Rebecca Brachman: Could a drug prevent depression and PTSD?
Ребекка Брахман: Может ли лекарство предотвратить депрессию или посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство?
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the late 1800s,
в конце 1800-х,
what was causing this disease.
чем была вызвана болезнь.
that made you susceptible.
делала некоторых более восприимчивыми.
it gave you heightened sensitivity
что она повышает чувствительность
that tuberculosis was caused
bacterial infection,
develop drugs to treat it.
можно найти лекарство.
a new drug, iproniazid,
might cure tuberculosis,
сможет излечить туберкулёз,
и энергичными,
they were "dancing in the halls."
согласно одному из отчётов.
because they were getting better.
as being "inappropriately happy."
«неуместно счастливыми».
antidepressant was discovered.
is not uncommon in science,
than just a happy accident.
for discovery to occur.
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
the opposite of dumb luck --
and we can actually now cure tuberculosis.
и теперь можем лечить туберкулёз.
though not necessarily in other countries,
не факт, что и в других странах,
are not too worried about TB.
туберкулёз, вероятно, не беспокоит.
in the early 1900s
about psychiatric disorders.
of an epidemic of mood disorders
таких аффективных расстройств,
stress disorder, or PTSD.
стрессовое расстройство, или ПТСР.
in the United States
experienced it personally
that someone you know has,
что кто-то из ваших знакомых мог,
of disability worldwide.
ограниченной дееспособности.
как с туберкулёзом в 1950-х,
that was making people manic,
повышавшего возбудимость людей,
ward and the antihistamine,
и с антигистамином —
to do one thing --
or suppress allergies --
something very different --
для чего-то совершенно другого —
is actually quite challenging.
this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid,
что ипрониазид улучшает настроение,
what they saw.
значение увиденного.
думать об этом средстве
of being a tuberculosis drug
are experiencing severe euphoria.
испытывали сильнейшую эйфорию.
that this might somehow interfere
что это может помешать
only be used in cases of extreme TB
использовать только в крайних случаях
highly emotionally stable,
of how we use it as an antidepressant.
в качестве антидепрессанта.
from the perspective of this one disease,
на одну определённую болезнь
for another disease.
эффект для лечения другой.
it's not entirely their fault.
это не совсем их вина,
is a bias that affects all of us.
функциональным стереотипам.
be able to think of an object
только в контексте
use or function.
и способов применения.
pretty hard for all of us,
a TV show to the guy who was,
посвятили парню,
of iproniazid and imipramine,
or people dancing in the halls.
they were caught.
what else we've missed.
что мы ещё пропустили?
a case study in repurposing.
that are really important.
increase levels of serotonin,
уровень серотонина,
right, one or the two,
that we had to develop safer drugs,
выработать более безопасное лекарство
like a pretty good place to start.
to more specifically focus on serotonin,
reuptake inhibitors, so the SSRIs,
just worked on optimizing those drugs.
оптимизировали данные лекарства.
than the drugs that came before them,
чем их предшественники,
побочных эффектов,
пока препарат подействует:
in a lot of patients.
для многих пациентов.
where they do work.
where these drugs don't work.
просто не действуют.
for any mood disorders,
ни от одного аффективного расстройства,
taking a painkiller for an infection
болеутоляющего при инфекции
to treat that underlying disease.
in our thinking
that iproniazid and imipramine
this is a dramatization.
and remove our bias, right,
избавляться от предвзятостей,
двойным слепым методом
as to what our results will be.
при определении результатов.
in what we choose to study
в наш выбор того,
for the past 30 years,
вот уже 30 лет,
isn't all there is to depression?
не панацея от депрессии?
doctors have discovered
antidepressant since the SSRIs,
по-настоящему новый антидепрессант:
within a few hours or a day,
в течение нескольких часов или дня.
which is another neurotransmitter.
as anesthesia in surgery.
was an antidepressant,
антидепрессант,
a better antidepressant,
лучше как антидепрессант,
that it's a better antidepressant
as an antidepressant in mice.
a really short half-life,
within a few hours.
в течение нескольких часов.
another experiment to save money.
чтобы сэкономить деньги.
like it didn't really work at all.
of depression for years,
над этой моделью депрессии,
that one injection of Calypsol
инъекцию Калипсола
is actually the measure of them walking.
another mouse in a pencil cup
другую мышь в чашке,
in case that's not clear.
если не совсем ясно.
in this depression model,
in that back corner, behind a cup.
сзади в углу, за чашкой.
that one injection of Calypsol,
had never been stressed at all,
не подвергались стрессу,
Calypsol before as anesthesia,
Калипсол для анестезии
some weird effects on cells
long after the drug,
срока действия препарата,
when you're not sure,
в случае сомнений:
to test them,
on the floor with the computer in her lap
с компьютером на коленях,
the data in real time.
in an animal room where you're testing,
где проводятся испытания,
were protected against stress,
защищены от стресса,
however you want to call it.
называйте, как хотите.
because it was too good to be true.
чтобы быть правдой.
in a physiological model,
гормоны стресса.
halfway across the world in France run it.
they confirmed the same thing.
this one injection of Calypsol
against stress for weeks.
have independently confirmed this effect.
подтвердил этот эффект.
is the initial trigger
are different diseases,
they share in common.
stress disorder,
стрессовое расстройство,
develops a mood disorder.
развивается аффективное расстройство.
stress and be resilient
depression or PTSD
as just sort of this passive property.
как о неком пассивном свойстве.
the first resilience-enhancing drug.
повышающее устойчивость лекарство.
a tiny amount of the drug,
you see with antidepressants.
to what you see in immune vaccines.
you'll get your shots,
that protects you.
to this bacteria that fights it off,
from, say, our treatments. Right?
от лечебных процедур.
you're exposed to the bacteria,
подвергаетесь воздействию бактерий,
say, an antibiotic which cures it,
to kill the bacteria.
with this palliative,
что я говорила ранее,
that will suppress the symptoms,
подавляющее симптомы,
the underlying infection,
during the time in which you're taking it,
только пока принимаете его,
have to keep taking them
the length of your own life.
drugs "paravaccines,"
мы называем «паравакцинами»,
like they might have the potential
есть потенциал
stress disorder.
are also paravaccines.
like depression and PTSD.
таких как депрессия и ПТСР.
and firefighters,
of the scale of these diseases,
о масштабах заболевания:
and is therefore expected to rise
и, по расчётам, возрастут
in just the next 15 years.
because of our prior biases.
нашей предвзятостью.
посетители клубов.
as an anesthetic.
для анестезии.
We use it on the battlefield.
применяют на поле боя.
in a lot of developing nations,
его предпочитают другим средствам,
list of most essential medicines.
Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.
as a paravaccine first,
распознали в кетамине паравакцину,
with our functional fixedness
с нашими функциональными стереотипами
препятствующими нам.
the only compound we have discovered
обнаруженное нами соединение,
paravaccine qualities,
паравакцинальными свойствами.
we've discovered,
из обнаруженных нами средств —
they're totally new,
the entire FDA approval process --
Министерством здравоохранения,
they can ever be used in humans.
к употреблению людьми.
of the price and a fraction of the time.
за толику нынешних стоимости и времени.
functional fixedness and mental set,
и функциональных стереотипов
to repurposing drugs,
есть другое серьёзное препятствие:
and no longer exclusive
и эксклюзивным,
to develop them,
That is true for all drugs.
Это касается всех лекарств.
is completely novel in psychiatry,
совершенно нова сама идея
психических расстройств,
100 years from now,
at depression and PTSD
на депрессию и ПТСР так же,
at tuberculosis sanitoriums
of the mental health epidemic.
эпидемии психических расстройств.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneurRebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.
Why you should listen
Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."
In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.
Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.
(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com