Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Knight: Za to, jací jsme, mohou naši mikrobi
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
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about the health of our bodies,
aby měli zdravé tělo.
at figuring out what's important.
o co vlastně mají dbát.
připravovali pro život v zásvětí,
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
a další orgány pečlivě uchovávali,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
drained it out through the nose,
vytáhli ho nosem ven
mozek vůbec je.
do for us anyway?
of neglected organ in our bodies
další lidský orgán,
zrovna tak zásadní,
as important to who we are,
protože nebyl probádáný?
and treated with such disregard.
through new scientific advances,
we think of ourselves.
have something just like that:
in our gut that are important.
v zažívacím traktu.
a díky jejich variabilitě
to a whole range of differences
way more often than others?
mnohem víc než na jiné?
experience out camping is actually true.
z letního tábora, ale je to opravdu tak.
get bitten by mosquitos,
skoro nejdou,
attracts them in droves,
úplně obsypou.
different microbes on our skin
na pokožce jiné mikroby,
that the mosquitos detect.
které z nás komáři cítí.
in the field of medicine.
z lékařského hlediska.
you have in your gut
are toxic to your liver.
poškozovat játra.
jestli vám zaberou léky na srdce.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
kdo vás sexuálně přitahuje.
who you want to have sex with.
zatím neprokázali,
before we find out. (Laughter)
nekoukali pořádně.
a huge range of functions.
i na naše chování.
be affecting our behavior.
microbial communities look like?
mikrobiální kultury na mapě.
rozmanitost života.
for understanding biodiversity.
have different landscapes of organisms
of one place or another
although I've got to be honest with you:
look the same under a microscope.
to identify them visually,
podle jejich vzhledu,
at their DNA sequences,
the Human Microbiome Project,
vyčlenil 173 mil. dolarů.
of researchers came together
in the human body.
they look like this.
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
kde který mikrob žije.
computational techniques that allow us
výpočetní techniky
of sequence data
sekvenovaných dat,
that's a bit more useful as a map,
jako přehlednou mapu.
with the human microbiome data
all the complex microbes
samostatnou mikrobiální kulturu.
jsou k nerozeznání.
all look the same.
samostatné mikrobiální kultuře
represents one microbial community
či od jiného dobrovolníka.
of one healthy volunteer.
parts of the map in different colors,
od sebe barevně odlišené,
na různých částech těla
regions of the body,
označuje mikroby z úst.
the oral community up there in green.
we have the skin community in blue,
modří mikrobi z pokožky.
we have the fecal community in brown.
fekální kultura.
in different parts of the body
se ohromně odlišují.
those two microbial communities
between the microbes in this reef
when you think about it.
of difference in the human body
to your microbial ecology
než stovky kilometrů na Zemi.
look basically the same
vypadají u všech lidí stejně.
in terms of our human DNA.
skoro stejní.
stejná jako DNA člověka,
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your gut microbes.
as the bacteria on this prairie
of functions that I told you about,
plní rozmanité role:
in different kinds of diseases,
máme jen jeden a půl kila,
of those microbes in our gut,
you think of as our bodies.
of about 10 trillion human cells,
z 10 bilionů lidských buněk.
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
máme 100 bilionů.
we're human because of our DNA,
about 20,000 human genes,
(podle různých kritérií) jen asi 20 tisíc,
to 20 million microbial genes.
je v nás 2 až 20 milionů.
we're vastly outnumbered
že když se něčeho dotknete,
to traces of our human DNA,
of our microbial DNA
the palm of someone's hand up
určitou počítačovou myš.
that they use routinely
ve vědeckém časopise,
a few years ago,
v "Kriminálce Miami",
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
že je to pravda.
come from in the first place?
vůbec berou?
asi máte neblahé tušení.
some dark suspicions about that,
you to your computer equipment
jakou užíváte počítačovu myš,
jsou poměrně stabilní.
are relatively stable,
microbial identity
months, even years.
first microbial communities
jak se narodíme.
the regular way,
vaginální kultuře,
like the vaginal community,
delivered by C-section,
pokožkové kultuře.
look like skin.
with some of the differences
even more obesity,
alergiím či obezitě.
to microbes now,
spojováno s mikroby.
until recently, every surviving mammal
of those protective microbes
evolučně spjatí,
might be really important
that we now know involve the microbiome.
a couple of years ago
with those vaginal microbes
dodatečně přeneseni.
whether this has had an effect
zda to mělo na její zdraví nějaký vliv.
no matter how much we love her,
enough of a sample size
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
například nedostala zánět uší,
crossed on that one.
testovat další děti.
to do clinical trials with more children
this has a protective effect generally.
zvyšují jejich imunitu.
on what microbes we have initially,
again here is this map
a sample from one body site
z určité části těla
develop physically.
vyvíjí tělo či intelekt.
you're going to see
develop microbially.
jsme totiž pravidelně
at this one baby's stool,
which represents the gut,
po dobu necelých 2,5 let.
for almost two and a half years.
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
basically in the vaginal community,
zpočátku podobají vaginálním,
over these two and a half years
kultura dítěte přesune sem dolů,
all the way down
kultura zdravého dospělého.
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
and we'll see how that happens.
jak k tomu dochází.
each step in this is just one week,
během pouhého týdne.
každý týden mění.
of the feces of this one child,
are much greater
individual healthy adults
down at the bottom.
to approach the adult fecal community.
is about to happen here.
na zánět ucha.
for an ear infection.
this huge change in the community,
vrací do normálu.
just over these few weeks,
o celé měsíce vrátila,
of normal development,
opět rychle dorovnala.
kdy je fekální kultura dítěte
dospělého jedince,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
because it raises fundamental questions
etapách života dítěte.
at different ages in a child's life.
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
tak bleskově vyvíjí,
into a stormy sea,
that if you give children antibiotics
to become obese later on
poprvé dostanou ve starším věku.
or only get them later,
may have profound impacts
and on later health
pozdějším zdravím,
in addition to the effects
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
možná budou strašák -
for those metal tools
to mush up the brains
for embalming.
have all these important functions,
řadu důležitých úloh.
just over the past few years,
se rovněž ukazuje,
of different diseases,
rakovina tlustého střeva,
large effect, as it turns out,
whether you're lean or obese
na tom lékařské testy.
as a medical test,
which of these people is obese
about their gut microbes,
if we sequence their complete genomes
poznat podle jejich DNA,
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
of microbes that you carry around with you
for some health conditions
to all kinds of additional conditions,
řady dalších chorob,
these microbial differences
are cause or effect?
is we can raise some mice
které nemají vlastní mikroby.
in a germ-free bubble.
that we think are important,
from an obese mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
with no microbes of its own,
from a regular mouse.
od normální myši.
is absolutely amazing, though.
is that the microbes
more efficiently from the same diet,
from their food,
are actually affecting their behavior.
jak se myši chovají.
more than the normal mouse,
stávají žravějšími,
mají neomezeně potravy.
eat as much as they want.
can affect mammalian behavior.
chování savců.
also do this sort of thing across species,
živočišnými druhy.
from an obese person
mikroby obézního člověka
you've raised germ-free,
které nemají vlastní mikroby,
from a lean person,
od štíhlého člověka.
that we inoculate them with
mikrobiální kulturu,
from gaining this weight.
by the Gates Foundation,
manžely Gatesovými
is children in Malawi
a profound form of malnutrition,
zvaným "kwashiorkor".
community transplanted into them
kulturu na myši,
ztratí 30 % tělesné hmoty.
the same peanut butter-based supplement
na bázi burákového másla,
the children in the clinic,
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
that we can pilot therapies
in a whole bunch of different mice
all the way down to the individual level.
that everyone has a chance
mohl zapojit úplně kdokoli.
called American Gut,
for yourself on this microbial map.
na této mikrobiální mapě.
science project that we know of --
na bázi crowdfundingu.
have signed up at this point.
they send in their samples,
a posíláme jim výsledky.
and then release the results back to them.
to scientists, to educators,
vědcům, pedagogům,
of the general public, and so forth,
a tak dál.
lidi na exkurzi po našem ústavu
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
and lasers to look at poop,
a laserů zkoumáme hovínka,
everyone wants to know.
if you're interested
are not just important
důležitými indikátory
in terms of our health,
we've been able to visualize
z Minnesotské univerzity.
at the University of Minnesota.
of the human microbiome again.
lidského mikrobiomu.
of some people with C. diff.
bakterií Clostridium difficile.
musíte na záchod až 20x za den.
up to 20 times a day,
antibiotic therapy for two years
léčili antibiotiky,
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
část stolice zdravého dárce,
hodných a zlých mikrobů
do battle with the bad microbes
are about to get a transplant
a úplně dole zdravého dárce.
in the gut community.
všechny potíže ustupují,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
a zůstává stabilní.
of this discovery.
have implications
bowel disease to obesity,
vyvinout systém navigace.
a kind of microbial GPS,
where we are currently
kde zrovna jsme,
a kudy se tam dostaneme.
and what we need to do
to make this simple enough
(Laughter)
(Smích.)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com