TED2006
Clifford Stoll: The call to learn
Klifords Stols (Clifford Stoll) par ... visu (on ... everything)
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Klifords Stols aizrauj auditoriju ar mežonīgi enerģisku birumu ar jokiem, atziņām, piezīmēm- un pat ar zinātnisku eksperimentu. Galu galā, pēc viņa paša definīcijas, viņš ir zinātnieks: "Kad es kaut ko izdaru, es gribu darīt ko citu"
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skeptic
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles. Full bio
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm delighted to be here.
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Es esmu priecīgs šeit būt.
00:14
I'm honored by the invitation, and thanks.
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Es esmu pagodināts par ielūgumu, un paldies.
00:17
I would love to talk about stuff that I'm interested in,
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Es gribētu runāt par lietām, kas mani interesē,
00:20
but unfortunately, I suspect that what I'm interested in
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bet, diemžēl, man ir aizdomas, ka lietas, kas interesē mani,
00:22
won't interest many other people.
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neinteresēs īpaši daudz citu cilvēku.
00:25
First off, my badge says I'm an astronomer.
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Tātad, mana kartiņa saka, ka esmu astronoms.
00:27
I would love to talk about my astronomy,
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Es gribētu runāt par mīļo astronomiju,
00:29
but I suspect that the number of people who are interested in radiative transfer
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bet man ir aizdomas, ka cilvēku skaits, kam interesē enerģijas pārnese elektromagnētiskās radiācijas veidā
00:32
in non-gray atmospheres
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"nongray" atmosfērās
00:34
and polarization of light in Jupiter's upper atmosphere
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un gaismas polarizācija Jupitera atmosfēras augšējos slāņos,
00:36
are the number of people who'd fit in a bus shelter.
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ir vienāds ar cilvēku skaitu, kas ietilptu autobusa pieturas būdiņā.
00:38
So I'm not going to talk about that.
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Tāpēc es par to nerunāšu.
00:40
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
00:42
It would be just as much fun
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Būtu tikpat jautri
00:44
to talk about some stuff that happened in 1986 and 1987,
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parunāt par lietām, kas notika 1986 un 1987,
00:47
when a computer hacker is breaking into our systems
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kad urķi (hakeri) ielauzās mūsu datorsistēmās
00:50
over at Lawrence Berkeley Labs.
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Lawrence Berkeley laboratorijās.
00:52
And I caught the guys,
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Un es noķēru tos puišus,
00:54
and they turned out to be working for what was then the Soviet KGB,
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un izrādījās, ka viņi strādā priekš Padomju specdienestiem,
00:58
and stealing information and selling it.
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un zog informāciju, un to pārdod.
01:00
And I'd love to talk about that -- and it'd be fun --
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Un man patiktu par to parunāt, un tas būtu jautri...
01:04
but, 20 years later ...
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bet ir pagājuši 20 gadi...
01:07
I find computer security, frankly, to be kind of boring.
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un datordrošība man šķiet garlaicīga.
01:09
It's tedious.
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Tas ir neinteresanti.
01:11
I'm --
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Es...
01:12
The first time you do something, it's science.
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Kad tu kaut ko izdari pirmo reizi, tā ir zinātne.
01:16
The second time, it's engineering.
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Otrajā reizē, tu esi inženieris.
01:19
A third time, it's just being a technician.
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Trešajā reizē tu esi tikai tehniķis.
01:22
I'm a scientist. Once I do something, I do something else.
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Es esmu zinātnieks. Kad es kaut ko izdaru, es daru ko citu.
01:25
So, I'm not going to talk about that.
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Tāpēc es par to visu nerunāšu.
01:27
Nor am I going to talk about what I think are obvious statements from my first book,
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Tāpat es nerunāšu par, manuprāt, pašsaprotamiem uzstādījumiem no manas pirmās grāmatas,
01:34
"Silicon Snake Oil," or my second book,
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"Silicon Snake Oil", vai arī par savu otro grāmatu,
01:38
nor am I going to talk about
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nedz arī es runāšu par to,
01:40
why I believe computers don't belong in schools.
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kāpēc es uzskatu, ka skolās datoriem nav vietas.
01:43
I feel that there's a massive and bizarre idea going around
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Man ir sajūta, ka apkārt klīst uzmācīga un dīvaina ideja par to,
01:47
that we have to bring more computers into schools.
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ka mācībās ir vajadzīgs vairāk izmantot datorus.
01:51
My idea is: no! No!
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Es domāju: Nē! Nē!
01:53
Get them out of schools, and keep them out of schools.
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Izmetiet tos laukā un nelaidiet atpakaļ!
01:57
And I'd love to talk about this,
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Arī par to es gribētu parunāt,
01:59
but I think the argument is so obvious to anyone who's hung around a fourth grade classroom
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bet es domāju, ka iemesls tam ir tik acīmredzams katram, kurš ir pabijis skolā pie četrklasniekiem,
02:04
that it doesn't need much talking about --
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ka par to nav ko daudz runāt...
02:08
but I guess I may be very wrong about that,
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bet, iespējams, ka es ļoti maldos,
02:10
and everything else that I've said.
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un maldos par visu citu arī.
02:11
So don't go back and read my dissertation.
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Tāpēc nemeklējiet un nelasiet manu disertāciju,
02:13
It probably has lies in it as well.
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jo tajā droši vien arī būs meli.
02:15
Having said that, I outlined my talk about five minutes ago.
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Tātad, es uzmetu saturu savai runai apmēram pirms piecām minūtēm.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
02:22
And if you look at it over here,
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Un ja jūs paskatīsieties šeit,
02:24
the main thing I wrote on my thumb was the future.
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galvenā lieta, ko es uzrakstīju uz īkšķa, ir nākotne.
02:27
I'm supposed to talk about the future, yes?
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Man ir jārunā par nākotni, vai ne?
02:30
Oh, right. And my feeling is, asking me to talk about the future is bizarre,
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Ak, jā. Un man ir sajūta, ka aicināt mani runāt par nākotni ir dīvaini,
02:37
because I've got gray hair,
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jo man ir sirmi mati,
02:39
and so, it's kind of silly for me to talk about the future.
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un tas no manas puses būtu muļķīgi- runāt par nākotni.
02:45
In fact, I think that if you really want to know what the future's going to be,
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Patiesībā, es domāju, ja jūs tiešām gribat zināt kāda būs nākotne,
02:49
if you really want to know about the future,
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ja jūs tiešām gribat zināt par nākotni,
02:51
don't ask a technologist, a scientist, a physicist.
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nejautājiet tehnologam, zinātniekam vai fiziķim.
02:55
No! Don't ask somebody who's writing code.
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Nē! Nejautājiet tiem, kas raksta programmatūru.
03:02
No, if you want to know what society's going to be like in 20 years,
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Nē, ja jūs vēlaties zināt kāda būs sabiedrība pēc 20 gadiem,
03:07
ask a kindergarten teacher.
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pavaicājiet bērnudārza audzinātājam.
03:09
They know.
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Viņi zina.
03:12
In fact, don't ask just any kindergarten teacher,
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Patiesībā, nejautājiet vis jeburam bērnudārza audzinātājam,
03:15
ask an experienced one.
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jautājiet pieredzējušam.
03:17
They're the ones who know what society is going to be like in another generation.
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Viņi ir tie, kas zina kāda būs sabiedrība nākamajā paaudzē.
03:21
I don't. Nor, I suspect,
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Es nezinu. Un man ir aizdomas,
03:23
do many other people who are talking about what the future will bring.
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ka to nezina arī daudzi citi, kas runā par to, ko mums sniegs nākotne.
03:26
Certainly, all of us can imagine these cool new things
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Protams, katrs no mums var iedomāties tās superīgās jaunās lietas,
03:30
that are going to be there.
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kas nākotnē būs.
03:31
But to me, things aren't the future.
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Bet priekš manis, nākotne nav lietās.
03:35
What I ask myself is, what's society is going to be like,
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Tas ko es sev jautāju, kāda būs sabiedrība,
03:38
when the kids today are phenomenally good at text messaging
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ja šodienas bērni ir fenomenāli labi īsziņu rakstītāji
03:44
and spend a huge amount of on-screen time,
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un pavada daudz laika pie ekrāna,
03:47
but have never gone bowling together?
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bet nav nekad kopā uzspēlējuši bumbu.
03:53
Change is happening, and the change that is happening
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Notiek pārmaiņas, un tās pārmaiņas, kas notiek,
03:56
is not one that is in software.
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nav programmatūrā.
03:59
But that's not what I'm going to talk about.
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Bet tas nav tas, par ko runāšu.
04:00
I'd love to talk about it, it'd be fun,
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Man patiktu par to parunāt, tas būtu jauki,
04:03
but I want to talk about what I'm doing now. What am I doing now?
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bet es gribu parunāt par to ko daru tagad. Ko es tagad daru?
04:06
Oh -- the other thing that I think I'd like to talk about
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Ā, vēl viena lieta, par ko es domāju, ka gribētu parunāt
04:08
is right over here. Right over here.
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ir šeit. Tieši te.
04:12
Is that visible? What I'd like to talk about is one-sided things.
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Vai var salasīt? Par ko es gribētu parunāt, tās ir lietas, kam ir tikai viena puse.
04:18
I would dearly love to talk about
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Man ļoti, ļoti gribētos parunāt
04:20
things that have one side.
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par lietām, kam ir tikai viena puse.
04:23
Because I love Mobius loops. I not only love Mobius loops,
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Jo man ļoti patīk Mebiusa cilpas. Un man ļoti patīk ne tikai Mebiusa cilpas,
04:27
but I'm one of the very few people,
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bet es esmu viens no retajiem cilvēkiem,
04:30
if not the only person in the world, that makes Klein bottles.
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ja pat ne vienīgais cilvēks pasaulē, kas taisa Kleina pudeles.
04:33
Right away, I hope that all of your eyes glaze over.
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Es ceru, ka jūs visi tagad raugaties šurpu.
04:36
This is a Klein bottle.
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Šī ir Kleina pudele.
04:39
For those of you in the audience who know,
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Tie cilvēki šajā auditorijā, kas to pazīst,
04:42
you roll your eyes and say, yup, I know all about it.
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tagad nogrozīs galvas un teiks, jā, es par to visu zinu.
04:44
It's one sided. It's a bottle whose inside is its outside.
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Tai ir viena puse. Tā ir pudele, kuras iekšpuse ir tās ārpuse.
04:46
It has zero volume. And it's non-orientable.
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Tai ir nulles tilpums. Un tai nav pušu.
04:49
It has wonderful properties.
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Tai ir brīnišķīgas īpašības.
04:51
If you take two Mobius loops and sew their common edge together,
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Ja jūs ņemat divas Mebiusa cilpas un tās sašujat kopā pa to kopējo malu,
04:53
you get one of these, and I make them out of glass.
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jūs dabūjat šo, un es tās taisu no stikla.
04:56
And I'd love to talk to you about this,
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Un man ļoti gribētos ar jums par to parunāt,
04:58
but I don't have much in the way of ... things to say because --
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bet man nav īpaši daudz ko... par šīm lietām ko teikt, jo...
05:04
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
05:06
(Chris Anderson: I've got a cold.)
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Chris Anderson: Man ir iesnas.
05:07
However, the "D" in TED of course stands for design.
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Bet tomēr, burts "D" nosaukumā "TED", nozīmē- dizains.
05:14
Just two weeks ago I made --
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Tikai pirms divām nedēļām es uztaisīju...
05:16
you know, I've been making small, medium and big Klein bottles for the trade.
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vai ne, es esmu taisījis mazas, vidējas un lielas Kleina pudeles pārdošanai.
05:22
But what I've just made --
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Bet tas, ko esmu uztaisījis,
05:26
and I'm delighted to show you, first time in public here.
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un esmu priecīgs to jums parādīt, pirmo reizi sabiedrībā.
05:35
This is a Klein bottle wine bottle,
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Šī ir Kleina pudele, kas ir vīna pudele,
05:40
which, although in four dimensions
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kura, lai arī četrās dimensijās
05:43
it shouldn't be able to hold any fluid at all,
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tai vispār nevajadzētu spēt saturēt jelkādu šķidrumu,
05:46
it's perfectly capable of doing so
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tomēr to lieliski dara
05:48
because our universe has only three spatial dimensions.
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jo mūsu pasaulē ir tikai trīs telpas dimensijas.
05:50
And because our universe is only three spatial dimensions,
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Un tāpēc, ka mūsu pasaulē ir tikai trīs telpas dimensijas,
05:53
it can hold fluids.
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tā tomēr var kaut ko ieliet.
05:56
So it's highly -- that one's the cool one.
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Tāpēc tā ir... šī ir tā foršā.
06:01
That was a month of my life.
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Tur aizgāja mēnesis laika.
06:06
But although I would love to talk about topology with you, I'm not going to.
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Bet, lai arī man ļoti gribētos ar jums parunāt par topoloģiju, es to nedarīšu.
06:11
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
06:17
Instead, I'm going to mention my mom,
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Tā vietā, es pastāstīšu par savu mammu,
06:22
who passed away last summer.
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kura aizgāja pagājušajā vasarā.
06:25
Had collected photographs of me, as mothers will do.
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Viņa bija krājusi manus foto, kā jau mammas mēdz darīt.
06:28
Could somebody put this guy up?
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Vai kāds var parādīt šo puisi?
06:30
And I looked over her album
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Un es paskatījos viņas albūmā,
06:34
and she had collected a picture of me, standing --
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un viņa bija saglabājusi foto, kurā es stāvu,
06:37
well, sitting -- in 1969, in front of a bunch of dials.
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kurā es sēžu, 1969.gadā, ar kaut kādiem aparātiem fonā.
06:42
And I looked at it, and said, oh my god,
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Un es uz to paskatījos, un teicu, ak Dievs,
06:45
that was me, when I was working at the electronic music studio!
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tas esmu es, kad es strādāju elektroniskās mūzikas studijā!
06:47
As a technician, repairing and maintaining
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Kā tehniķis, labojot un uzturot kārtībā
06:51
the electronic music studio at SUNY Buffalo. And wow!
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elektroniskās mūzikas studiju Bufalo, Ņujorkas štata universitātē. Un, o!
06:55
Way back machine. And I said to myself, oh yeah!
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Laika mašīna. Un es sev teicu, o, jā!
07:01
And it sent me back.
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Un tā atsūtīja mani atpakaļ.
07:05
Soon after that, I found in another picture that she had, a picture of me.
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Drīz pēc tam, es atradu citu foto, kas viņai bija, foto ar mani.
07:13
This guy over here of course is me.
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Šis puisis te, protams, tas esmu es.
07:17
This man is Robert Moog,
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Šis vīrs ir Roberts Mogs.
07:19
the inventor of the Moog synthesizer,
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Moga sintezatora izgudrotājs.
07:21
who passed away this past August.
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kurs nomira pagājušajā augustā.
07:26
Robert Moog was a generous, kind person, extraordinarily competent engineer.
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Roberts Mogs bija nesavtīgs un laipns cilvēks, ārkārtīgi zinošs inženieris.
07:31
A musician who took time from his life to teach me,
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Mūziķis, kurš veltīja daļu savas dzīves, lai mācītu mani-
07:37
a sophomore, a freshman at SUNY Buffalo.
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otrā kursa studentu, iesācēju no Ņujorkas štata universitātes Bufalo.
07:40
He'd come up from Trumansburg to teach me
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Viņš brauca no Trumansburgas, lai mani mācītu
07:45
not just about the Moog synthesizer, but we'd be sitting there --
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ne tikai par Moga sintezatoru, bet mēs sēdējām un...
07:49
I'm studying physics at the time. This is 1969, 70, 71.
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Es tajā laikā studēju fiziku. Tas ir 1969, 70, 71. gads.
07:52
We're studying physics, I'm studying physics,
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Mēs studējām fiziku, es studēju fiziku,
07:54
and he's saying, "That's a good thing to do.
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un viņš teica, "Tas ir labi, ka tu to dari.
07:56
Don't get caught up in electronic music if you're doing physics."
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Nepaliec tikai pie elektroniskās mūzikas, ja tu studē fiziku."
07:58
Mentoring me. He'd come up and
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Viņš bija mans mentors. Viņš brauca un
08:01
spend hours and hours with me.
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pavadīja stundām laika kopā ar mani.
08:05
He wrote a letter of recommendation for me to get into graduate school.
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Viņš man uzrakstīja rekomendācijas vēstuli, lai es iekļutu augstskolā.
08:08
In the background, my bicycle.
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Tur fonā ir mans divritenis.
08:10
I realize that this picture was taken at a friend's living room.
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Es tā saprotu, ka šis foto ir uzņemts mana drauga dzīvojamā istabā.
08:13
Bob Moog came by and hauled a whole pile of equipment
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Bobs Mogs brauca, un ņēma līdzi veselu kaudzi ar iekārtām,
08:16
to show Greg Flint and I things about this.
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lai rādītu tās Gregam Flintam un man.
08:18
We sat around talking about Fourier transforms,
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Mēs sēdējām un runājām par Furjē transformācijām.
08:20
Bessel functions, modulation transfer functions,
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Bessela funkcijām, modulāciju pārneses funkcijām,
08:23
stuff like this.
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par tādām lietām.
08:28
Bob's passing this past summer has been a loss to all of us.
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Boba aiziešana pagājušajā vasarā ir zaudējums mums visiem.
08:31
Anyone who's a musician has been profoundly influenced by Robert Moog.
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Katrs, kurš ir mūziķis, ir izjutis Roberta Moga ieteikmi.
08:36
(Applause)
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(Aplausi)
08:38
And I'll just say what I'm about to do. What I'm about to do --
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Es tikai pateikšu, ko es grasos darīt. Tas, ko es darīšu...
08:43
I hope you can recognize that there's a distorted sine wave,
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Es ceru, ka jūs varat atpazīt, ka te ir kropļota sinusoīda,
08:47
almost a triangular wave upon this Hewlett-Packard oscilloscope.
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gandrīz trīsstūra veida viļņi uz šī Hewlett-Packard osciloskopa.
08:53
Oh, cool. I can get to this place over here, right?
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O, jauki! Es varu pārlekt uz šo vietu, vai ne?
08:58
Kids. Kids is what I'm going to talk about -- is that okay?
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Bērni. Es runāšu par bērniem- vai tā būs labi?
09:00
It says kids over here, that's what I'd like to talk about.
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Te rakstīts bērni, tas ir tas, par ko gribu parunāt.
09:04
I've decided that, for me at least,
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Es esmu sapratis, ka vismaz man,
09:08
I don't have a big enough head.
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ka man nav pietiekami liela galva.
09:13
So I think locally and I act locally.
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Tāpēc es domāju vietējā mērogā, un rīkojos vietējā mērogā.
09:16
I feel that the best way I can help out anything is to help out very, very locally.
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Man ir sajūta, ka labākais veids, kā es varu palīdzēt, ir darboties ļoti, ļoti vietējā mērogā.
09:20
So Ph.D. this, and degree there, and the yadda yadda.
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Tāpēc Dr. te, un grāds tur, un blā, blā, blā.
09:25
I was talking about this stuff to
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Es runāju par šo tēmu
09:29
some schoolteachers about a year ago.
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ar dažiem skolotājiem, aptuveni pirms gada.
09:31
And one of them, several of them would come up to me and say,
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Un viens no viņiem, vairāki no viņiem pienāca un vaicāja:
09:33
"Well, how come you ain't teaching?"
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"Kā tas nākas, ka Tu pats neko nemāci?"
09:35
And I said, "Well, I've taught graduate --
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Un es teicu, "Es esmu mācījis maģistrus...
09:36
I've had graduate students, I've taught undergraduate classes."
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Man ir bijuši maģistra līmeņa studenti. Es esmu pasniedzis bakalaura līmeņa kursus."
09:39
No, they said, "If you're so into kids and all this stuff,
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Nē, viņi teica, "Ja tu tik ļoti runā par bērniem un visu to, ko stāsti,
09:41
how come you ain't over here on the front lines?
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kāpēc gan tu pats neesi klases priekšā?
09:44
Put your money where you mouth is."
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Sak, ar muti Rīgā, ar darbiem aizkrāsnē!"
09:48
Is true. Is true. I teach eighth-grade science four days a week.
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Viņiem ir taisnība. Tagad es mācu 8.klasē četras dienas nedēļā.
09:54
Not just showing up every now and then.
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Ne tikai šad tad parādos.
09:56
No, no, no, no, no. I take attendance.
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Nē, nē, nē, nē, nē. Es uzskaitu apmeklējumu.
10:00
I take lunch hour. (Applause)
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Es eju pusdienas pārtraukumā. (Aplausi)
10:03
This is not -- no, no, no, this is not claps.
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Tas nav... nē, nē, nē, tas nav par aplausiem.
10:06
I strongly suggest that this is a good thing for each of you to do.
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Es rosinu jūs katru darīt tāpat.
10:10
Not just show up to class every now and then.
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Ne tikai šad tad parādīties klases priekšā.
10:12
Teach a solid week. Okay, I'm teaching three-quarters time, but good enough.
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Māciet visu nedēļu. Labi, es mācu ar trīs ceturtdaļu slodzes, bet tas arī ir labi.
10:16
One of the things that I've done for my science students
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Viena no lietām, ko esmu pateicis saviem dabaszinātņu skolēniem,
10:18
is to tell them, "Look, I'm going to teach you college-level physics.
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ir, "Klau, es jums mācīšu augstskolas līmeņa fiziku.
10:21
No calculus, I'll cut out that.
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Bez sarežģītās matemātikas, to es nolikšu malā.
10:23
You won't need to know trig.
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Un jums nebūs jāpārzina trigonometrija.
10:25
But you will need to know eighth-grade algebra,
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Bet jums būs jāpārzina 8.klases algebra,
10:28
and we're going to do serious experiments.
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un mēs taisīsim īstus eksperimentus.
10:30
None of this open-to-chapter-seven-and-do-all-the-odd-problem-sets.
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Nebūs nekādu "atveriet-septīto-nodaļu-un-atrisiniet-uzdevumus-kas-tur-aprakstīti".
10:33
We're going to be doing genuine physics."
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Mēs nodarbosimies ar īstu fiziku!"
10:36
And that's one of the things I thought I'd do right now.
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Un tā ir viena no lietām, ko tūliņ jums parādīšu.
10:38
(High-pitched tone)
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(Spalga skaņa)
10:41
Oh, before I even turn that on,
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Ai, un pirms es to vispār ieslēdzu,
10:43
one of the things that we did about three weeks ago in my class --
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viena no lietām, ko mēs darījām klasē pirms aptuveni trim nedēļām...
10:47
this is through the lens, and one of the things we used a lens for
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šis ir skats caur lēcu, un viena no lietām, kam mēs lietojām lēcu
10:49
was to measure the speed of light.
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bija, lai mērītu gaismas ātrumu.
10:51
My students in El Cerrito -- with my help, of course,
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Mani skolēni El Cerrito skolā, protams, ar manu palīdzību,
10:54
and with the help of a very beat up oscilloscope --
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izmantojot pussadauzītu osciloskopu,
10:57
measured the speed of light.
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mērīja gaismas ātrumu.
10:58
We were off by 25 percent. How many eighth graders do you know of
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Mēs kļūdījāmies par 25 procentiem. Cik astoņklasniekus jūs pazīstat,
11:03
who have measured the speed of light?
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kas ir mērījuši gaismas ātrumu?
11:05
In addition to that, we've measured the speed of sound.
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Papildus tam, mēs esam mērījuši arī skaņas ātrumu.
11:08
I'd love to measure the speed of light here.
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Es ļoti gribētu šeit izmērīt gaismas ātrumu
11:10
I was all set to do it and I was thinking, "Aw man,"
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Es jau biju sagatavojies un domāju, "O, jā!"
11:12
I was just going to impose upon the powers that be,
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Kā es esmu sagatavojies visam
11:15
and measure the speed of light.
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un izmērīšu gaismas ātrumu.
11:16
And I'm all set to do it. I'm all set to do it,
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Ka es esmu tam labi sagatavojies, pilnībā gatavs,
11:20
but then it turns out that to set up here, you have like 10 minutes to set up!
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bet tad izrādījās, lai to visu uzstādītu, ir vajadzīgas vismaz 10 minūtes!
11:24
And there's no time to do it.
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Un nav laika to darīt.
11:26
So, next time, maybe, I'll measure the speed of light!
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Tāpēc, varbūt nākamreiz es šeit mērīšu gaismas ātrumu!
11:28
But meanwhile, let's measure the speed of sound!
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Bet šoreiz, izmērīsim skaņas ātrumu!
11:30
Well, the obvious way to measure the speed of sound
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Vienkāršākais veids, kā izmērīt skaņas ātrumu
11:32
is to bounce sound off something and look at the echo.
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ir atbalsot skaņu no kaut kā, un mērīt atbalsi.
11:35
But, probably -- one of my students, Ariel [unclear], said,
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Bet, iespējams, viens no maniem skolniekiem, Ariels, vaicāja:
11:40
"Could we measure the speed of light using the wave equation?"
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"Vai mēs varam izmērīt skaņas ātrumu, pielietojot viļņu vienādojumu?"
11:43
And all of you know the wave equation is
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Un jūs visi taču zināt viļņu vienādojumu:
11:45
the frequency times the wavelength of any wave ...
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frekvence reizināta ar jebkuru skaņas viļņa garumu...
11:51
is a constant. When the frequency goes up,
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ir konstanta. Kad pieaug frekvence,
11:54
the wavelength comes down. Wavelength goes up,
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skaņas viļņa garums samazinās. Kad pieaug skaņas viļņa garums,
11:57
frequency goes down. So, if we have a wave here --
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samazinās frekvence. Tāpēc, ja mums šeit ir skaņas vilnis...
12:02
over here, that's what's interesting --
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šeit, šeit ir tas interesantais...
12:06
as the pitch goes up, things get closer,
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Ja skaņa iet uz augšu, tas saspiežas,
12:09
pitch goes down, things stretch out.
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ja skaņa iet uz leju, tas izstiepjas.
12:13
Right? This is simple physics.
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Vai ne? Tās ir fizikas pamatlietas.
12:15
All of you know this from eighth grade, remember?
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Jūs to visi atceraties no 8.klases, vai ne?
12:18
What they didn't tell you in physics -- in eighth-grade physics --
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Tas, ko jums neiemācīja fizikā... astotās klases fizikā...
12:22
but they should have, and I wish they had,
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bet vajadzēja iemācīt... un es gribētu, kaut tas tā būtu noticis...
12:25
was that if you multiply the frequency times the wavelength of sound
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ja jūs sareiziniet frekvenci ar skaņas viļņa garumu
12:29
or light, you get a constant.
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vai gaismas viļņa garumu, jūs dabūjat konstanti.
12:33
And that constant is the speed of sound.
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Un tā konstante,ir skaņas ātrums.
12:36
So, in order to measure the speed of sound,
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Tāpēc, lai es varētu izmērīt skaņas ātrumu,
12:39
all I've got to do is know its frequency. Well, that's easy.
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man pietiek zināt tās frekvenci. Un tas ir vienkārši.
12:43
I've got a frequency counter right here.
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Man šeit ir frekvenču mērītājs.
12:45
Set it up to around A, above A, above A. There's an A, more or less.
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Uzstādīsim to uz skaņas "la", virs "la", virs "la". Tā ir skaņa "la", aptuveni,
12:50
Now, so I know the frequency.
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Tagad, tā kā es zinu frekvenci.
12:55
It's 1.76 kilohertz. I measure its wavelength.
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Tā ir 1,76 kiloherci. Es izmērīšu skaņas viļņa garumu.
13:00
All I need now is to flip on another beam,
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Tagad man ir vajadzīgs uzstādīt vēl vienu skaņas vilni,
13:03
and the bottom beam is me talking, right?
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un šis apakšējais skaņas vilnis, tā ir mana balss, vai ne?
13:06
So anytime I talk, you'd see it on the screen.
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Kad es runāju, jūs to redzat uz ekrāna.
13:11
I'll put it over here, and as I move this away from the source,
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Es nolikšu to te, un kad es to attālinu no skaņas avota,
13:15
you'll notice the spiral.
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jūs ievērosiet spirāli.
13:20
The slinky moves. We're going through different nodes of the wave,
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Viļņoto kustību. Mēs ejam cauri dažādiem skaņas mezgliem,
13:25
coming out this way.
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kas nāk uz šo pusi.
13:27
Those of you who are physicists, I hear you rolling your eyes,
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Tie no jums, kas ir fiziķi, droši vien saķer galvas,
13:29
but bear with me. (Laughter)
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bet uzklausiet līdz galam. (smiekli)
13:31
To measure the wavelength,
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Lai izmērītu skaņas viļņa garumu,
13:34
all I need to do is measure the distance from here --
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man tikai jāizmēra attālums no šejienes,
13:40
one full wave -- over to here.
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vienu pilnu vilni, līdz šejienei.
13:42
From here to here is the wavelength of sound.
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No šejienes līdz šejienei ir skaņas viļņa garums.
13:45
So, I'll put a measuring tape here, measuring tape here, move it back over to here.
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Tā, es pielikšu mērlenti šeit, mērlenti šeit, un pārvietošu to atpakaļ uz šejieni.
13:53
I've moved the microphone 20 centimeters.
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Es esmu pārvietojis mikrofonu par 20 centimetriem.
13:57
0.2 meters from here, back to here, 20 centimeters.
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0,2 metrus no šejienes, līdz šejienei, 20 centimetrus.
14:04
OK, let's go back to Mr. Elmo.
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Labi, ejam atpakaļ pie Elmo kunga.
14:10
And we'll say the frequency is 1.76 kilohertz, or 1760.
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Un, teiksim, frekvence ir 1,76 kiloherci, vai 1760.
14:17
The wavelength was 0.2 meters.
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Viļņa garums ir 0,2 metri.
14:21
Let's figure out what this is.
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Sapratīsim, ko esam dabūjuši.
14:25
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smiekli) (Aplausi)
14:33
1.76 times 0.2 over here is 352 meters per second.
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1,76 reizināts ar 0,2 ir 352 metri sekundē.
14:40
If you look it up in the book, it's really 343.
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Ja jūs paskatīsieties grāmatā, skaņas ātrums īstenībā ir 343 m/s.
14:46
But, here with kludgy material, and lousy drink --
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Bet šeit ar vienkāršu materiālu un draņķīga dzēriena palīdzību,
14:48
we've been able to measure the speed of sound to --
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mēs esam spējuši izmērīt skaņas ātrumu ar precizitāti...
14:53
not bad. Pretty good.
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Nav slikti. Diezgan labi.
14:55
All of which comes to what I wanted to say.
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Tas viss mūs novirz uz to, ko gribēju pateikt.
15:00
Go back to this picture of me a million years ago.
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Atskatieties uz šo manu foto pirms miljons gadiem.
15:05
It was 1971, the Vietnam War was going on,
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Tas bija 1971, notika Vjetnamas karš,
15:10
and I'm like, "Oh my God!"
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un es, ak Dievs!
15:13
I'm studying physics: Landau, Lipschitz, Resnick and Halliday.
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Es studēju fiziku: Landau, Lipšicu, Resniku un Hallideju.
15:16
I'm going home for a midterm. A riot's going on on campus.
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Es taisos uz mājām uz brīvdienām. Un studentu pilsētiņā ir nemieri.
15:18
There's a riot! Hey, Elmo's done: off.
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Ir dumpis! Ei, Elmo savu ir padarījis. Izslēgt.
15:27
There's a riot going on on campus,
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Universitātes pilsētiņā ir nemieri,
15:29
and the police are chasing me, right?
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un man pakaļ dzenas policija, ja?
15:32
I'm walking across campus. Cop comes and looks at me and says,
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Es mierīgi eju cauri universitātes pilsētiņai. Policists man pienāk klāt, paskatās un saka,
15:35
"You! You're a student."
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"Tu! Tu esi students!"
15:37
Pulls out a gun. Goes boom!
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Izvelk šaujamo. Bums!
15:39
And a tear gas canister the size of a Pepsi can goes by my head. Whoosh!
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Un asaru gāzes kapsula Pepsi bundžas lielumā aizlido man gar galvu. Šššš!
15:43
I get a breath of tear gas and I can't breathe.
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Un es ieelpoju asaru gāzi un vairs nevaru paelpot.
15:46
This cop comes after me with a rifle.
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Un tas policists ar ieroci man nāk klāt.
15:48
He wants to clunk me over the head!
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Un grib man sist pa galvu!
15:50
I'm saying, "I got to clear out of here!"
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Es sev saku, "Jātin makšķeres!"
15:53
I go running across campus quick as I can. I duck into Hayes Hall.
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Un es metos skriešus cauri universitātes pilsētiņai, cik vien ātru varu. Metos iekšā Hayes zāle.
15:59
It's one of these bell-tower buildings.
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Tā ir viena no tām zvanu torņu ēkām.
16:01
The cop's chasing me.
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Policists man dzenas pakaļ.
16:03
Chasing me up the first floor, second floor, third floor.
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Dzenas pakaļ uz otro stāvu, trešo stāvu, ceturto stāvu.
16:05
Chases me into this room.
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Seko man tajā telpā,
16:06
The entranceway to the bell tower.
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kas ir ieeja zvanu tornī.
16:08
I slam the door behind me, climb up,
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Es aizcērtu durvis aiz sevis un rāpjos augšā,
16:10
go past this place where I see a pendulum ticking.
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rāpjos garām tai vietai, kur var redzēt kustamies pulksteņa pendeli.
16:12
And I'm thinking, "Oh yeah,
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Un es domāju, ak, jā,
16:14
the square root of the length is proportional to its period." (Laughter)
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kvadrātsakne no garuma ir proporcionāla tā ciklam.(Smiekli)
16:17
I keep climbing up, go back.
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Es turpinu rāpties uz augšu, eju atpakaļ.
16:19
I go to a place where a dowel splits off.
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Aizeju uz vietu, kur stāv stiprinājums.
16:21
There's a clock, clock, clock, clock.
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Tur ir tik, tak, tik, tak.
16:22
The time's going backwards because I'm inside of it.
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Laiks iet atpakaļ, jo es esmu tajā iekšā.
16:24
I'm thinking of Lorenz contractions and Einsteinian relativity.
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Es domāju par Lorenca vienādojumiem un Einšteina relativitāti.
16:28
I climb up, and there's this place, way in the back,
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Es rāpjos augšā un tur ir tā vieta, pašā aizmugurē,
16:31
that you climb up this wooden ladder.
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kur var uzrāpties pa koka kāpnēm.
16:33
I pop up the top, and there's a cupola.
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Es atveru lūku, un tur ir kupols.
16:35
A dome, one of these ten-foot domes.
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Kupols, viens no tiem trīsmetrīgajiem kupoliem.
16:37
I'm looking out and I'm seeing the cops bashing students' heads,
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Es paskatos ārā un redzu kā policisti klapē studentiem pa galvām,
16:40
shooting tear gas, and watching students throwing bricks.
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šauj asaru gāzi, un redzu studentus metam ķieģeļus.
16:42
And I'm asking, "What am I doing here? Why am I here?"
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Un es sev vaicāju, ko es te daru? Kāpēc es šeit esmu?
16:45
Then I remember what my English teacher in high school said.
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Tad es atcerējos, ko stāstīja mans angļu valodas pasniedzējs skolā.
16:48
Namely, that when they cast bells,
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Ka tad, kad gatavo zvanus,
16:52
they write inscriptions on them.
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uz tiem liek uzrakstus.
16:55
So, I wipe the pigeon manure off one of the bells, and I look at it.
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Tāpēc es notīru baložu mēslus no viena no zvaniem un skatos, kas tur rakstīts.
16:59
I'm asking myself, "Why am I here?"
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Un sev vaicāiju, kāpēc es šeit esmu?
17:02
So, at this time, I'd like to tell you the words inscribed
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Šodien, es gribu jums pateikt tos vārdus, kas ir rakstīti
17:06
upon the Hayes Hall tower bells:
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uz Hayes Hall torņa zvaniem:
17:10
"All truth is one.
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"Patiesība ir viena.
17:15
In this light, may science and religion endeavor here
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Tā gaismā, lai zinātne un reliģija šeit satiekās
17:21
for the steady evolution of mankind, from darkness to light,
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nepārtrauktas cilvēces attīstības labā. No tumsas uz gaismu.
17:25
from narrowness to broad-mindedness, from prejudice to tolerance.
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No noslēgtības, uz atvērtību. No aizspriedumiem, uz iecietību.
17:33
It is the voice of life, which calls us to come and learn."
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Tā ir Dzīvības balss, kas mūs aicina nākt un mācīties."
17:41
Thank you very much.
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Liels paldies!
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skepticAstronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles.
Why you should listen
When Clifford Stoll speaks, you can't help but listen. Full of restless energy, he jumps from one topic to the next, darting back and forth across the stage. You may not be sure where he's going, but the ride is always part of the adventure.
An astronomer (though his astronomy career took a turn when he noticed a bookkeeping error that ultimately led him to track down a notorious hacker), researcher and internationally recognized computer security expert -- who happens to be a vocal critic of technology -- Stoll makes a sharp, witty case for keeping computers out of the classroom. Currently teaching college-level physics to eighth graders at a local school, he stays busy in his spare time building Klein bottles.
Clifford Stoll | Speaker | TED.com