Siddhartha Mukherjee: Soon we'll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill
Siddhartha Mukherjee: Yakında hastalıkları ilaçla değil hücreyle iyileştireceğiz
When he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine. Full bio
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about the future of medicine.
istiyorum...
a little bit about the past.
of the recent history of medicine,
veriyorduk.
for the dominance of this model
but we happen to be celebrating
antibiyotiklerin ABD'ye
of antibiotics into the United States.
was nothing short of transformative.
either from the natural world
in the laboratory,
farz edelim.
exquisite specificity.
a previously fatal, lethal disease --
into a curable, or treatable illness.
metaforunun
over and over again
and hypertension and heart disease.
but it's only worked partly.
in the human body,
that your body is capable of,
is on the order of a million.
bir milyon olduğunu düşünecektir.
all of medicinal chemistry?
of all chemical reactions in your body
gelen tüm kimyasal reaksiyonların %0.025'i
by this lock and key mechanism.
hedef alınabilir.
about human physiology
and interacting pieces,
düşündüğünüzde,
of that network.
pharmaceutical chemistry
Kansas'taki,
10 or 15 telephone lines.
that the natural world
might think about illness
is organized hierarchically upwards,
hiyerarşik bir düzende kurulmuş.
semi-autonomous unit called a cell.
yarı otonom bir birim ile işe başladık.
semi-autonomous units
semi-autonomous units called organs,
yarı otonom başka birimleri,
to form things called humans,
şeyleri meydana getiriyor.
ultimately live in environments,
kısmen otomatik ve yarı otonom
and partly semi-autonomous.
this hierarchical scheme
to think about illness as well
yolla düşünmeye
this lock and key model to cancer.
anahtar ve kilit modelini deniyoruz.
or targeted therapies,
öldürmeyi deniyoruz.
of breast cancer,
da işe yaradı.
to the ceiling of that approach.
azami sınıra ulaşmış olduk.
about using the immune system,
gelişmediğini hatırlayarak
doesn't grow in a vacuum.
düşünmeye başladık.
sahip
have an immune system, to attack cancer?
kapasitesini kullanır mıydınız?
spectacular new medicines in cancer.
yeni ilaçların doğmasını sağladı.
of the environment, isn't there?
öyle değil mi?
as altering the environment.
aklımızdan geçirmiyoruz.
of a profoundly carcinogenic environment.
örneğini vermeme izin verin.
you take confinement,
sınırlandırıldığınızı hissediyorsunuz.
white sheet of paper,
that we know, called nicotine,
nikotini ekleyin.
addictive substances that you know,
yapıcı maddelerden birisini ekleyin.
a pro-carcinogenic environment.
environments too.
ortamlarınız da var.
hormonal çevreyi
for breast cancer, for instance.
sayıda girişim oldu.
milieu for other forms of cancer.
çevreyi değiştirmeye çalışıyoruz.
hastalığı ele alalım.
we've tried, again, desperately
ve dopamin gibi
that operate between nerve cells --
sağlayan molekülleri
ve depresyonu
but then that reached the limit.
sınırına ulaştı.
really probably need to do
of the organ, the brain,
we know study upon study has shown
has shown that talk therapy
yine gösteriyor ki,
terapisiyle birleştirildiğinde
than either one alone.
environment that will change depression?
that elicit depression?
sinyalleri durdurabilir misiniz?
yukarıya doğru hareket etmek.
hierarchical chain of organization.
chronic degenerative diseases --
hypertension, osteoarthritis --
the metaphor to growing something.
shift, as it were,
personal manner about 10 years ago.
I've been a runner most of my life --
Hayatımda uzun süre koşmuşumdur --
and I basically couldn't move.
ve hareket edemedim.
of bone against bone.
is that you get to order your own MRIs.
kendi MR'ınızı yazabilmenizdir.
and it looked like that.
ve sonuç buydu.
that is between bone
and the bone itself had been shattered.
and feeling sorry,
of every person in this audience,
and cartilage degeneration like this.
dejenerasyonu işaretleri gözükecektir.
cartilage degeneration.
dejenerasyonu görülmektedir.
of the men in this audience
yüzde 50-60 oranında
to experiment on your own ailments.
deneyler yapabilmenizdir.
into the laboratory,
to fix this degeneration.
onarmaya çalıştık.
into the knee spaces of animals
kimyasallar enjekte etmeye,
geri çevirmeye çalıştık,
on a very long and painful process,
özetlemek gerekirse
we had a research student from Australia.
bir araştırma öğrencimiz vardı.
looking at the world upside down.
dünyaya tepetaklak bakmalarıdır.
maybe it isn't a mechanical problem.
bir problem değildir.
Maybe it's a stem cell problem."
Belki bu bir kök hücre problemidir." dedi.
as a skeletal stem cell --
the entire vertebrate skeleton,
ve iskeletin lif unsurlarını
elements of skeleton,
in the nervous system.
or dysfunction of this stem cell
dejenerasyonu veya işlev bozukluğu
a very common ailment.
were we looking for a pill
been looking for a cell.
acaba bir ilaç mı arıyorduk?
to look for skeletal stem cells.
we found these cells.
a real photograph of one of them.
ve gerçek fotoğrafı.
and the yellow cells
ve sarı hücreler
from one single skeletal stem cell --
meydana gelmiş hücrelerdir --
coming out of a single cell.
tek bir hücreden geliyor.
They have four properties.
Dört özellikleri var.
where they're expected to live.
the surface of the bone,
it's location, location, location.
and form bone and cartilage.
kemik ve kıkırdak oluşturur.
of the vertebrate skeleton,
in petri dishes in the laboratory,
üretebiliyorsunuz
form cartilage for love or money?
of cartilage around themselves.
of fractures that we've ever encountered.
en iyi tamirciler.
a mouse bone that we fractured
and repaired, in yellow, the bone,
almost completely.
with a fluorescent dye
of peculiar cellular glue
and then stopping their work.
decline precipitously,
fiftyfold, as you age.
in a perceptual shift.
back onto this idea:
about bone stem cells,
hakkında düşünüyoruz,
in terms of a cellular disease.
are there organs?
"Organlar var mı?" idi.
as an organ outside the body?
inşa edilebilir miyiz?
into areas of trauma?
kıkırdak yerleştirilebilir miyiz?
and create environments?
that exercise remodels bone,
yeniden biçimlendirir
is going to exercise.
loading and unloading bone
veya yenilemek adına
boşaltığınızı hayal edebilir misiniz?
or regenerate degenerating cartilage?
and more importantly,
more globally outside medicine?
is not killing something,
some of the most interesting questions
yönelik sorular doğuruyor.
about medicine in the future.
be a cell and not a pill?
the malignant growth of these cells?
durdurmak için ne yapacağız?
of unleashing growth.
problemleri duyuyoruz.
suicide genes into these cells
that's created outside the body
ve vücudunuza yerleştirilen
some of those organs had memory.
bazı organların hafızası vardı.
those memories back in?
for an individual human being
environments as medicines.
I began this talk with models.
Konuşmaya modellerle başladım.
about model building.
konuşmamı sonlandırayım.
builds a model,
a world in miniature.
the world in metaphor.
a new way of seeing.
The latter is a perceptual shift.
Diğer ise algısal bir değişimdir.
such a perceptual shift
tıbba olan bakış acımız
that it really colored, distorted,
about medicine for the last hundred years.
to think about medicine in the future.
ihtiyacımız var.
a popular trope out there
populer bir mecaz var.
the transformative impact
kullanmamızın nedeni,
powerful-enough drugs,
ways of thinking about medicines.
are three more intangible M's:
I really like this metaphor.
and that medical treatments of the future
your genome, your current context.
you've got here?
It's a very interesting question.
personalization of medicine
is such a dominant metaphor,
in medicine today,
the personalization of medicine.
is just the bottom
organized unit of that, is the cell.
in medicine in this way,
cellular therapies,
kişileştirmeyi düşünmeliyiz,
organ or organismal therapies,
organizma tedavileri gelmeli
immersion therapies for the environment.
kişileştirilmiş terapi geliştirmeyi.
there's turtles all the way.
personalization all the way.
kişileştirilme var.
medicine could be a cell
potentially your own cells.
CA: So converted to stem cells,
dönüştürülmüş hücrelerle
of drugs or something, and prepared.
benzeri test edilebilir
This is what we're doing.
ve evet, yavaş ilerliyoruz,
and in fact, we're slowly moving,
but incorporating genomics
bulundukları çevreler gibi
semi-autonomous, self-regulating systems,
ve kendi kendini
like environments.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Siddhartha Mukherjee - Cancer physician and writerWhen he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine.
Why you should listen
While discussing a diagnosis with a patient, Siddhartha Mukherjee realized that there were no easy answers to the question, “What is cancer?” Faced with his hesitation, Mukherjee decided to do something about it.
Over the next six years, Mukherjee wrote the influential, Pulitzer-winning The Emperor of All Maladies, a 4,000-year “biography” of cancer. He collaborated with Ken Burns on a six-hour documentary for PBS based on his book, updating the story with recent discoveries in oncology.
In his new TED Book, The Laws of Medicine, he examines the three principles that govern modern medicine -- and every profession that confronts uncertainty and wonder.
Siddhartha Mukherjee | Speaker | TED.com