Siddhartha Mukherjee: Soon we'll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill
سيدهارتا موخرجي: قريبًا سيتم معالجة الأمراض عن طريق الخلايا و ليس الحبوب
When he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine. Full bio
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about the future of medicine.
a little bit about the past.
of the recent history of medicine,
التاريخ الحديث للطب،
for the dominance of this model
but we happen to be celebrating
لكنه يحدث أن نحتفل
of antibiotics into the United States.
إلى الولايات المتحدة.
was nothing short of transformative.
في العملية التحويلية.
either from the natural world
ليكن فرضاً من مصدر طبيعي
in the laboratory,
exquisite specificity.
a previously fatal, lethal disease --
ذلك، بمرض فتاك قاتل--
into a curable, or treatable illness.
إلى مرض قابل للشفاء، أو العلاج.
over and over again
مرارًا وتكرارًا
and hypertension and heart disease.
وارتفاع ضغط الدم وأمراض القلب.
but it's only worked partly.
in the human body,
that your body is capable of,
is on the order of a million.
هو من فئة المليون.
all of medicinal chemistry?
of all chemical reactions in your body
من جميع ردود الأفعال الكيميائية في جسدك
by this lock and key mechanism.
بآلية القفل و المفتاح.
about human physiology
and interacting pieces,
of that network.
لتلك الشبكة.
pharmaceutical chemistry
10 or 15 telephone lines.
that the natural world
أن العالم الطبيعي
might think about illness
في المرض
is organized hierarchically upwards,
منظم بشكل هرمي تصاعدي،
semi-autonomous unit called a cell.
تتمتع بحكم شبه ذاتي تدعى الخلية.
semi-autonomous units
semi-autonomous units called organs,
لوحدات شبه مستقلة تسمى الأجهزة،
to form things called humans,
لتشكيل ما يسمى البشر.
ultimately live in environments,
تعيش في نهاية المطاف في بيئات،
and partly semi-autonomous.
و تتمتع بحكم شبه ذاتي.
this hierarchical scheme
هذا المخطط الهرمي
to think about illness as well
التفكير في المرض كذلك
this lock and key model to cancer.
المفتاح لنموذج السرطان.
or targeted therapies,
الكيميائية أو العلاجات المستهدفة،
هذه الطريقة.
of breast cancer,
الثدي.
to the ceiling of that approach.
وصلنا الى إلحد الأقصى.
about using the immune system,
باستخدام جهاز المناعة،
doesn't grow in a vacuum.
لا تنمو في الفراغ.
لهذه الأجهزة،
have an immune system, to attack cancer?
للهجوم على السرطان؟
spectacular new medicines in cancer.
أدوية جديدة مذهلة للسرطان.
of the environment, isn't there?
البيئة، أليس كذلك؟
as altering the environment.
كتغيير بيئي.
of a profoundly carcinogenic environment.
بيئة عميقة مسرطنة.
you take confinement,
white sheet of paper,
يدعى النيكوتين،
that we know, called nicotine,
addictive substances that you know,
للإدمان ممكن أن تعرفها،
a pro-carcinogenic environment.
environments too.
for breast cancer, for instance.
لسرطان الثدي، على سبيل المثال.
milieu for other forms of cancer.
لأشكال أخرى من السرطان.
we've tried, again, desperately
that operate between nerve cells --
بين الخلايا العصبية--
but then that reached the limit.
و لكنها وصلت الى حد ما.
really probably need to do
به حقاً
of the organ, the brain,
we know study upon study has shown
has shown that talk therapy
العلاج الكلامي
than either one alone.
environment that will change depression?
لتغيير الاكتئاب؟
that elicit depression?
تثير الإكتئاب؟
hierarchical chain of organization.
السلسلة الهرمية التنظيم.
chronic degenerative diseases --
hypertension, osteoarthritis --
و ارتفاع ضغط الدم، و هشاشة العظام--
the metaphor to growing something.
هو استبدال المجاز بشيء قابل للنمو
shift, as it were,
personal manner about 10 years ago.
10 سنوات.
I've been a runner most of my life --
كنت عداء معظم حياتي--
and I basically couldn't move.
لم أستطع التحرك.
of bone against bone.
is that you get to order your own MRIs.
هو أن تحصل على الرنين المغناطيسي الخاص بك.
and it looked like that.
فحص الرنين المغناطيسي و بدا كالتالي:
that is between bone
and the bone itself had been shattered.
and feeling sorry,
بالأسف،
of every person in this audience,
الرنين المغناطيسي،
and cartilage degeneration like this.
cartilage degeneration.
الغضاريف.
of the men in this audience
عليها كطبيب
to experiment on your own ailments.
على العلل الخاصة بك.
into the laboratory,
المختبر،
to fix this degeneration.
بطريقة ميكانيكية.
into the knee spaces of animals
في محيط الركبة لحيوانات
on a very long and painful process,
عن عملية طويلة ومؤلمة للغاية،
we had a research student from Australia.
كان لدينا طالب أبحاث من أستراليا.
looking at the world upside down.
رأسا على عقب.
maybe it isn't a mechanical problem.
"من الممكن ألا تكون المشكلة ميكانيكية.
Maybe it's a stem cell problem."
من الممكن أن تكون مشكلة خلايا جذعية"
as a skeletal stem cell --
شيئا كالخلايا الجذعية العظمية
the entire vertebrate skeleton,
العظمي الفقاري،
elements of skeleton,
للهيكل العظمي،
in the nervous system.
or dysfunction of this stem cell
التدهور أو الخلل في هذه الخلية الجذعية
a very common ailment.
الغضروفية، وهو مرض شائع جدا.
were we looking for a pill
حبة دواء
been looking for a cell.
to look for skeletal stem cells.
عظمية.
we found these cells.
وجدنا هذه الخلايا.
a real photograph of one of them.
الفوتوغرافية لها.
and the yellow cells
from one single skeletal stem cell --
من خلية جذعية عظمية واحدة
coming out of a single cell.
أتت من خلية واحدة فقط.
They have four properties.
where they're expected to live.
لتواجدها.
the surface of the bone,
it's location, location, location.
بالمكان، المكان، المكان.
and form bone and cartilage.
العظم و الغضروف.
of the vertebrate skeleton,
in petri dishes in the laboratory,
في المختبر،
form cartilage for love or money?
للحب أو المال؟
of cartilage around themselves.
of fractures that we've ever encountered.
a mouse bone that we fractured
عظم فأر كنا قد كسرناه
and repaired, in yellow, the bone,
وأصلحت العظم، باللون الأصفر هنا،
almost completely.
with a fluorescent dye
of peculiar cellular glue
and then stopping their work.
decline precipitously,
fiftyfold, as you age.
تقدمنا بالسن.
in a perceptual shift.
back onto this idea:
about bone stem cells,
الخلايا الجذعية،
in terms of a cellular disease.
المرضية الخلوية.
are there organs?
as an organ outside the body?
خارج الجسم؟
into areas of trauma?
and create environments?
that exercise remodels bone,
تغير شكل العظم،
is going to exercise.
loading and unloading bone
وتفريغ العظم
or regenerate degenerating cartilage?
and more importantly,
more globally outside medicine?
هذا النموذج على صعيد عالمي خارج الطب؟
is not killing something,
ليس قتل شيء ما،
some of the most interesting questions
أكثر إثارةً
about medicine in the future.
be a cell and not a pill?
الخلية و ليس عن طريق الدواء؟
the malignant growth of these cells?
الخبيث لهذه الخلايا؟
of unleashing growth.
suicide genes into these cells
داخل هذه الخلايا
that's created outside the body
عضو صُنع خارج الجسم
some of those organs had memory.
من تلك الأجهزة تملك ذاكرة.
those memories back in?
تلك الذكريات مرة أخرى فيها؟
for an individual human being
environments as medicines.
I began this talk with models.
بدأت هذا الحديث عن النماذج.
about model building.
builds a model,
ببناء نموذج،
a world in miniature.
مصغر.
the world in metaphor.
مجازي.
a new way of seeing.
The latter is a perceptual shift.
و الأخير هو تحول حسي.
such a perceptual shift
تحولًا إدراكيًا حسيًا.
that it really colored, distorted,
التي هي مشوشة و مشوهة،
about medicine for the last hundred years.
تفكيرنا به في السنوات المئة الأخيرة.
to think about medicine in the future.
في المستقبل.
a popular trope out there
the transformative impact
powerful-enough drugs,
ways of thinking about medicines.
حول الطب.
are three more intangible M's:
هي ثلاث نهايات غير ملموسة أخرى:
I really like this metaphor.
and that medical treatments of the future
الطبية المستقبلية
your genome, your current context.
الجينوم الخاص بك، و سياقك الحالي.
you've got here?
هنا؟
It's a very interesting question.
personalization of medicine
is such a dominant metaphor,
in medicine today,
في الطب اليوم،
the personalization of medicine.
الجديدة للطب.
is just the bottom
organized unit of that, is the cell.
تنظيماً و هي الخلية.
in medicine in this way,
cellular therapies,
الخلوية،
organ or organismal therapies,
العلاجات العضوية،
immersion therapies for the environment.
الغامرة في البيئة.
there's turtles all the way.
على طول الطريق.
personalization all the way.
medicine could be a cell
potentially your own cells.
الخلايا الخاصة بك.
CA: So converted to stem cells,
-جرى تحويلها إلى خلايا جذعية،
of drugs or something, and prepared.
و مجهزة.
This is what we're doing.
إنه ما نفعله الآن.
and in fact, we're slowly moving,
نتحرك ببطء،
but incorporating genomics
semi-autonomous, self-regulating systems,
المتعددة المهام، الشبه مستقلة
like environments.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Siddhartha Mukherjee - Cancer physician and writerWhen he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine.
Why you should listen
While discussing a diagnosis with a patient, Siddhartha Mukherjee realized that there were no easy answers to the question, “What is cancer?” Faced with his hesitation, Mukherjee decided to do something about it.
Over the next six years, Mukherjee wrote the influential, Pulitzer-winning The Emperor of All Maladies, a 4,000-year “biography” of cancer. He collaborated with Ken Burns on a six-hour documentary for PBS based on his book, updating the story with recent discoveries in oncology.
In his new TED Book, The Laws of Medicine, he examines the three principles that govern modern medicine -- and every profession that confronts uncertainty and wonder.
Siddhartha Mukherjee | Speaker | TED.com