Rebecca Brachman: Could a drug prevent depression and PTSD?
Rebecca Brachman: Czy lek może zapobiec depresji i zespołowi stresu pourazowego?
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio
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in the late 1800s,
gdy wykonano to zdjęcie,
what was causing this disease.
decydowała czyjaś konstytucja.
that made you susceptible.
it gave you heightened sensitivity
wiedzieliśmy już, że przyczyną gruźlicy
that tuberculosis was caused
bacterial infection,
wytwarzania leków na gruźlicę.
develop drugs to treat it.
a new drug, iproniazid,
might cure tuberculosis,
można będzie wyleczyć gruźlicę.
mieli więcej energii.
they were "dancing in the halls."
poprawa stanu zdrowia fizycznego.
because they were getting better.
as being "inappropriately happy."
antidepressant was discovered.
lek przeciwdepresyjny.
is not uncommon in science,
nie są rzadkie w nauce,
than just a happy accident.
niż tylko szczęśliwego trafu.
trzeba umieć rozpoznać.
for discovery to occur.
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
o moim bezpośrednim doświadczeniu,
the opposite of dumb luck --
przeciwieństwem głupiego szczęścia.
szczęśliwie opracowaliśmy nowe leki
and we can actually now cure tuberculosis.
though not necessarily in other countries,
większość z was nie martwi się gruźlicą.
are not too worried about TB.
in the early 1900s
zakaźnymi na początku XX wieku,
about psychiatric disorders.
z zaburzeniami psychicznymi.
of an epidemic of mood disorders
zaburzeń nastroju jak depresja
stress disorder, or PTSD.
in the United States
experienced it personally
that someone you know has,
że ktoś, kogo znacie, cierpi z jej powodu,
of disability worldwide.
niepełnosprawności na świecie.
gruźlicy w latach 50. XX wieku,
w latach 50. XX wieku,
that was making people manic,
i wywoływał napady manii.
ward and the antihistamine,
gruźlicy jak i antyhistaminików,
to do one thing --
or suppress allergies --
czy zmniejszania objawów alergii,
something very different --
is actually quite challenging.
jest sporym wyzwaniem.
nastrój właściwości iproniazydu,
this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid,
z czym mają do czynienia.
what they saw.
traktowania go jako o leku na gruźlicę
of being a tuberculosis drug
lub reakcję niepożądaną.
z 1954 roku doświadczyło ostrej euforii.
are experiencing severe euphoria.
that this might somehow interfere
only be used in cases of extreme TB
highly emotionally stable,
of how we use it as an antidepressant.
jest w dokładnie odwrotny sposób.
from the perspective of this one disease,
z perspektywy jednej choroby
for another disease.
innych zastosowań.
it's not entirely their fault.
to nie do końca wina lekarzy.
dotykająca nas wszystkich.
is a bias that affects all of us.
be able to think of an object
use or function.
według którego rozwiązujemy problemy.
pretty hard for all of us,
są szczególnie trudne.
a TV show to the guy who was,
o kimś, kto był w tym dobry.
of iproniazid and imipramine,
i imipraminy były bardzo silne.
or people dancing in the halls.
they were caught.
what else we've missed.
a case study in repurposing.
that are really important.
increase levels of serotonin,
podnoszą poziom serotoniny,
right, one or the two,
opracować bezpieczniejsze leki,
that we had to develop safer drugs,
like a pretty good place to start.
to more specifically focus on serotonin,
które skupiały się na serotoninie,
reuptake inhibitors, so the SSRIs,
zwrotnego serotoniny, w skrócie SSRI,
just worked on optimizing those drugs.
na optymalizowaniu tych leków.
than the drugs that came before them,
in a lot of patients.
where they do work.
where these drugs don't work.
for any mood disorders,
taking a painkiller for an infection
to treat that underlying disease.
in our thinking
that iproniazid and imipramine
że iproniazyd i imipramina,
do hipotezy serotoninowej,
this is a dramatization.
and remove our bias, right,
as to what our results will be.
in what we choose to study
podstępnie w wybór tematu badań
for the past 30 years,
na serotoninie do tego stopnia,
isn't all there is to depression?
jedyną odpowiedzią na depresję?
pieniędzy czy wysiłku,
doctors have discovered
kilku lat lekarze odkryli lek,
antidepressant since the SSRIs,
pierwszym nowym antydepresantem
within a few hours or a day,
w ciągu kilku godzin lub dnia
which is another neurotransmitter.
inny neuroprzekaźnik.
as anesthesia in surgery.
do znieczulenia podczas operacji.
zostało szybko wychwycone,
że Calypsol jest antydepresantem,
was an antidepressant,
a better antidepressant,
jest lepszym antydepresantem
that it's a better antidepressant
sygnalizowałaby działanie.
as an antidepressant in mice.
jako antydepresantu na myszach.
a really short half-life,
biologiczny okres półtrwania,
within a few hours.
usuwany jest z organizmu.
another experiment to save money.
by zaoszczędzić pieniądze.
model stanu depresyjnego.
like it didn't really work at all.
że lek nie działa.
of depression for years,
that one injection of Calypsol
którą przebyła mysz.
is actually the measure of them walking.
another mouse in a pencil cup
o ewentualnej interakcji.
in case that's not clear.
ciekawska i towarzyska.
in this depression model,
mysz zostanie zestresowana,
in that back corner, behind a cup.
that one injection of Calypsol,
i chciały się socjalizować.
had never been stressed at all,
Calypsol before as anesthesia,
Calypsolu jako anestetyku
some weird effects on cells
trwać długo po zażyciu leku,
long after the drug,
zupełnie niemożliwie,
when you're not sure,
co każdy niepewny naukowiec.
w pomieszczeniu badawczym,
to test them,
z pudełka do pudełka, by je badać.
z komputerem na kolanach,
on the floor with the computer in her lap
the data in real time.
in an animal room where you're testing,
w pomieszczeniu badań nad zwierzętami,
were protected against stress,
chronił myszy przed stresem
however you want to call it.
because it was too good to be true.
by było prawdziwe.
in a physiological model,
halfway across the world in France run it.
współpracownicy we Francji.
they confirmed the same thing.
this one injection of Calypsol
że jeden zastrzyk Calypsolu,
against stress for weeks.
niezależnych laboratoriów
have independently confirmed this effect.
is the initial trigger
jest pierwotną przyczyną
are different diseases,
they share in common.
napaść na tle seksualnym,
stress disorder,
develops a mood disorder.
rozwijają się zaburzenia nastroju.
stress and be resilient
i nie poddania się mu,
depression or PTSD
na depresję lub PTSD,
as just sort of this passive property.
jako pasywną cechę.
rozwinięcia tych zaburzeń.
the first resilience-enhancing drug.
wspomagający odporność na stres.
a tiny amount of the drug,
wystarczyła mała dawka leku,
you see with antidepressants.
w przypadku antydepresantów.
to what you see in immune vaccines.
you'll get your shots,
that protects you.
który zbudował odporność,
to this bacteria that fights it off,
from, say, our treatments. Right?
you're exposed to the bacteria,
jesteście wystawieni na bakterie,
say, an antibiotic which cures it,
który leczy chorobę.
to kill the bacteria.
polega na zabiciu bakterii.
with this palliative,
ze środkami paliatywnymi,
that will suppress the symptoms,
the underlying infection,
during the time in which you're taking it,
samopoczucie w czasie kuracji.
have to keep taking them
brać je przez całą chorobę,
the length of your own life.
drugs "paravaccines,"
nazywamy para-szczepionkami.
like they might have the potential
stress disorder.
are also paravaccines.
są para-szczepionkami.
nie przyniósł efektów.
zastosować te leki u ludzi,
like depression and PTSD.
czy zespół stresu pourazowego.
and firefighters,
of the scale of these diseases,
zasięg tych chorób.
chorób psychicznych,
and is therefore expected to rise
in just the next 15 years.
w ciągu następnych 15 lat.
because of our prior biases.
as an anesthetic.
jako środek znieczulający.
We use it on the battlefield.
in a lot of developing nations,
w państwach rozwijających się,
list of most essential medicines.
najbardziej niezbędnych leków
as a paravaccine first,
jako para-szczepionki wcześniej,
with our functional fixedness
the only compound we have discovered
paravaccine qualities,
i zbliżone do szczepionki właściwości.
we've discovered,
muszą zostać zatwierzone
they're totally new,
the entire FDA approval process --
they can ever be used in humans.
jest dostępna.
of the price and a fraction of the time.
za ułamek ceny i czasu.
functional fixedness and mental set,
to repurposing drugs,
and no longer exclusive
to develop them,
do inwestowania,
That is true for all drugs.
nie tylko ketaminy.
is completely novel in psychiatry,
w celu zapobiegania
zamiast je tylko leczyć.
100 years from now,
at depression and PTSD
czy zespół stresu pourazowego,
at tuberculosis sanitoriums
of the mental health epidemic.
epidemii chorób psychicznych.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneurRebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.
Why you should listen
Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."
In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.
Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.
(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com