
拔出他的槍。然後「碰！」
15:39
And a tear gas canister the size of a Pepsi can goes by my head. Whoosh!
274
927000
4000
接著一個百事可樂罐大小的催淚瓦斯彈飛過我頭頂。「呼！」
15:43
I get a breath of tear gas and I can't breathe.
275
931000
3000
我吸到一口催淚瓦斯，害我不能呼吸。
15:46
This cop comes after me with a rifle.
276
934000
2000
那個警察拿著一把來福槍追著我。
15:48
He wants to clunk me over the head!
277
936000
2000
他想要用槍托打我的頭！
15:50
I'm saying, "I got to clear out of here!"
278
938000
3000
我心想：「我一定要逃離這裡！」
15:53
I go running across campus quick as I can. I duck into Hayes Hall.
279
941000
5000
我用我最快的速度穿過校園。躲進海斯（Hayes）禮堂。
15:59
It's one of these bell-tower buildings.
280
947000
2000
它是學校鐘塔建築之一。
16:01
The cop's chasing me.
281
949000
1000
那個警察還在追我。
16:03
Chasing me up the first floor, second floor, third floor.
282
951000
2000
追著我，從一樓，二樓，三樓。
16:05
Chases me into this room.
283
953000
1000
把我逼到一個房間。
16:06
The entranceway to the bell tower.
284
954000
2000
那個房間是鐘塔的入口。
16:08
I slam the door behind me, climb up,
285
956000
2000
我甩上門，開始向上爬，
16:10
go past this place where I see a pendulum ticking.
286
958000
2000
一直爬到鐘擺那裡。
16:12
And I'm thinking, "Oh yeah,
287
960000
2000
突然想到：噢！對了，
16:14
the square root of the length is proportional to its period." (Laughter)
288
962000
2000
鐘擺長度的開根號和鐘擺週期是成正比的。（笑聲）
16:17
I keep climbing up, go back.
289
965000
2000
我繼續往上爬，又退下來。
16:19
I go to a place where a dowel splits off.
290
967000
2000
我爬到插銷分開的地方。
16:21
There's a clock, clock, clock, clock.
291
969000
1000
四處都是時鐘的一部分。
16:22
The time's going backwards because I'm inside of it.
292
970000
2000
對我來說時間是倒著走的，因為我人在鐘裡面。
16:24
I'm thinking of Lorenz contractions and Einsteinian relativity.
293
972000
4000
我思考著洛倫茲的收縮論和愛因斯坦的相對論。
16:28
I climb up, and there's this place, way in the back,
294
976000
3000
我又往上爬，爬到一個地方，在鐘的後面，
16:31
that you climb up this wooden ladder.
295
979000
2000
爬上一把木梯。
16:33
I pop up the top, and there's a cupola.
296
981000
2000
我從鐘塔的頂端爬出來，那是個圓頂。
16:35
A dome, one of these ten-foot domes.
297
983000
2000
其中一個十英呎大的圓頂。
16:37
I'm looking out and I'm seeing the cops bashing students' heads,
298
985000
3000
我從上面看下去，那些警察們正在打學生們的頭，
16:40
shooting tear gas, and watching students throwing bricks.
299
988000
2000
發射催淚瓦斯彈，然後學生們回丟他們磚塊。
16:42
And I'm asking, "What am I doing here? Why am I here?"
300
990000
3000
我問我自己：「我在這裡幹麻？為什麼我在這裡？」
16:45
Then I remember what my English teacher in high school said.
301
993000
3000
然後我想起了我高中的英文老師說過。
16:48
Namely, that when they cast bells,
302
996000
4000
他說：當人們鑄造鐘的時候，
16:52
they write inscriptions on them.
303
1000000
3000
他們會刻銘文在上面。
16:55
So, I wipe the pigeon manure off one of the bells, and I look at it.
304
1003000
4000
所以我把鐘上面的鳥糞擦掉，看著它。
16:59
I'm asking myself, "Why am I here?"
305
1007000
1000
問我自己：「為什麼我來到這世界？」
17:02
So, at this time, I'd like to tell you the words inscribed
306
1010000
4000
這次，我要告訴你們在海斯鐘塔上
17:06
upon the Hayes Hall tower bells:
307
1014000
4000
鐘上的銘文寫著：
17:10
"All truth is one.
308
1018000
5000
「真理只有一個。
17:15
In this light, may science and religion endeavor here
309
1023000
6000
在這道光下，願科學與宗教在此攜手合作
17:21
for the steady evolution of mankind, from darkness to light,
310
1029000
4000
為了全人類的穩定發展，帶領人們從黑暗走向光明，
17:25
from narrowness to broad-mindedness, from prejudice to tolerance.
311
1033000
5000
從狹隘的思想進化成廣闊的胸襟，從偏見到寬容。
17:33
It is the voice of life, which calls us to come and learn."
312
1041000
7000
這是生命之聲，呼喚我們前來，在此學習。」
17:41
Thank you very much.
313
1049000
2000
非常感謝大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skepticAstronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles.
Why you should listen
When Clifford Stoll speaks, you can't help but listen. Full of restless energy, he jumps from one topic to the next, darting back and forth across the stage. You may not be sure where he's going, but the ride is always part of the adventure.
An astronomer (though his astronomy career took a turn when he noticed a bookkeeping error that ultimately led him to track down a notorious hacker), researcher and internationally recognized computer security expert -- who happens to be a vocal critic of technology -- Stoll makes a sharp, witty case for keeping computers out of the classroom. Currently teaching college-level physics to eighth graders at a local school, he stays busy in his spare time building Klein bottles.
Clifford Stoll | Speaker | TED.com