ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alain de Botton - Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday.

Why you should listen

It started in 1997, when Alain de Botton turned away from writing novels and instead wrote a touching extended essay titled How Proust Can Change Your Life, which became an unlikely blockbuster in the "self-help"category. His subsequent books take on some of the fundamental worries of modern life (am I happy? where exactly do I stand?), informed by his deep reading in philosophy and by a novelist's eye for small, perfect moments. His newest book is The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work.

In 2008, de Botton helped start the School of Life in London, a social enterprise determined to make learning and therapy relevant in today's uptight culture. His goal is (through any of his mediums) to help clients learn "how to live wisely and well."

More profile about the speaker
Alain de Botton | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Alain de Botton: A kinder, gentler philosophy of success

艾倫‧狄波頓:一種更寬容,更溫和的成功哲學

Filmed:
7,971,965 views

艾倫‧狄波頓檢視關於成功和失敗的各種想法 -- 對於傳統上判別兩者本質的固有假設提出疑問:成功是賺來的?失敗是配得的?本篇短講在詼諧機智的旁徵博引中流暢的帶人走出勢利議題,發現工作的真正樂趣。
- Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
For me they normally一般 happen發生, these career事業 crises危機,
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所謂的「職業危機」對我來說
00:15
often經常, actually其實, on a Sunday星期日 evening晚間,
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通常發生在禮拜天晚上
00:17
just as the sun太陽 is starting開始 to set,
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隨著夜幕開始低垂
00:19
and the gap間隙 between之間 my hopes希望 for myself,
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自我期盼和生活現實之間的鴻溝
00:22
and the reality現實 of my life, start開始 to diverge偏離 so painfully痛苦
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也令人痛苦的開始拉扯擴大
00:26
that I normally一般 end結束 up weeping into a pillow枕頭.
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以至於最後總是以哭泣進入夢鄉,結束了我的週末夜
00:29
I'm mentioning all this,
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提到這些,
00:31
I'm mentioning all this because I think this is not merely僅僅 a personal個人 problem問題.
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無非因為,這不僅只是個人問題
00:34
You may可能 think I'm wrong錯誤 in this,
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或許你不是很同意
00:36
but I think that we live生活 in an age年齡 when our lives生活 are regularly經常
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我認為,生活在這個世代,你我的人生進行式,常常
00:38
punctuated打斷 by career事業 crises危機,
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被這些職場危機所中斷
00:40
by moments瞬間 when what we thought we knew知道,
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往往就在我們自以為知道
00:42
about our lives生活, about our careers職業生涯,
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人生為何,何為生涯的時候
00:44
comes into contact聯繫 with a threatening危險的 sort分類 of reality現實.
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不期然卻遇上了衝擊 - 現實的威脅.
00:48
It's perhaps也許 easier更輕鬆 now than ever before to make a good living活的.
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現在要過好日子,是前所未見的簡單
00:51
It's perhaps也許 harder更難 than ever before
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但能保有一顆平靜心,又能免於生涯焦慮
00:54
to stay calm冷靜, to be free自由 of career事業 anxiety焦慮.
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也是史上空前的困難
00:57
I want to look now, if I may可能,
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如果能夠的話,我想探索的是
00:59
at some of the reasons原因 why
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某些問題的答案,譬如:
01:01
we might威力 be feeling感覺 anxiety焦慮 about our careers職業生涯.
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是什麼讓我們對生涯感到焦慮
01:04
Why we might威力 be victims受害者 of these career事業 crises危機,
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為什麼我們成為職場危機的犧牲品
01:06
as we're weeping softly輕輕的 into our pillows枕頭.
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為什麼淪落到以啜泣進入枕頭鄉,週末夜畫上句點?
01:10
One of the reasons原因 why we might威力 be suffering痛苦
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折磨我們的其中一個原因,
01:13
is that we are surrounded包圍 by snobs勢利.
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是因為,身邊到處都是勢利鬼.
01:15
In a way, I've got some bad news新聞,
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現在我要跟各位說個壞消息
01:18
particularly尤其 to anybody任何人 who's誰是 come to Oxford牛津 from abroad國外.
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尤其對從國外來訪牛津的各位來說
01:21
There is a real真實 problem問題 with snobbery勢利.
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勢利真是大問題
01:23
Because sometimes有時 people from outside the U.K.
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因為在英國以外的人往往都以為
01:25
imagine想像 that snobbery勢利 is a distinctively獨特 U.K. phenomenon現象
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勢利是英國的特產
01:27
fixated迷戀 on country國家 houses房屋 and titles標題.
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所聯想到的是鄉間大宅以及爵位頭銜
01:30
The bad news新聞 is that's not true真正.
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壞消息是,你錯了
01:32
Snobbery勢利眼 is a global全球 phenomenon現象.
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勢利無所不在
01:34
We are a global全球 organization組織. This is a global全球 phenomenon現象.
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這是個全球化組織.勢利問題是一個全球現象
01:36
It exists存在. What is a snob勢利?
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沒錯,果真如此.但何謂勢利呢?
01:38
A snob勢利 is anybody任何人 who takes a small part部分 of you
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勢利就是:任何人,切割了一小部分的你
01:41
and uses使用 that to come to a complete完成 vision視力 of who you are.
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並且用它取代了「你是誰」的意義
01:44
That is snobbery勢利.
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這,就是勢利.
01:46
The dominant優勢 kind of snobbery勢利
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現今最主要的勢利
01:48
that exists存在 nowadays如今 is job工作 snobbery勢利.
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叫做職業勢利
01:50
You encounter遭遇 it within minutes分鐘 at a party派對,
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去任何宴會,五分鐘之內就會遇見
01:52
when you get asked that famous著名 iconic標誌性的 question
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這個21世紀初,最具代表性的
01:55
of the early 21stST century世紀, "What do you do?"
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經典問題:「你在哪裡上班?」
01:58
And according根據 to how you answer回答 that question,
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根據你對該問題的回答
02:00
people are either incredibly令人難以置信 delighted欣喜的 to see you,
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人們要不就是立刻對認識你感到無比的歡愉
02:02
or look at their watch and make their excuses藉口.
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或者是他們只看一下手錶,就立刻想到一個結束談話的藉口
02:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:05
Now, the opposite對面 of a snob勢利 is your mother母親.
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再來,勢利鬼的相反呢,就是您的母親
02:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:10
Not necessarily一定 your mother母親, or indeed確實 mine,
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並不一定真的是您的母親,或我的母親
02:13
but, as it were, the ideal理想 mother母親,
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而是一種理想定義下的完美母親
02:15
somebody who doesn't care關心 about your achievements成就.
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她,完全不在乎你的成就高低
02:17
But unfortunately不幸, most people are not our mothers母親.
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但不幸的是,不是每個人都是您母親
02:19
Most people make a strict嚴格 correlation相關 between之間 how much time,
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大多數人在「該花多少時間和多少...愛」這件事情上,有嚴格定規
02:22
and if you like, love -- not romantic浪漫 love,
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我說的不是愛情電影裡那種浪漫的愛
02:24
though雖然 that may可能 be something --
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雖然那也包括在內
02:26
but love in general一般, respect尊重,
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但我要說的是比較普通,一般性質的,愛
02:28
they are willing願意 to accord符合 us, that will be strictly嚴格 defined定義
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人們願意分配多少時間和愛給我們,那是嚴格的按照著
02:31
by our position位置 in the social社會 hierarchy等級制度.
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我們所擁有的社會階級來定義的
02:33
And that's a lot of the reason原因 why we care關心 so much about our careers職業生涯
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那就是為什麼我們對工作職業那麼在乎的很重要原因
02:36
and indeed確實 start開始 caring愛心 so much about material材料 goods產品.
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並且我們非常關切物質上的財富
02:40
You know, we're often經常 told that we live生活 in very materialistic唯物主義的 times,
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大家常說我們生活在一個唯物化的時代
02:43
that we're all greedy貪婪 people.
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說我們全是貪婪一族
02:45
I don't think we are particularly尤其 materialistic唯物主義的.
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我不認為我們是特別唯物的世代
02:47
I think we live生活 in a society社會
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而我想,是我們所存在的這個社會
02:49
which哪一個 has simply只是 pegged釘住 certain某些 emotional情緒化 rewards獎勵
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它把一些情感的獎勵
02:51
to the acquisition獲得 of material材料 goods產品.
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掛鉤在物質的取得上
02:54
It's not the material材料 goods產品 we want. It's the rewards獎勵 we want.
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我們要的不是物質財富.其實我們要的是那份掛在上面的獎勵.
02:57
And that's a new way of looking at luxury豪華 goods產品.
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這使我們對奢侈財有了新的觀點
02:59
The next下一個 time you see somebody driving主動 a Ferrari法拉利
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下次看到開法拉利跑車的人
03:01
don't think, "This is somebody who is greedy貪婪."
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不要想:「這傢伙一定是貪心鬼」
03:03
Think, "This is somebody who is incredibly令人難以置信 vulnerable弱勢 and in need of love."
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你該這麼想:「喔,這個人脆弱到不行,他需要很多愛」
03:06
In other words -- (Laughter笑聲)
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換句話說 -- (笑聲)
03:11
feel sympathy同情, rather than contempt鄙視.
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要對他有同情心,不要鄙視他
03:13
There are other reasons原因 --
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還有其他原因 --
03:15
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:16
there are other reasons原因 why it's perhaps也許 harder更難 now
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還有一些其他原因,使我們如今比過往更難
03:18
to feel calm冷靜 than ever before.
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保有平靜安穩的心
03:20
One of these, and it's paradoxical自相矛盾 because it's linked關聯 to something that's rather nice不錯,
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其中一項是-而這相當矛盾,因為這個原因和一種頗為美好的東西連結著
03:23
is the hope希望 we all have for our careers職業生涯.
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那是對職業的期盼
03:26
Never before have expectations期望 been so high
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從來沒有一個時代像現在,人對工作職業能有
03:28
about what human人的 beings眾生 can achieve實現 with their lifespan壽命.
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如此高的期待,一生中能成就這麼多了不起的事情
03:31
We're told, from many許多 sources來源, that anyone任何人 can achieve實現 anything.
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許多訊息都灌輸:任何人都能成就任何事
03:34
We've我們已經 doneDONE away with the caste種姓 system系統.
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我們早已擺脫世襲制或種姓制
03:36
We are now in a system系統 where anyone任何人 can rise上升
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最新的制度是人人都有出頭天
03:38
to any position位置 they please.
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只要你喜歡,沒什麼能限制你
03:40
And it's a beautiful美麗 idea理念.
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這想法棒透了
03:42
Along沿 with that is a kind of spirit精神 of equality平等. We're all basically基本上 equal等於.
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伴隨而來的是平等精神.人都生而平等
03:46
There are no strictly嚴格 defined定義
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沒有界線限定
03:48
kind of hierarchies等級.
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這裡沒有任何的階級
03:50
There is one really big problem問題 with this,
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這裡只有一個問題
03:52
and that problem問題 is envy羨慕.
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唯一的問題,就是嫉妒
03:54
Envy羨慕, it's a real真實 taboo忌諱 to mention提到 envy羨慕,
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嫉妒真是個禁忌話題,大家都避而不談
03:57
but if there is one dominant優勢 emotion情感 in modern現代 society社會, that is envy羨慕.
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但如果說我們的社會有哪個情感問題非常氾濫,非嫉妒莫數
04:00
And it's linked關聯 to the spirit精神 of equality平等. Let me explain說明.
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而它還與平等精神相關.容我解釋.
04:04
I think it would be very unusual異常 for anyone任何人 here, or anyone任何人 watching觀看,
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我想現場在座的各位和觀賞影片的各位,應該都很難...
04:07
to be envious羨慕 of the Queen女王 of England英國.
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去嫉妒到-英國女王吧
04:09
Even though雖然 she is much richer更豐富 than any of you are.
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儘管她比我們大多數人都富有
04:12
And she's got a very large house.
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並且她家房子真的很大
04:15
The reason原因 why we don't envy羨慕 her is because she's too weird奇怪的.
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我們卻不嫉妒她,因為她真的太怪了.
04:19
She's simply只是 too strange奇怪.
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她真的就是怪
04:21
We can't relate涉及 to her. She speaks說話 in a funny滑稽 way.
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我們和她扯不上半點關連性.她講話就是那麼令人想笑.
04:23
She comes from an odd place地點.
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她又來自一個很怪異的地方
04:25
So we can't relate涉及 to her. And when you can't relate涉及 to somebody, you don't envy羨慕 them.
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我們和她沒有共通點.而當你和某人之間不具任何關聯性,你就不會忌妒他
04:29
The closer接近 two people are, in age年齡, in background背景,
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兩個在年齡,在背景上愈接近的人
04:32
in the process處理 of identification鑑定, the more there is a danger危險 of envy羨慕 --
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就愈可能發生忌妒問題
04:35
which哪一個 is incidentally順便 why none沒有 of you should ever go to a school學校 reunion團圓 --
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提醒你,為什麼大家最好千萬別去參加什麼「同學會」啦
04:38
because there is no stronger reference參考 point
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因為在學校裡和你一起鬼混的那班同學
04:41
than people one was at school學校 with.
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你們之間所共有的參照點實在太強了
04:43
But the problem問題, generally通常, of modern現代 society社會, is that it turns the whole整個 world世界
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問題是,現代社會卻早已經把全世界都搞成一間超級大的學校了,
04:46
into a school學校. Everybody每個人 is wearing穿著 jeans牛仔褲, everybody每個人 is the same相同.
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每個人都穿牛仔褲,每個人都一樣
04:48
And yet然而, they're not.
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其實,每個人又怎可能都相同
04:50
So there is a spirit精神 of equality平等, combined結合 with deep inequalities不平等.
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所以這種平等精神,是在深處參混了許多不平等的
04:53
Which哪一個 makes品牌 for a very -- can make for a very stressful壓力 situation情況.
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於是造成了 -- 或是說「將可能會造成」-- 一種非常緊張的狀態
04:56
It's probably大概 as unlikely不會 that you would nowadays如今
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今天你要成為一位像比爾蓋茲ㄧ樣有錢的大人物
04:58
become成為 as rich豐富 and famous著名 as Bill法案 Gates蓋茨,
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幾乎是不可能
05:00
as it was unlikely不會 in the 17th century世紀
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即便有此可能,就像你活在17世紀
05:02
that you would accede加入 to the ranks行列 of the French法國 aristocracy貴族.
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生而貴族,繼承著法國貴族身份一樣的,非常不可能
05:05
But the point is, it doesn't feel that way.
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但重點是,感覺起來卻不是那麼回事呀
05:07
It's made製作 to feel, by magazines雜誌 and other media媒體 outlets網點,
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無論雜誌或各種媒體,都一再的讓你感覺到
05:10
that if you've got energy能源, a few少數 bright ideas思路 about technology技術,
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只要你精力充沛,對科技有一些絕佳的創意點子
05:13
a garage車庫, you too could start開始 a major重大的 thing.
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再配上個車庫,你也可以白手起家搞出一番大事業
05:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:18
And the consequences後果 of this problem問題 make themselves他們自己 felt in bookshops書店.
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這個問題的後續結果在書店裡鮮活的呈現出來,人們也能感受
05:21
When you go to a large bookshop書店 and look at the self-help自救 sections部分,
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當你走進大書店走向自我提昇/心理區
05:24
as I sometimes有時 do,
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這是我自己偶爾也會去逛的那一區
05:26
if you analyze分析 self-help自救 books圖書 that are produced生成
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如果你分析一下自我/心理架上的那些書
05:28
in the world世界 today今天, there are basically基本上 two kinds.
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基本上是分為兩類
05:30
The first kind tells告訴 you, "You can do it! You can make it! Anything is possible可能!"
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第一種跟你說,「你能!你一定會成功!沒有不可能!」
05:33
And the other kind tells告訴 you how to cope應付
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另一種則敎你的是如何適應,應付一些問題
05:36
with what we politely禮貌 call "low self-esteem自尊,"
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一些我們禮貌性的稱之為「自我認知低落」的問題
05:39
or impolitely不客氣 call "feeling感覺 very bad about yourself你自己."
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或直接講,就是「覺得自己很爛」的問題
05:41
There is a real真實 correlationship相關性,
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這裡有一種真實的互動性,
05:43
a real真實 correlation相關 between之間 a society社會 that tells告訴 people that they can do anything
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在社會中有一種真實的互動關係存在,他告訴人們你潛力無限
05:47
and the existence存在 of low self-esteem自尊.
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同時也說你有個低落的自我認知
05:49
So that's another另一個 way in which哪一個 something that is quite相當 positive
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以致於從某種角度來說,明明是正面的某樣事物
05:51
can have a nasty討厭 kickback回扣.
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結果帶來負面的,反效果
05:53
There is another另一個 reason原因 why we might威力 be feeling感覺 more anxious,
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還有一個原因令我們感到焦慮
05:56
about our careers職業生涯, about our status狀態 in the world世界 today今天, than ever before.
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在工作上,在社會地位上感到焦慮.並且是當今世代特有,前所未見的
06:00
And it is, again, linked關聯 to something nice不錯,
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而再一次,又是和一些美好的事物相關連
06:02
and that nice不錯 thing is called meritocracy任人唯賢.
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這樣好東西,叫做功績主義
06:05
Everybody每個人, all politicians政治家 on Left and Right,
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政治上無論左派右派
06:07
agree同意 that meritocracy任人唯賢 is a great thing,
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都同意功績-論功行賞-是件好事情
06:09
and we should all be trying to make our societies社會 really, really meritocratic精英.
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我們應該非常非常努力,讓我們的社會按照功績原理運作
06:13
In other words, what is a meritocratic精英 society社會?
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換句話說,什麼是功績社會呢?
06:17
A meritocratic精英 society社會 is one in which哪一個
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功績社會就是呢
06:19
if you've got talent天賦 and energy能源 and skill技能,
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只要你有天份有動力有技能
06:21
you will get to the top最佳. Nothing should hold保持 you back.
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你就會爬到最高階級,沒什麼能擋你的路
06:23
It's a beautiful美麗 idea理念. The problem問題 is
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這想法好得無比,但問題是:
06:26
if you really believe in a society社會
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當你真的相信一個社會之中
06:28
where those who merit值得 to get to the top最佳, get to the top最佳,
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所有有功勞的人都爬上了最頂的地位
06:31
you'll你會 also, by implication意義, and in a far more nasty討厭 way,
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同時你也就默認,並且是以一種相當醜惡的方式相信著
06:34
believe in a society社會 where those who deserve值得 to get to the bottom底部
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那些在我們社會中處在最底端的人,是活該
06:37
also get to the bottom底部 and stay there.
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去到那最低下處,並且,活該就讓他們繼續在那兒待著吧.
06:40
In other words, your position位置 in life comes to seem似乎 not accidental偶然,
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也就是說,你看待生命中地位如何,並非偶然而已
06:43
but merited值得 and deserved應得.
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而是功績和活該
06:45
And that makes品牌 failure失敗 seem似乎 much more crushing破碎.
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這為失敗更加增添了支離破碎的面目
06:48
You know, in the Middle中間 Ages時代, in England英國,
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我們都知道,在中世紀英國
06:50
when you met會見 a very poor較差的 person,
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當你碰上了一個非常窮的人
06:52
that person would be described描述 as an "unfortunate不幸的" --
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你會形容他是「不幸」
06:55
literally按照字面, somebody who had not been blessed幸福 by fortune幸運, an unfortunate不幸的.
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字面意義是,「財富/幸運」沒有眷顧到這個人,他是個「無財富/不幸」的人
06:59
Nowadays如今, particularly尤其 in the United聯合的 States狀態,
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現在,特別是在美國
07:01
if you meet遇到 someone有人 at the bottom底部 of society社會,
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如果你碰到某個來自社會低階級的人
07:03
they may可能 unkindly不客氣 be described描述 as a "loser失敗者."
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他們被很惡劣的稱為「失敗者」
07:06
There is a real真實 difference區別 between之間 an unfortunate不幸的 and a loser失敗者,
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其實在不幸者和失敗者之間,是真的有所差異的
07:09
and that shows節目 400 years年份 of evolution演化 in society社會
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這顯示出我們的社會經歷了400年進化後
07:12
and our belief信仰 in who is responsible主管 for our lives生活.
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對於相信「誰必須對自己的人生負責」的信仰變化
07:15
It's no longer the gods, it's us. We're in the driving主動 seat座位.
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不再是神主導,而是自己.那位坐在駕駛座上的人,正是我們自己.
07:18
That's exhilarating令人振奮 if you're doing well,
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若得心應手,一帆風順,想當然是心曠神怡.
07:20
and very crushing破碎 if you're not.
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反之,一敗不起.
07:22
It leads引線, in the worst最差 cases, in the analysis分析 of a sociologist社會學家
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最糟糕的狀況,以社會學家分析的結果,是可能導致
07:25
like Emil埃米爾 Durkheim塗爾幹, it leads引線 to increased增加 rates利率 of suicide自殺.
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如Emil Durkheim的研究指出,導致自殺比例的攀升
07:29
There are more suicides自殺 in developed發達 individualistic個人主義的 countries國家
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在已開發,強調個人主義的國家中的自殺案例
07:32
than in any other part部分 of the world世界.
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明顯較世界其他地區多許多
07:34
And some of the reason原因 for that is that people take what happens發生
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其中的一些原因是人把發生在自己身上的所有事情
07:36
to them extremely非常 personally親自.
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極端的,完全歸咎於自己
07:38
They own擁有 their success成功. But they also own擁有 their failure失敗.
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他們擁有著自己完全的成功.但同時也擁有完全的失敗.
07:42
Is there any relief浮雕 from some of these pressures壓力
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有沒有能從這些壓力中得到釋放的方法呢?
07:44
that I've just been outlining概述?
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在我敘述了這許多壓力之後?
07:46
I think there is. I just want to turn to a few少數 of them.
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我想是有的.我要針對其中幾個講一下.
07:48
Let's take meritocracy任人唯賢.
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以功績主義來說
07:50
This idea理念 that everybody每個人 deserves值得 to get where they get to,
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我認為活該有些人該去到比較糟糕的地位上的這種心態
07:53
I think it's a crazy idea理念, completely全然 crazy.
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這是個瘋狂的想法,完全瘋狂
07:56
I will support支持 any politician政治家 of Left and Right,
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無論左派右派,我支持任何政治人物
07:58
with any halfway decent正經 meritocratic精英 idea理念.
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只要大方向上走在功績主義上,我都支持
08:00
I am a meritocratmeritocrat in that sense.
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我是不折不扣的功績主義者,就這麼簡單
08:02
But I think it's insane to believe that we will ever
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但我們要是相信人可以搞出一個全然功績,不偏不倚的社會
08:04
make a society社會 that is genuinely真正的 meritocratic精英. It's an impossible不可能 dream夢想.
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這也是個瘋狂的想法,完全不可能的夢想.
08:08
The idea理念 that we will make a society社會
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以為我們的社會能夠
08:10
where literally按照字面 everybody每個人 is graded分級,
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正確無誤的給每個人批等級給分數
08:12
the good at the top最佳, and the bad at the bottom底部,
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好的都在最上面,不好的都在最下面
08:14
and it's exactly究竟 doneDONE as it should be, is impossible不可能.
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並且完全按照應有的功能運作,如此社會和如此概念,是不可能發生的.
08:16
There are simply只是 too many許多 random隨機 factors因素:
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這當中有太多的隨機變數
08:18
accidents事故, accidents事故 of birth分娩,
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譬如意外,意外的出生
08:20
accidents事故 of things dropping落下 on people's人們 heads, illnesses疾病, etc等等.
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東西砸在某人頭上的意外,疾病,等等
08:23
We will never get to grade年級 them,
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是我們所根本無從評分起
08:25
never get to grade年級 people as they should.
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絕不要按照看來應該如何的原則給人們評分
08:27
I'm drawn to a lovely可愛 quote引用 by St. Augustine奧古斯丁 in "The City of God,"
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聖奧古斯丁在「上帝之城」書中有一句話深得我心
08:30
where he says, "It's a sin to judge法官 any man by his post崗位."
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他說,「按地位來論斷人是一種罪」
08:34
In modern現代 English英語 that would mean
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用現代英語說,這句話的意思是
08:36
it's a sin to come to any view視圖 of who you should talk to
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罪,就是,你按照要交談的對方在名片上
08:38
dependent依賴的 on their business商業 card.
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所印的頭銜對他做出評價,這是罪
08:40
It's not the post崗位 that should count計數.
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地位根本不能算數
08:42
According根據 to St. Augustine奧古斯丁,
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按聖奧古斯丁說的,
08:44
it's only God who can really put everybody每個人 in their place地點.
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人去往何處,這真是上帝才能決定的
08:46
And he's going to do that on the Day of Judgment判斷
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祂會在末日的審判日做這個決定
08:48
with angels天使 and trumpets小號, and the skies天空 will open打開.
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有天使環繞及號角聲響,天也會打開
08:50
Insane idea理念, if you're a secularist世俗主義 person, like me.
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如果你是世俗之人,和我一樣,這想法很瘋
08:53
But something very valuable有價值 in that idea理念, nevertheless雖然.
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但其中卻有非常價值
08:55
In other words, hold保持 your horses馬匹 when you're coming未來 to judge法官 people.
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換言之,在論斷他人以前,且慢且慢
08:59
You don't necessarily一定 know what someone's誰家 true真正 value is.
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因你根本不明白某某人真正的價值
09:02
That is an unknown未知 part部分 of them.
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那是他們所不為人知的部份
09:04
And we shouldn't不能 behave表現 as though雖然 it is known已知.
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我們便不能以全知的方式來看待他
09:07
There is another另一個 source資源 of solace慰藉 and comfort安慰 for all this.
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另一個慰藉之源,我要講到
09:10
When we think about failing失敗 in life, when we think about failure失敗,
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當我們想到生命中的失敗,想到了失敗,
09:13
one of the reasons原因 why we fear恐懼 failing失敗 is not just
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其實挫敗令我們懼怕並非僅限於
09:15
a loss失利 of income收入, a loss失利 of status狀態.
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失去收入,失去地位
09:17
What we fear恐懼 is the judgment判斷 and ridicule嘲笑 of others其他. And it exists存在.
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我們怕的是批評論斷和嘲笑.這些都是真的.
09:21
You know, the number one organ器官 of ridicule嘲笑
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我們都知道,嘲弄揶揄的頭號工具
09:23
nowadays如今, is the newspaper報紙.
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在今天,就是報紙
09:25
And if you open打開 the newspaper報紙 any day of the week,
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每天打開報紙所見的
09:27
it's full充分 of people who've誰一直 messed搞砸 up their lives生活.
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無非是許許多多人怎樣搞砸自己的故事
09:29
They've他們已經 slept with the wrong錯誤 person. They've他們已經 taken採取 the wrong錯誤 substance物質.
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和錯誤的對象發生性關係.錯誤的使用毒品藥物.
09:32
They've他們已經 passed通過 the wrong錯誤 piece of legislation立法. Whatever隨你 it is.
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通過了一個錯誤的法案.各式各樣的故事.
09:34
And then are fit適合 for ridicule嘲笑.
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這一切都值得加以嘲笑一番
09:37
In other words, they have failed失敗. And they are described描述 as "losers失敗者."
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換言之,他們是失敗了.因此,被描述為「失敗者」.
09:40
Now is there any alternative替代 to this?
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究竟這種說法有沒有其他代替品呢?
09:42
I think the Western西 tradition傳統 shows節目 us one glorious輝煌 alternative替代,
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有的,西方傳統文化中有一個輝煌的代替品
09:44
and that is tragedy悲劇.
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我們稱之為悲劇
09:47
Tragic悲慘 art藝術, as it developed發達 in the theaters劇院 of ancient Greece希臘,
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悲劇藝術,起源於古老的希臘劇場
09:50
in the fifth第五 century世紀 B.C., was essentially實質上 an art藝術 form形成
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在大約西元前五世紀,主要以藝術的形式
09:52
devoted忠誠 to tracing追踪 how people fail失敗,
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致力於探討人們如何失敗.
09:55
and also according根據 them a level水平 of sympathy同情,
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並在某種程度上給予失敗的人一些同情
09:59
which哪一個 ordinary普通 life would not necessarily一定 accord符合 them.
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在尋常生活中,這份同情可能是付之闕如的.
10:03
I remember記得 a few少數 years年份 ago, I was thinking思維 about all this,
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我記得幾年前,當我在思索這些問題時
10:04
and I went to see "The Sunday星期日 Sport運動,"
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於是去看了「星期日運動小報」
10:06
a tabloid小報 newspaper報紙 that I don't recommend推薦 you to start開始 reading
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如果你從沒看過這份小報,
10:09
if you're not familiar with it already已經.
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倒不必特地找一份來看...
10:11
I went to talk to them
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後來我去找這家小報的編輯聊天
10:13
about certain某些 of the great tragedies悲劇 of Western西 art藝術.
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聊關於西方藝術裡,幾件偉大的悲劇作品
10:16
I wanted to see how they would seize搶占 the bare bones骨頭
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我想看看他們會怎麼露骨的描述劇情大綱
10:18
of certain某些 stories故事 if they came來了 in as a news新聞 item項目
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如果把這些故事當做新聞事件來處理的話,手法如何
10:21
at the news新聞 desk on a Saturday星期六 afternoon下午.
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就以每週六下午的新聞台作業為例
10:24
So I told them about Othello奧賽羅. They had not heard聽說 of it but were fascinated入迷 by it.
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於是我跟他們說了奧塞羅的故事.他們沒聽過,精采翻了
10:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:27
And I asked them to write the headline標題 for the story故事 of Othello奧賽羅.
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我請他們幫「奧塞羅」這個故事製作一個頭條新聞標題
10:30
They came來了 up with "Love-Crazed愛瘋狂 Immigrant移民 Kills殺敵 Senator's參議員 Daughter女兒"
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這標題成了「愛成痴狂!外籍新郎殺死參議院大老之女」
10:33
splashed across橫過 the headline標題.
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醒目的大標題橫灑整個版面
10:35
I gave them the plotline情節主線 of Madame夫人 Bovary包法利夫.
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接下來換「包法利夫人」上場
10:37
Again, a book they were enchanted入迷 to discover發現.
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這本書他們也沒看過,但是非常有意思,更想了解多一點
10:39
And they wrote "Shopaholic購物狂 Adulteress姦婦 Swallows燕子 Arsenic After Credit信用 Fraud舞弊."
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這個標題是「購物上癮風塵女 信用詐欺服毒身亡」
10:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:45
And then my favorite喜愛.
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最後這個,是我最愛的
10:47
They really do have a kind of genius天才 all of their own擁有, these guys.
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這些傢伙,真的很有些天份
10:49
My favorite喜愛 is Sophocles'索福克勒斯的“ Oedipus俄狄浦斯 the King國王:
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我最喜歡的是索發克里斯所寫的「依底帕斯王」
10:51
"Sex性別 With Mum沉默 Was Blinding致盲"
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「盲!睡上自己親娘」
10:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:57
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
10:59
In a way, if you like, at one end結束 of the spectrum光譜 of sympathy同情,
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你可以這樣看同情心的光譜,如果在這一頭
11:02
you've got the tabloid小報 newspaper報紙.
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如果是小報新聞如壹周刊的話
11:04
At the other end結束 of the spectrum光譜 you've got tragedy悲劇 and tragic悲慘 art藝術,
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那麼另一頭就是悲劇和悲劇藝術
11:07
and I suppose假設 I'm arguing爭論 that we should learn學習 a little bit
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我想我要提出一個觀點是我們應該從
11:09
about what's happening事件 in tragic悲慘 art藝術.
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悲劇藝術當中學到的東西
11:11
It would be insane to call Hamlet村莊 a loser失敗者.
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沒有人稱哈姆雷特為「失敗者」
11:14
He is not a loser失敗者, though雖然 he has lost丟失.
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雖然失去很多,但他並不是失敗者
11:17
And I think that is the message信息 of tragedy悲劇 to us,
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我想這就是悲劇藝術要傳達給我們的訊息
11:19
and why it's so very, very important重要, I think.
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我認為這是個非常非常重要的訊息.
11:22
The other thing about modern現代 society社會
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另外一個現代社會引發
11:24
and why it causes原因 this anxiety焦慮
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焦慮的原因就是
11:26
is that we have nothing at its center中央 that is non-human非人類的.
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萬事的中心點,沒有一樣不是繞著人打轉的
11:29
We are the first society社會 to be living活的 in a world世界
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我們的社會,首創了世界上第一次,人類這樣的生活
11:31
where we don't worship崇拜 anything other than ourselves我們自己.
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除了我們自己以外,我們不敬拜其他任何別的
11:34
We think very highly高度 of ourselves我們自己, and so we should.
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非常高舉自己,當然我們應該如此.
11:36
We've我們已經 put people on the moon月亮. We've我們已經 doneDONE all sorts排序 of extraordinary非凡 things.
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人類登上了月球.我們如此成就非凡.
11:39
And so we tend趨向 to worship崇拜 ourselves我們自己.
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以至於傾向於崇拜自己
11:41
Our heroes英雄 are human人的 heroes英雄.
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我們的英雄都是人類自己
11:43
That's a very new situation情況.
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這是個新狀況
11:45
Most other societies社會 have had, right at their center中央,
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大多數過去的社會,中心點
11:47
the worship崇拜 of something transcendent超然: a god,
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都有一個超凡的敬拜對象.一位神
11:49
a spirit精神, a natural自然 force, the universe宇宙,
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一種精神,一股自然能力,宇宙
11:51
whatever隨你 it is, something else其他 that is being存在 worshiped崇拜.
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無論為何,過去我們總崇拜一些別的什麼
11:54
We've我們已經 slightly lost丟失 the habit習慣 of doing that,
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現在我們丟棄了這個習慣
11:56
which哪一個 is, I think, why we're particularly尤其 drawn to nature性質.
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這也是我想,為什麼,人總是很容易被大自然所吸引
11:58
Not for the sake清酒 of our health健康, though雖然 it's often經常 presented呈現 that way,
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雖然很多宣導都說接觸大自然是為了健康,但其實不是這原因
12:01
but because it's an escape逃逸 from the human人的 anthill.
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原因是我們都想逃離這個人造蟻丘
12:05
It's an escape逃逸 from our own擁有 competition競爭,
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我們想逃離彼此之間的競爭
12:07
and our own擁有 dramas電視劇.
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一些自編自導的戲碼
12:09
And that's why we enjoy請享用 looking at glaciers冰川 and oceans海洋,
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所以冰河,海洋總令人類感到賞心悅目
12:11
and contemplating考慮 the Earth地球 from outside its perimeters周邊, etc等等.
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甚至喜歡從外太空的角度凝視這顆星球,
12:15
We like to feel in contact聯繫 with something that is non-human非人類的,
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我們喜歡去感受到和某些非人類之物有所接觸
12:19
and that is so deeply important重要 to us.
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在內裡深處,這意義是重大的
12:23
What I think I've been talking about really is success成功 and failure失敗.
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我一直在講成功和失敗
12:26
And one of the interesting有趣 things about success成功
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關於成功有一件最有趣的事情就是
12:29
is that we think we know what it means手段.
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我們都認為我們知道成功是什麼意思
12:31
If I said to you that there is somebody behind背後 the screen屏幕
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如果我現在跟你們說,螢幕後方有一個人
12:33
who is very very successful成功, certain某些 ideas思路 would immediately立即 come to mind心神.
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是個非常成功的人,你的心底立刻就會浮現好幾個想法
12:36
You would think that person might威力 have made製作 a lot of money,
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你可能覺得這個人應該是賺很多錢的
12:38
achieved實現 renown名聲 in some field領域.
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在某個領域學有所長的
12:41
My own擁有 theory理論 of success成功 -- and I'm somebody
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我自己對成功有個理論,我這個人呢
12:43
who is very interested有興趣 in success成功. I really want to be successful成功.
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對成功是有極大興趣的.我很想要成功.
12:46
I'm always thinking思維, "How could I be more successful成功?"
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我總在想著,「怎樣能更成功呢?」
12:48
But as I get older舊的, I'm also very nuanced細緻入微
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年紀漸長,我對於「成功」這個字詞
12:50
about what that word "success成功" might威力 mean.
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的微妙定義也有所領悟
12:52
Here's這裡的 an insight眼光 that I've had about success成功.
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這是我對於成功的見解
12:54
You can't be successful成功 at everything.
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你無法在每件事上都很成功
12:57
We hear a lot of talk about work-life工作生活 balance平衡.
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我們都聽過許多的「工作-生活」應當取得平衡的訊息演說
12:59
Nonsense廢話. You can't have it all. You can't.
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那些都不是道理.你根本沒辦法魚與熊掌兼得.就是沒辦法.
13:02
So any vision視力 of success成功
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所以呢,看待成功
13:04
has to admit承認 what it's losing失去 out on,
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必須要承認因此也有所失落
13:06
where the element元件 of loss失利 is.
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失落了些重要元素
13:08
I think any wise明智的 life will accept接受,
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我想所有智者都能接受的一件事就是
13:11
as I say, that there is going to be an element元件 where we are not succeeding下一.
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如我所說,總在某一個關鍵點上,我們算是未竟成功
13:14
Thing about a successful成功 life
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而成功的人生呢
13:16
is, a lot of the time, our ideas思路
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關於一個成功的人生的定義為何
13:18
of what it would mean to live生活 successfully順利 are not our own擁有.
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往往並不出於我們自己的想法
13:21
They are sucked in from other people:
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全都是從別人那裡吸取來的
13:23
chiefly主要, if you're a man, your father父親,
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如果你是男人,那人主要是你的父親,
13:25
and if you're a woman女人, your mother母親.
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如果妳是女人,主要是妳的母親
13:27
Psychoanalysis心理分析 has been drumming鼓聲 home this message信息 for about 80 years年份.
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心理分析家試圖要傳達這個信息給我們,有80年了
13:30
No one is quite相當 listening hard enough足夠, but I very much believe that that's true真正.
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沒人聽他們在講什麼.但我相信它是對的.
13:33
And we also suck吮吸 in messages消息
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另外我們也吸取訊息
13:35
from everything from the television電視, to advertising廣告,
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從電視廣告來的
13:37
to marketing營銷, etc等等.
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還有行銷等等
13:39
These are hugely巨大 powerful強大 forces軍隊
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這些都是強力的資訊來源
13:41
that define確定 what we want and how we view視圖 ourselves我們自己.
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定意著我們想要的,定義了我們看待自己
13:45
When we're told that banking銀行業 is a very respectable可敬 profession職業
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過去人們說銀行業是受尊敬的行業
13:48
a lot of us want to go into banking銀行業.
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我們很多人就想進這一行
13:50
When banking銀行業 is no longer so respectable可敬, we lose失去 interest利益 in banking銀行業.
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當銀行業不再受到尊敬,我們也對它沒了興趣
13:53
We are highly高度 open打開 to suggestion建議.
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我們往往對建議太過於敞開
13:56
So what I want to argue爭論 for is not that we should give up
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我要說明的一點是,我們不應該放棄
13:59
on our ideas思路 of success成功,
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放棄去尋求我們對成功的想法和概念
14:01
but we should make sure that they are our own擁有.
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但總要確定那份想法是我們自己的沒錯
14:03
We should focus焦點 in on our ideas思路
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我們應該聚焦在自己的想法上
14:05
and make sure that we own擁有 them,
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確認我們真的擁有這些想法
14:08
that we are truly the authors作者 of our own擁有 ambitions野心.
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我們是自己的雄心壯志的主人
14:10
Because it's bad enough足夠, not getting得到 what you want,
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因為得不到你想要的已經夠慘了,
14:12
but it's even worse更差 to have an idea理念
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但抱著一個根本不屬於自己的想法,
14:15
of what it is you want and find out at the end結束 of a journey旅程,
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走完人生全程,才發現這根本不是你想要的
14:18
that it isn't, in fact事實, what you wanted all along沿.
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那才是真正最最悲慘的事情
14:21
So I'm going to end結束 it there.
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我要在這裡結束
14:23
But what I really want to stress強調 is
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我想強調的是
14:26
by all means手段, success成功, yes.
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用各種方法,賺取成功,很好.
14:28
But let's accept接受 the strangeness陌生感 of some of our ideas思路.
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但也接納我們自己的想法當中最怪異的一些點子
14:30
Let's probe探測 away at our notions概念 of success成功.
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探索出我們對成功的看見
14:33
Let's make sure our ideas思路 of success成功 are truly our own擁有.
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總要確定我們對成功的看法全都是我們自己的沒錯
14:37
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝大家
14:39
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
14:55
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: That was fascinating迷人. How do you reconcile調和
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主持人克里斯.安德森:太精采了.請問你要怎樣和解
14:57
this idea理念 of someone有人 being存在 --
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兩個想法--
15:02
it being存在 bad to think of someone有人 as a loser失敗者
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一個是視別人為失敗者,這個想法並不太好
15:05
with the idea理念, that a lot of people like, of seizing抓住 control控制 of your life.
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另一個想法則廣為多數人所歡迎的,就是,掌控自己的人生方向.
15:09
And that a society社會 that encourages鼓勵 that
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而既然社會上鼓勵這些
15:12
perhaps也許 has to have some winners獲獎者 and losers失敗者.
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可能總免不了有些成功者也有些失敗者
15:15
Alain阿蘭 de Botton波頓: Yes. I think it's merely僅僅 the randomness隨機性
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艾倫‧狄波頓: 是的.我認為,其中無非機緣而已
15:18
of the winning勝利 and losing失去 process處理 that I wanted to stress強調.
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主導一個或勝或敗的過程,在於機緣,而這是我所想要強調的
15:20
Because the emphasis重點 nowadays如今 is so much
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因為今天人們把許多的重點強調在
15:22
on the justice正義 of everything,
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每件事都很公平正義
15:24
and politicians政治家 always talk about justice正義.
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所有政治人物都講公平正義
15:26
Now I am a firm公司 believer信徒 in justice正義, I just think that it is impossible不可能.
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我當然堅定相信公平正義.只是我認為那根本不可能.
15:29
So we should do everything we can,
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所以我們應該盡一切可能
15:31
we should do everything we can to pursue追求 it.
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做每一件該做的事,追求這個目標
15:33
But at the end結束 of the day we should always remember記得
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但最後總要記得
15:35
that whoever is facing面對 us, whatever隨你 has happened發生 in their lives生活,
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我們無論面對了誰,他的生命中發生什麼事
15:38
there will be a strong強大 element元件 of the haphazard偶然.
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其中很大的因素在於偶然發生
15:41
And it's that that I'm trying to leave離開 room房間 for.
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因此,我試圖在這個部份給人多一些空間
15:43
Because otherwise除此以外 it can get quite相當 claustrophobic幽閉恐懼症.
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否則的話,有時,未免也太過於令人窒息了
15:45
CACA: I mean, do you believe that you can combine結合
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克里斯.安德森:我的意思是,你相信這所謂的
15:47
your kind of kinder金德, gentler溫和 philosophy哲學 of work
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寬容的,溫和的哲學能應用在工作上
15:49
with a successful成功 economy經濟?
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並和一個成功的經濟系統有個好的結合嗎?
15:53
Or do you think that you can't?
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還是你認為不能?
15:55
But it doesn't matter that much that we're putting too much emphasis重點 on that?
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或者那無關緊要,因為我們強調的重點不在那個部份?
15:57
ABAB: The nightmare惡夢 thought
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艾倫‧狄波頓:有一種噩夢想法呢
16:00
is that frightening可怕的 people is the best最好 way to get work out of them,
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就是藉由驚嚇,讓人把工作完成,他們認為這個方法最好用
16:04
and that somehow不知何故 the crueler殘酷 the environment環境
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並且環境要是越冷酷無情
16:07
the more people will rise上升 to the challenge挑戰.
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人,就越能被激發出潛能,起來迎接冷酷的挑戰
16:09
You want to think, who would you like as your ideal理想 dad?
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試想,在你心中完美的父親是怎樣的呢?
16:13
And your ideal理想 dad is somebody who is tough強硬 but gentle溫和.
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一位理想父親,不正是一個又嚴格又溫柔的人嗎
16:16
And it's a very hard line to make.
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其中的界線的確難以劃分
16:18
We need fathers父親, as it were, the exemplary示範 father父親 figures人物 in society社會,
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我們的社會需要這樣標準的,父親典範的形象角色
16:22
avoiding避免 the two extremes極端,
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避免兩極化.
16:24
which哪一個 is the authoritarian獨裁的, disciplinarian規律, on the one hand,
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在這一頭只講權力,服從,執行紀律
16:28
and on the other, the lax, no rules規則 option選項.
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另一頭則是鬆散,無規則
16:32
CACA: Alain阿蘭 de Botton波頓.
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克里斯.安德森: 謝謝, 艾倫‧狄波頓
16:34
ABAB: Thank you very much.
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艾倫‧狄波頓: 非常謝謝
16:36
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Lauren Huang
Reviewed by Coco Shen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alain de Botton - Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday.

Why you should listen

It started in 1997, when Alain de Botton turned away from writing novels and instead wrote a touching extended essay titled How Proust Can Change Your Life, which became an unlikely blockbuster in the "self-help"category. His subsequent books take on some of the fundamental worries of modern life (am I happy? where exactly do I stand?), informed by his deep reading in philosophy and by a novelist's eye for small, perfect moments. His newest book is The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work.

In 2008, de Botton helped start the School of Life in London, a social enterprise determined to make learning and therapy relevant in today's uptight culture. His goal is (through any of his mediums) to help clients learn "how to live wisely and well."

More profile about the speaker
Alain de Botton | Speaker | TED.com