Rebecca Brachman: Could a drug prevent depression and PTSD?
ريبيكا براشمان: هل يمكن الوقاية من الاكتئاب واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة دوائياً؟
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio
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in the late 1800s,
في آواخر 1800،
what was causing this disease.
ما الذي يسبب هذا المرض.
that made you susceptible.
عرضةً للمرض.
it gave you heightened sensitivity
أنّه يعطيك إحساساً عالياً
that tuberculosis was caused
bacterial infection,
develop drugs to treat it.
a new drug, iproniazid,
دواءً جديداً هو إيبرونيازيد،
might cure tuberculosis,
قد يُشفي من السل،
they were "dancing in the halls."
كانوا "يرقصون في الصالات."
because they were getting better.
as being "inappropriately happy."
بأنهم "سعداء على نحو غير مناسب".
antidepressant was discovered.
is not uncommon in science,
ليس غريباً في المجال العلمي،
than just a happy accident.
مصادفة سعيدة.
for discovery to occur.
عندما يحدث بالمصادفة.
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
سأكلمكم قليلاً
the opposite of dumb luck --
عكس حظ الغبي --
and we can actually now cure tuberculosis.
الآن أن نُشفي مرضى السل.
though not necessarily in other countries,
وليس بالضرورة في بلدان أُخرى،
are not too worried about TB.
ليس قلقاً من مرض السل.
in the early 1900s
about psychiatric disorders.
الاضطرابات النفسية.
of an epidemic of mood disorders
اضطرابات المزاج
stress disorder, or PTSD.
الصدمة (PTSD).
in the United States
بالغين في الولايات المتحدة
experienced it personally
that someone you know has,
of disability worldwide.
في جميع أنحاء العالم.
that was making people manic,
والذي جعل الناس مهووسين،
ward and the antihistamine,
أو حادثة مضاد الهستامين،
to do one thing --
or suppress allergies --
something very different --
لفعل شيء مختلف جداً --
is actually quite challenging.
لأغراض أخرى.
this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid,
للإيبرونيازيد في تحسين الحالة المزاجية.
what they saw.
of being a tuberculosis drug
are experiencing severe euphoria.
1954 يعانون من الابتهاج الشديد.
that this might somehow interfere
only be used in cases of extreme TB
في الحالات المتقدمة من السل
highly emotionally stable,
استقراراً كبيراً عاطفياً،
of how we use it as an antidepressant.
from the perspective of this one disease,
for another disease.
it's not entirely their fault.
is a bias that affects all of us.
be able to think of an object
use or function.
pretty hard for all of us,
أخرى صعباً علينا جميعاً
a TV show to the guy who was,
للشاب الذي كان ماهراً في
of iproniazid and imipramine,
الإيبرونيازيد والإيمبراميين،
or people dancing in the halls.
يرقصون في الصالات.
they were caught.
what else we've missed.
ما الذي غفلنا عنه أيضاً.
a case study in repurposing.
that are really important.
increase levels of serotonin,
right, one or the two,
that we had to develop safer drugs,
علينا أن نطوّر عقاقير أكثر أماناً،
like a pretty good place to start.
مكان جيد للبدء.
to more specifically focus on serotonin,
بالتحديد على السيروتونين،
reuptake inhibitors, so the SSRIs,
الانتقائي المثبط للامتصاص
just worked on optimizing those drugs.
شيء على تحسين تلك العقاقير.
than the drugs that came before them,
التي أتت بعدها،
من التأثيرات الجانبية،
ليأخذوا مفعولاً،
in a lot of patients.
عند الكثير من المرضى.
where they do work.
استفادوا منه.
where these drugs don't work.
لا تُجدي معهم هذه العقاقير.
for any mood disorders,
لاضطرابات المزاج،
taking a painkiller for an infection
أخذ عقاقير مسّكنة للعدوى
to treat that underlying disease.
المرض الأساسي.
in our thinking
that iproniazid and imipramine
الإيمبريين
بهذا الشكل،
اهتمامنا عليها.
this is a dramatization.
هذا هو التمثيل.
and remove our bias, right,
نزيل تحيزنا، صحيح،
as to what our results will be.
فيما ستظهره نتائجنا.
in what we choose to study
أكثر دهاءً من حيث ما نختار للدراسة
for the past 30 years,
الـ30 سنة الماضية،
isn't all there is to depression?
السيروتونين هو الحل للإكتئاب؟
جزءاً من الحل له؟
doctors have discovered
antidepressant since the SSRIs,
منذ الـSSRIs،
within a few hours or a day,
في غضون ساعات أو يوم،
which is another neurotransmitter.
as anesthesia in surgery.
was an antidepressant,
a better antidepressant,
that it's a better antidepressant
من مضاعفاته.
as an antidepressant in mice.
a really short half-life,
within a few hours.
في غضون ساعات قليلة.
another experiment to save money.
أخرى، لنحافظ على المال.
like it didn't really work at all.
لم تنجح على الإطلاق.
of depression for years,
that one injection of Calypsol
الكاليبسول أو لا
is actually the measure of them walking.
هو مقياس المشي الخاص بهم.
another mouse in a pencil cup
in case that's not clear.
in this depression model,
في نموذج الاكتئاب هذا،
in that back corner, behind a cup.
في زاوية خلف الكأس.
that one injection of Calypsol,
حقنة من الكاليبسول،
had never been stressed at all,
لم يتعرضوا لضغط أبداً،
Calypsol before as anesthesia,
الكاليبسول كمخدّر من قبل،
some weird effects on cells
long after the drug,
حتى بعد إيقاف الدواء،
when you're not sure,
عندما لا نكون متأكدين،
الحيوانات،
to test them,
لأقوم باختبارهم،
on the floor with the computer in her lap
الغرفة والحاسوب في حجرها
the data in real time.
in an animal room where you're testing,
التي نجري عليها اختبارات،
were protected against stress,
محميّة من الضغط،
however you want to call it.
سموّها كما تريدون.
because it was too good to be true.
الأمر كان جيداً للغاية على نحو لا يصدق.
مابعد الصدمة،
in a physiological model,
إعطاء هرمونات ضغط.
halfway across the world in France run it.
من العالم في فرنسا لتنفيذه.
they confirmed the same thing.
يُعطي نفس النتيجة.
this one injection of Calypsol
against stress for weeks.
have independently confirmed this effect.
منفصل أكد هذا التأثير.
is the initial trigger
هو من الأسباب الرئيسية
هما مرضان مختلفان،
are different diseases,
they share in common.
stress disorder,
develops a mood disorder.
معه الأمر لاضطراب المزاج.
stress and be resilient
والبقاء مرناً
depression or PTSD
أو اضطراب ما بعد الصدمة
as just sort of this passive property.
من هذه الصفة السلبية.
the first resilience-enhancing drug.
معزّز للمرونة.
a tiny amount of the drug,
you see with antidepressants.
مع مضادات الاكتئاب.
to what you see in immune vaccines.
في لقاحات تعزيز المناعة.
you'll get your shots,
that protects you.
to this bacteria that fights it off,
ضد هذه البكتريا التي تقاومه،
from, say, our treatments. Right?
علاجاتنا الخاصة، صحيح؟
you're exposed to the bacteria,
نتيجة التعرض للبكتريا،
say, an antibiotic which cures it,
حيوياً والذي يعالجك،
to kill the bacteria.
with this palliative,
من قبل، مع هذا المسكن،
that will suppress the symptoms,
the underlying infection,
during the time in which you're taking it,
الذي تأخذه فيه،
have to keep taking them
المداومة على أخذها
the length of your own life.
drugs "paravaccines,"
ب"بارافاكسينس"،
like they might have the potential
stress disorder.
are also paravaccines.
هي بارافاكسينس.
like depression and PTSD.
مثل الاكتئاب واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة.
and firefighters,
رجال الإطفاء،
of the scale of these diseases,
العالمي للمرض
and is therefore expected to rise
المتوقع أن ترتفع
in just the next 15 years.
15 سنة القادمة فحسب.
because of our prior biases.
نتيجة لتحيّزنا المسبق.
كما أنه يستخدم في النوادي.
as an anesthetic.
We use it on the battlefield.
in a lot of developing nations,
من الدول النامية،
list of most essential medicines.
للأدوية الأكثر أهمية.
as a paravaccine first,
كبارافاكسين،
with our functional fixedness
أن نتنافس مع الثبات الوظيفي لدينا
the only compound we have discovered
الوحيد الذي اكتشفناه
paravaccine qualities,
كالبارفاكسين،
we've discovered,
they're totally new,
the entire FDA approval process --
الأغذية والعقاقير --
they can ever be used in humans.
من استخدامه للبشر.
of the price and a fraction of the time.
من السعر وبوقت قصير.
functional fixedness and mental set,
والأحكام العقلية،
to repurposing drugs,
لإعادة تطويع الأدوية،
and no longer exclusive
الاختراع ولم تعد حكراً
to develop them,
That is true for all drugs.
وإنما على جميع الأدوية.
is completely novel in psychiatry,
جديدة في الطب النفسي،
100 years from now,
100 عام من الآن،
at depression and PTSD
مابعد الصدمة
at tuberculosis sanitoriums
بها إلى مصحات السل
of the mental health epidemic.
نهاية وباء الصحة العقلية.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneurRebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.
Why you should listen
Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."
In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.
Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.
(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com