Rebecca Brachman: Could a drug prevent depression and PTSD?
רבקה ברכמן: האם תרופה יכולה למנוע דיכאון והפרעת לחצץ פוסט טראומטית?
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the late 1800s,
what was causing this disease.
that made you susceptible.
it gave you heightened sensitivity
that tuberculosis was caused
bacterial infection,
develop drugs to treat it.
תרופות כדי לטפל במחלה.
a new drug, iproniazid,
might cure tuberculosis,
שתוכל לרפא את המחלה
they were "dancing in the halls."
שהם "רקדו במסדרונות."
because they were getting better.
as being "inappropriately happy."
כ"מאושרים באופן בלתי הולם."
antidepressant was discovered.
is not uncommon in science,
than just a happy accident.
צירוף מקרים מוצלח.
for discovery to occur.
כדי שגילוי יתרחש.
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
the opposite of dumb luck --
and we can actually now cure tuberculosis.
אנחנו יכולים למעשה לרפא שחפת.
though not necessarily in other countries,
אם כי לא בהכרח במדינות אחרות,
are not too worried about TB.
in the early 1900s
בשנים המוקדמות של המאה העשרים
about psychiatric disorders.
על הפרעות פסיכיאטריות.
of an epidemic of mood disorders
מגפה של הפרעות במצב הרוח
stress disorder, or PTSD.
או PTSD.
in the United States
experienced it personally
that someone you know has,
חווה זאת,
of disability worldwide.
that was making people manic,
ward and the antihistamine,
והן בזה של האנטי-היסטמין
to do one thing --
or suppress allergies --
או באלרגיות --
something very different --
is actually quite challenging.
this mood-enhancing effect of iproniazid,
האיפרוניאזיד על שיפור מצב הרוח,
what they saw.
of being a tuberculosis drug
are experiencing severe euphoria.
חווים אופוריה חמורה.
that this might somehow interfere
only be used in cases of extreme TB
רק במקרים של שחפת קיצונית
highly emotionally stable,
of how we use it as an antidepressant.
אנו משתמשים בזה כנוגד דיכאון.
from the perspective of this one disease,
מנקודת המבט של מחלה אחת זו,
for another disease.
עבור מחלה אחרת.
it's not entirely their fault.
זה לא לגמרי באשמתם.
is a bias that affects all of us.
שמשפיעה על כל אחד מאיתנו.
be able to think of an object
use or function.
או המסורתי שלו.
pretty hard for all of us,
למען הייעוד מחדש.
a TV show to the guy who was,
תוכנית טלוויזיה לאותו בחור שהיה,
of iproniazid and imipramine,
בזה של האימיפראמין,
or people dancing in the halls.
they were caught.
what else we've missed.
a case study in repurposing.
that are really important.
שהם באמת חשובים.
increase levels of serotonin,
right, one or the two,
נכון, אחד מהם או שניהם,
that we had to develop safer drugs,
תרופות בטוחות יותר,
like a pretty good place to start.
to more specifically focus on serotonin,
ביתר דיוק על סרוטונין,
reuptake inhibitors, so the SSRIs,
אז ה SSRIs,
just worked on optimizing those drugs.
של תרופות אלו.
than the drugs that came before them,
מאשר התרופות שקדמו להם,
in a lot of patients.
אצל חולים רבים.
where they do work.
where these drugs don't work.
התרופות אינן עובדות.
for any mood disorders,
taking a painkiller for an infection
עבור דלקת
to treat that underlying disease.
במחלה הבסיסית.
in our thinking
that iproniazid and imipramine
שאיפרוניאזיד ואימפראמין
this is a dramatization.
and remove our bias, right,
as to what our results will be.
התוצאות שלנו.
in what we choose to study
שאנו בוחרים לחקור
for the past 30 years,
במשך 30 השנים האחרונות,
isn't all there is to depression?
doctors have discovered
antidepressant since the SSRIs,
מאז ה SSRI,
within a few hours or a day,
או יום אחד,
which is another neurotransmitter.
as anesthesia in surgery.
כחומר הרדמה בניתוחים.
was an antidepressant,
a better antidepressant,
נוגד דיכאון טוב יותר,
that it's a better antidepressant
שזה נוגד דיכאון טוב יותר
as an antidepressant in mice.
a really short half-life,
within a few hours.
תוך שעות אחדות.
another experiment to save money.
like it didn't really work at all.
of depression for years,
של דיכאון לאורך שנים,
that one injection of Calypsol
את אותה זריקה אחת של קליפסול
is actually the measure of them walking.
מדידה של איך הם הולכים.
another mouse in a pencil cup
בתוך כוס עפרונות
in case that's not clear.
in this depression model,
in that back corner, behind a cup.
באותה פינה אחורית, מאחורי כוס.
that one injection of Calypsol,
של קליפסול,
had never been stressed at all,
Calypsol before as anesthesia,
some weird effects on cells
כמה השפעות מוזרות על תאים
long after the drug,
when you're not sure,
to test them,
on the floor with the computer in her lap
עם המחשב בחיקה
the data in real time.
in an animal room where you're testing,
שבה עורכים ניסויים,
were protected against stress,
היו מוגנים מפני מתח,
however you want to call it.
איך שתרצו לקרוא לזה.
because it was too good to be true.
כי זה היה טוב מכדי להיות אמיתי.
in a physiological model,
halfway across the world in France run it.
הריצו את זה.
they confirmed the same thing.
הוא אישר את אותו הדבר.
this one injection of Calypsol
against stress for weeks.
have independently confirmed this effect.
אשרו באופן עצמאי את האפקט הזה.
is the initial trigger
הראשונית על ההדק הראשוני
are different diseases,
they share in common.
stress disorder,
develops a mood disorder.
stress and be resilient
depression or PTSD
as just sort of this passive property.
כעל סוג של תכונה פסיבית.
the first resilience-enhancing drug.
לשיפור החוסן.
a tiny amount of the drug,
you see with antidepressants.
שאתם רואים עם תרופות נוגדות דיכאון.
to what you see in immune vaccines.
בחיסונים של המערכת החיסונית.
you'll get your shots,
תקבלו זריקות,
that protects you.
to this bacteria that fights it off,
ונלחמת בהם,
from, say, our treatments. Right?
you're exposed to the bacteria,
אתם נחשפים לחיידקים,
say, an antibiotic which cures it,
למשל, אנטיביוטיקה שמרפאת את זה,
to kill the bacteria.
כדי להרוג את החיידקים.
עם טיפול פליאטיבי (תומך) זה,
with this palliative,
that will suppress the symptoms,
the underlying infection,
during the time in which you're taking it,
במהלך הזמן בו אתם לוקחים את זה,
have to keep taking them
the length of your own life.
drugs "paravaccines,"
תרופות "paravaccines" (מסייעות חיסון),
like they might have the potential
stress disorder.
are also paravaccines.
מסייעות חיסון.
like depression and PTSD.
and firefighters,
מגישי שרותי חירום, כבאים,
of the scale of these diseases,
and is therefore expected to rise
in just the next 15 years.
because of our prior biases.
ההטיות הקודמות שלנו.
as an anesthetic.
We use it on the battlefield.
in a lot of developing nations,
list of most essential medicines.
של ארגון הבריאות העולמי
as a paravaccine first,
את הקטאמין כמשפר-חיסון,
with our functional fixedness
עם העקשנות הפונקציונלית שלנו
the only compound we have discovered
paravaccine qualities,
תכונות משפרות חיסון,
we've discovered,
they're totally new,
the entire FDA approval process --
של ה- FDA
they can ever be used in humans.
בבני אדם
of the price and a fraction of the time.
מהמחיר וכן בשבריר מהזמן.
functional fixedness and mental set,
ומערך מנטלי,
to repurposing drugs,
לתרופות עם ייעוד מחדש,
and no longer exclusive
ואינה עוד בלעדית
to develop them,
That is true for all drugs.
זה נכון לגבי כל התרופות.
is completely novel in psychiatry,
הוא חדיש לגמרי בפסיכיאטריה.
100 years from now,
at depression and PTSD
at tuberculosis sanitoriums
of the mental health epidemic.
של מגיפת בריאות הנפש.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneurRebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.
Why you should listen
Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."
In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.
Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.
(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com