Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Knight: W jaki sposób mikroby sprawiają, że jesteśmy, kim jesteśmy.
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
about the health of our bodies,
naszym zdrowiem fizycznym,
at figuring out what's important.
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
których potrzebowali w życiu po śmierci,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
konserwowali żołądek, płuca,
drained it out through the nose,
wydobywając go przez nos,
do for us anyway?
byłby inny, równie lekceważony organ,
of neglected organ in our bodies
as important to who we are,
and treated with such disregard.
i traktowalibyśmy go po macoszemu.
through new scientific advances,
że dzięki odkryciom w nauce,
we think of ourselves.
have something just like that:
in our gut that are important.
to a whole range of differences
way more often than others?
częściej niż inne?
experience out camping is actually true.
get bitten by mosquitos,
attracts them in droves,
przyciąga całe stada.
different microbes on our skin
mikroorganizmów na naszej skórze,
that the mosquitos detect.
na które reagują komary.
in the field of medicine.
w dziedzinie medycyny.
you have in your gut
are toxic to your liver.
zaszkodzą wątrobie,
drugs will work for your heart condition.
w leczeniu choroby serca.
who you want to have sex with.
z kim chcesz uprawiać seks.
before we find out. (Laughter)
a huge range of functions.
be affecting our behavior.
microbial communities look like?
różnych społeczności mikrobów?
for understanding biodiversity.
aby zrozumieć bioróżnorodność.
have different landscapes of organisms
znajdują się różne ekosystemy,
of one place or another
z tym lub innym miejscem.
although I've got to be honest with you:
chociaż muszę być z wami szczery:
tak samo pod mikroskopem.
look the same under a microscope.
to identify them visually,
at their DNA sequences,
the Human Microbiome Project,
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia,
of researchers came together
wszystkich A, T, G i C w DNA
in the human body.
they look like this.
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
computational techniques that allow us
techniki obliczeniowe,
of sequence data
z sekwencjonowania DNA
that's a bit more useful as a map,
dotyczącymi ludzkiego mikrobiomu,
with the human microbiome data
all the complex microbes
wszystkie złożone mikroorganizmy
all look the same.
represents one microbial community
jedną społeczność mikrobów
of one healthy volunteer.
parts of the map in different colors,
regions of the body,
the oral community up there in green.
zaznaczone na zielono.
zaznaczono środowisko skóry,
we have the skin community in blue,
we have the fecal community in brown.
in different parts of the body
w różnych częściach ciała
zasiedlające jedną osobę,
those two microbial communities
tymi środowiskami mikroorganizmów
between the microbes in this reef
mikroorganizmami żyjącymi w rafie
when you think about it.
gdy się nad tym zastanowimy.
of difference in the human body
różnicy w ludzkim ciele
to your microbial ecology
dla mikrobiologicznej ekologii
look basically the same
in terms of our human DNA.
jeśli chodzi o DNA,
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your gut microbes.
as the bacteria on this prairie
of functions that I told you about,
o których mówiłem wcześniej,
in different kinds of diseases,
of those microbes in our gut,
jest około 1,5 kg mikroorganizmów,
you think of as our bodies.
co uważacie za swoje ciało.
of about 10 trillion human cells,
10 bilionów komórek,
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
komórek mikrobów.
we're human because of our DNA,
dzięki naszemu DNA,
about 20,000 human genes,
około 20,000 ludzkich genów,
to 20 million microbial genes.
we're vastly outnumbered
większą przewagę liczebną
to traces of our human DNA,
of our microbial DNA
mikrobiologicznego DNA
the palm of someone's hand up
that they use routinely
w czasopiśmie naukowym,
a few years ago,
w "Kryminalnych zagadkach Miami",
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
come from in the first place?
some dark suspicions about that,
do waszego komputera
you to your computer equipment
are relatively stable,
microbial identity
months, even years.
first microbial communities
the regular way,
like the vaginal community,
przez cesarskie cięcie
delivered by C-section,
look like skin.
with some of the differences
even more obesity,
alergii, a nawet otyłości,
to microbes now,
until recently, every surviving mammal
to każdy ssak do niedawna
of those protective microbes
może być naprawdę ważny
might be really important
które łączymy z mikrobami.
that we now know involve the microbiome.
a couple of years ago
urodziła się moja córka
with those vaginal microbes
mikrobami z pochwy,
whether this has had an effect
chociaż bardzo ją kochamy,
no matter how much we love her,
enough of a sample size
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
crossed on that one.
to do clinical trials with more children
z innymi dziećmi,
this has a protective effect generally.
on what microbes we have initially,
ma ogromny wpływ na to,
again here is this map
a sample from one body site
reprezentuje próbkę z ciała
develop physically.
you're going to see
develop microbially.
rozwija się mikrobiologicznie.
at this one baby's stool,
which represents the gut,
for almost two and a half years.
przez prawie 2,5 roku.
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
basically in the vaginal community,
jak przyszedł na świat.
over these two and a half years
all the way down
zdrowych ochotników na samym dole.
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
and we'll see how that happens.
each step in this is just one week,
że każdy ruch to tylko tydzień,
of the feces of this one child,
w kale tego dziecka,
are much greater
individual healthy adults
down at the bottom.
to approach the adult fecal community.
do mikrobów z kału dorosłych.
is about to happen here.
for an ear infection.
this huge change in the community,
just over these few weeks,
of normal development,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
przypominają te z kału zdrowego człowieka,
because it raises fundamental questions
at different ages in a child's life.
na etapach rozwoju dziecka.
szybkiego rozwoju mikrobiomu,
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
into a stormy sea,
that if you give children antibiotics
otyłości w późniejszych latach,
to become obese later on
lub dostały je nieco później.
or only get them later,
may have profound impacts
ma ogromny wpływ
and on later health
i na późniejsze zdrowie.
in addition to the effects
jednym z kolejnych skutków,
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
odporne na ich działanie,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
dla mikrobiomu w jelitach.
możemy postrzegać antybiotyki,
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
jak metalowe narzędzia,
for those metal tools
do rozdrabniania mózgu,
to mush up the brains
for embalming.
przed balsamowaniem ciała.
have all these important functions,
just over the past few years,
of different diseases,
large effect, as it turns out,
czy jesteś szczupły, czy otyły,
whether you're lean or obese
as a medical test,
to jest akurat problematyczne.
which of these people is obese
która osoba jest otyła,
about their gut microbes,
if we sequence their complete genomes
odczytać genom człowieka,
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
kto z nich jest otyły.
of microbes that you carry around with you
które nosimy ze sobą,
for some health conditions
to all kinds of additional conditions,
z różnymi innymi dolegliwościami,
że te różnice w mikrobach,
these microbial differences
are cause or effect?
są ich powodem?
is we can raise some mice
in a germ-free bubble.
bez naturalnych mikrobów.
that we think are important,
które są naszym zdaniem istotne,
from an obese mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
with no microbes of its own,
from a regular mouse.
niż gdyby dostała je od zwykłej myszy.
is absolutely amazing, though.
is that the microbes
bardziej efektywnie przy jakiejś diecie,
more efficiently from the same diet,
from their food,
więcej energii z jedzenia,
are actually affecting their behavior.
na ich zachowanie
more than the normal mouse,
niż "zwykłe" myszy,
eat as much as they want.
jeśli pozwolimy im jeść tyle, ile chcą.
can affect mammalian behavior.
mają wpływ na zachowanie ssaków.
also do this sort of thing across species,
czy dzieje się tak z innymi gatunkami?
from an obese person
mikroby osoby otyłej
you've raised germ-free,
from a lean person,
jej mikroby osoby szczupłej.
that we inoculate them with
mikrobów, które zaszczepimy,
from gaining this weight.
by the Gates Foundation,
przez Fundację Gatesów,
is children in Malawi
czyli niedożywienie białkowe,
a profound form of malnutrition,
community transplanted into them
mikroby tych dzieci,
the same peanut butter-based supplement
używając suplementu diety,
masła orzechowego,
the children in the clinic,
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
także radzi sobie całkiem nieźle.
that we can pilot therapies
że możemy sterować leczeniem,
in a whole bunch of different mice
all the way down to the individual level.
do konkretnego przypadku.
that everyone has a chance
called American Gut,
for yourself on this microbial map.
swoje miejsce na mikrobiologicznej mapie.
science project that we know of --
sfinansowany społecznościowo:
have signed up at this point.
they send in their samples,
and then release the results back to them.
i odsłyłamy je z powrotem.
to scientists, to educators,
naukowcom, nauczycielom,
of the general public, and so forth,
członkom społeczeństwa,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
w Instytucie BioFrontieres,
and lasers to look at poop,
i laserów do sprawdzania kału,
everyone wants to know.
chce to wiedzieć.
if you're interested
jeśli jesteście zainteresowani
are not just important
in terms of our health,
we've been able to visualize
którą udało nam się zwizualizować
at the University of Minnesota.
of the human microbiome again.
jelita grubego - Clostridium difficile.
of some people with C. diff.
up to 20 times a day,
antibiotic therapy for two years
dwuletnią terapię antybiotykową,
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
trochę stolca od zdrowego dawcy,
do battle with the bad microbes
are about to get a transplant
ma dostać przeszczep
in the gut community.
środowisko mikrobiologiczne dawcy,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
of this discovery.
have implications
jakie powiązania mają mikroby
bowel disease to obesity,
przez otyłość,
a kind of microbial GPS,
where we are currently
gdzie jesteśmy,
and what we need to do
i co musimy zrobić,
to make this simple enough
(Laughter)
(Śmiech)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com