Rebecca Brachman: Could a drug prevent depression and PTSD?
ربکا براکمن: آیا استفاده از دارو می تواند از افسردگی و استرس پس از سانحه جلوگیری کند؟
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the late 1800s,
what was causing this disease.
that made you susceptible.
it gave you heightened sensitivity
that tuberculosis was caused
bacterial infection,
develop drugs to treat it.
a new drug, iproniazid,
might cure tuberculosis,
they were "dancing in the halls."
because they were getting better.
as being "inappropriately happy."
antidepressant was discovered.
is not uncommon in science,
than just a happy accident.
for discovery to occur.
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
the opposite of dumb luck --
تلقی می کنید صحبت کنم.
and we can actually now cure tuberculosis.
و صراحتا می توانیم سل را درمان کنیم.
though not necessarily in other countries,
اما مسلما در سایر کشور ها نه،
are not too worried about TB.
دیگر نگران بیماری سل نیستید.
in the early 1900s
about psychiatric disorders.
درباره اختلالهای روانی صادق است
of an epidemic of mood disorders
اختلال های خلقی مانند افسردگی و
stress disorder, or PTSD.
in the United States
experienced it personally
that someone you know has,
of disability worldwide.
جهان پیشی گرفته است.
that was making people manic,
جنونی بر مردم داشت به نام
ward and the antihistamine,
to do one thing --
or suppress allergies --
something very different --
is actually quite challenging.
چالش برانگیز می باشد.
this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid,
خلق و خو ضد افسردگی را مشاهده کردند،
what they saw.
of being a tuberculosis drug
are experiencing severe euphoria.
دچار سرخوشی شدید می باشند.
that this might somehow interfere
only be used in cases of extreme TB
سل شدید استفاده شود.
highly emotionally stable,
عاطفی بسیار پایدار بودند،
of how we use it as an antidepressant.
ضد افسرگی است.
from the perspective of this one disease,
تنها از منظر یک بیماری کرده بودند،
for another disease.
دیگر را نمی دیدند.
it's not entirely their fault.
کاملا تقصیر آنها نمی باشد.
is a bias that affects all of us.
تعصبی است که شامل همه می شود.
be able to think of an object
use or function.
pretty hard for all of us,
برای ما کاری سخت میشود.
a TV show to the guy who was,
درباره فردی که در یافتن کاربردی جدید
of iproniazid and imipramine,
or people dancing in the halls.
they were caught.
را تشخیص دادند.
what else we've missed.
فرصت دیگری را از دست داده ایم.
a case study in repurposing.
that are really important.
که هر دو با اهمیت می باشند.
increase levels of serotonin,
انتقال دهنده عصبی می باشد
right, one or the two,
that we had to develop safer drugs,
ما باید داروهای امن تری را تولید کنیم،
like a pretty good place to start.
to more specifically focus on serotonin,
بیشتر برسروتونین تمرکز کنند،
reuptake inhibitors, so the SSRIs,
just worked on optimizing those drugs.
کار کرده ایم.
than the drugs that came before them,
قبل از آنها وجود داشت،
in a lot of patients.
where they do work.
دارو بر آنها اثر کرده است.
where these drugs don't work.
داروها بر آنها اثر نکرده است.
for any mood disorders,
taking a painkiller for an infection
آرام بخش برای عفونت به جای
to treat that underlying disease.
in our thinking
that iproniazid and imipramine
this is a dramatization.
کمی اغراق شده می باشد.
and remove our bias, right,
as to what our results will be.
به نتایج به دست آمده.
in what we choose to study
موضوع مطالعه
for the past 30 years,
isn't all there is to depression?
doctors have discovered
که شاید اولین دارو ضد افسردگی
antidepressant since the SSRIs,
within a few hours or a day,
یک روز اثر می کند،
which is another neurotransmitter.
دیگر از انتقال دهنده عصبی میباشد.
as anesthesia in surgery.
جراحی استفاده می کردند.
was an antidepressant,
داروی ضد افسردگی می باشد،
a better antidepressant,
that it's a better antidepressant
آن به عنوان داروی ضد افسردگی
as an antidepressant in mice.
افسردگی در موش ها بودیم.
a really short half-life,
within a few hours.
تاثیراش از بدنتان خارج می شود.
another experiment to save money.
پول انجام میدادیم،
افسردگی استفاده کردیم
like it didn't really work at all.
تاثیری نداشت،
of depression for years,
است که اجرا کرده ام،
that one injection of Calypsol
is actually the measure of them walking.
another mouse in a pencil cup
in case that's not clear.
in this depression model,
استرس وارد کنید
نیز کشف نمی کنند.
in that back corner, behind a cup.
پشت لیوان پنهان میشوند.
that one injection of Calypsol,
دریافت کرده بودند،
had never been stressed at all,
Calypsol before as anesthesia,
داروی بیهوشی استفاده کرده بود،
some weird effects on cells
long after the drug,
when you're not sure,
شک و تردید دارید انجام دادیم،
to test them,
جعبه ای دیگر انتقال می دادم،
on the floor with the computer in her lap
the data in real time.
in an animal room where you're testing,
نباید در اتاق حیواناتی که
were protected against stress,
محافظت شده بودند،
however you want to call it.
را میخواهید درنظر بگیرید.
because it was too good to be true.
بسیار سخت بود.
in a physiological model,
halfway across the world in France run it.
را نیز اجرا می کردند.
they confirmed the same thing.
آنها نیزهمان نتایج را تایید می کردند.
this one injection of Calypsol
against stress for weeks.
استرس محافظت میکرد.
have independently confirmed this effect.
به صورت مستقل این اثر را تایید کردند.
is the initial trigger
are different diseases,
they share in common.
stress disorder,
develops a mood disorder.
دچار اختلال خلقی نمیشود.
stress and be resilient
مقابل آن مقاوت کرده
depression or PTSD
یا PTSD نشوید
as just sort of this passive property.
عاملی غیر فعال در نظر میگرفتیم.
the first resilience-enhancing drug.
مقاوت را کشف کردیم.
a tiny amount of the drug,
دارو را استفاده کریدم
you see with antidepressants.
اصلا مشاهده نمی شود.
to what you see in immune vaccines.
واکسن های ایمنی بدن وجود دارد.
you'll get your shots,
شما واکسن را می زنید و
that protects you.
to this bacteria that fights it off,
مقاوت وانعطاف پذیری ایجاد کرده است،
from, say, our treatments. Right?
این طور نیست؟
you're exposed to the bacteria,
باکتری قرار می گیرید، مریض می شوید
say, an antibiotic which cures it,
را درمان می کند،
to kill the bacteria.
باکتری را نابود کنند.
with this palliative,
درباره این مسکن،
that will suppress the symptoms,
را سرکوب می کند،
the underlying infection,
during the time in which you're taking it,
حالتان بهتر است،
بیماری را سرکوب میکنند.
have to keep taking them
the length of your own life.
drugs "paravaccines,"
«پاراواکسین» گذاشتهایم
like they might have the potential
stress disorder.
are also paravaccines.
پاراواکسین نیستند.
در نظر بگیریم
like depression and PTSD.
محافظت کنیم.
and firefighters,
و آتش نشان ها،
of the scale of these diseases,
بیماری شوید،
and is therefore expected to rise
می شود تا شش تریلیون دلار
in just the next 15 years.
because of our prior biases.
تعصبات قبلیمان کار سختی می باشد.
as an anesthetic.
بیهوشی استفاده می کنند.
We use it on the battlefield.
استفاده می کنیم.
in a lot of developing nations,
بیشتر مصرف شده میباشد،
list of most essential medicines.
بهداشت جهانی قرار دارد.
as a paravaccine first,
کشف کرده بودیم،
with our functional fixedness
the only compound we have discovered
که ما پیدا کرده ایم
paravaccine qualities,
پاراواکسینی را دارند،
we've discovered,
they're totally new,
the entire FDA approval process --
they can ever be used in humans.
انسان ها نیز استفاده شود.
of the price and a fraction of the time.
کمتر تولید کنیم.
functional fixedness and mental set,
to repurposing drugs,
داروها وجود دارد،
وجود ندارد
and no longer exclusive
دیگر منحصر بفرد نباشد
to develop them,
That is true for all drugs.
همه ی داروها صحیح است.
is completely novel in psychiatry,
در زیمنه روانپزشکی کاملا نوین است،
بیماری های روانی
100 years from now,
۱۰۰ سال دیگر،
at depression and PTSD
می افتیم
at tuberculosis sanitoriums
of the mental health epidemic.
اپیدمی سلامت روان باشد.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneurRebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.
Why you should listen
Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."
In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.
Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.
(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com