TED2014
Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Knight: Kako nas naši mikrobi čine onim tko smo
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Rob Knight je pionir u istraživanju ljudskih mikroba, zajednice sitnih jednostaničnih organizama koji žive u našim tijelima i koji imaju ogromnu — i uglavnom neistraženu — ulogu u našem zdravlju. "Kilogram i pol mikroba koje nosite uokolo sa sobom može biti važnije nego svaki pojedini gen koji nosite uokolo u svojem genomu," kaže. Saznajte zašto.
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologist
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
We humans have always been very concerned
about the health of our bodies,
about the health of our bodies,
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Mi ljudi smo oduvijek brinuli
o zdravlju svojih tijela,
o zdravlju svojih tijela,
00:17
but we haven't always been that good
at figuring out what's important.
at figuring out what's important.
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ali nismo oduvijek bili
tako dobri u shvaćanju što je bitno.
tako dobri u shvaćanju što je bitno.
00:21
Take the ancient Egyptians, for example:
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Uzmite drevne Egipćane, na primjer:
00:23
very concerned about the body parts
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
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Jako su brinuli o dijelovima tijela koja
su smatrali potrebnima zagrobnom životu,
su smatrali potrebnima zagrobnom životu,
00:27
but they left some parts out.
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ali izostavili su neke dijelove.
00:29
This part, for example.
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Ovaj dio, na primjer.
00:32
Although they very carefully
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
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Iako su vrlo pažljivo
sačuvali želudac, pluća,
sačuvali želudac, pluća,
00:35
the liver, and so forth,
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jetru, i tako dalje,
00:36
they just mushed up the brain,
drained it out through the nose,
drained it out through the nose,
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mozak bi samo usitnili u kašu,
izvukli ga kroz nos,
izvukli ga kroz nos,
00:39
and threw it away,
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i bacili,
00:41
which makes sense, really,
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što zapravo i ima smisla,
00:42
because what does a brain
do for us anyway?
do for us anyway?
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jer što će nam mozak ionako?
00:45
But imagine if there were a kind
of neglected organ in our bodies
of neglected organ in our bodies
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Ali zamislite kad bi postojao
zanemaren organ u našim tijelima
zanemaren organ u našim tijelima
00:48
that weighed just as much as the brain
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koji bi bio težak koliko i mozak
00:50
and in some ways was just
as important to who we are,
as important to who we are,
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i u nekim pogledima bio
jednako toliko bitan za to što smo,
jednako toliko bitan za to što smo,
00:53
but we knew so little about
and treated with such disregard.
and treated with such disregard.
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ali o kojem znamo jako malo
i prema kojem postupamo jednako nemarno.
i prema kojem postupamo jednako nemarno.
00:57
And imagine if,
through new scientific advances,
through new scientific advances,
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I zamislite kad,
kroz novi napredak znanosti,
kroz novi napredak znanosti,
01:00
we were just beginning to understand
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bismo baš započinjali razumijevati
01:01
its importance to how
we think of ourselves.
we think of ourselves.
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njegovu važnost za to
kako razmišljamo o sebi.
kako razmišljamo o sebi.
01:04
Wouldn't you want to know more about it?
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Ne biste li željeli znati više o tome?
01:07
Well, it turns out that we do
have something just like that:
have something just like that:
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Pa, ispada da imamo
nešto baš takvo:
nešto baš takvo:
01:10
our gut,
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naša crijeva,
01:12
or rather, its microbes.
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ili prije, njihove mikrobe.
01:15
But it's not just the microbes
in our gut that are important.
in our gut that are important.
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Ali nisu samo mikrobi
u našim crijevima oni važni.
u našim crijevima oni važni.
01:18
Microbes all over our body
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Mikrobi po cijelom našem tijelu
01:19
turn out to be really critical
to a whole range of differences
to a whole range of differences
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ispadaju zbilja kritični
za cijeli raspon razlika
za cijeli raspon razlika
01:22
that make different people who we are.
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koji čine različite ljudima
onime što jesu.
onime što jesu.
01:25
So for example, have you ever noticed
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Pa na primjer, jeste li primijetili
01:27
how some people get bitten by mosquitos
way more often than others?
way more often than others?
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kako neke ljude komarci grizu
puno češće nego druge?
puno češće nego druge?
01:31
It turns out that everyone's anecdotal
experience out camping is actually true.
experience out camping is actually true.
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Ispada da je svačije anegdotalno
iskustvo sa kampiranja zapravo istinito.
iskustvo sa kampiranja zapravo istinito.
01:36
For example, I seldom
get bitten by mosquitos,
get bitten by mosquitos,
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Na primjer, mene
rijetko grizu komarci,
rijetko grizu komarci,
01:38
but my partner Amanda
attracts them in droves,
attracts them in droves,
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ali moja ih partnerica Amanda
privlači u rojevima,
privlači u rojevima,
01:41
and the reason why is that we have
different microbes on our skin
different microbes on our skin
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a razlog zašto je kako imamo
različite mikrobe u našoj koži
različite mikrobe u našoj koži
01:44
that produce different chemicals
that the mosquitos detect.
that the mosquitos detect.
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koji proizvode različite kemikalije
koje komarac otkriva.
koje komarac otkriva.
01:48
Now, microbes are also really important
in the field of medicine.
in the field of medicine.
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Sad, mikrobi su također vrlo važni
u polju medicine.
u polju medicine.
01:51
So, for example, what microbes
you have in your gut
you have in your gut
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Tako, na primjer, koje mikrobe
imate u crijevima
imate u crijevima
01:54
determine whether particular painkillers
are toxic to your liver.
are toxic to your liver.
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određuje točno koja sredstva protiv bolova
su otrovna za vašu jetru.
su otrovna za vašu jetru.
01:58
They also determine whether or not other
drugs will work for your heart condition.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
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Također određuju hoće li ili neće drugi lijekovi
pomoći oko stanja vašeg srca.
pomoći oko stanja vašeg srca.
02:02
And, if you're a fruit fly, at least,
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A, barem ako ste vinska mušica,
02:05
your microbes determine
who you want to have sex with.
who you want to have sex with.
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vaši mikrobi određuju
s kim želite imati seks.
s kim želite imati seks.
02:08
We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet
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Nismo to još dokazali na ljudima
02:10
but maybe it's just a matter of time
before we find out. (Laughter)
before we find out. (Laughter)
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ali možda je samo pitanje vremena
prije nego otkrijemo. (Smijeh)
prije nego otkrijemo. (Smijeh)
02:15
So microbes are performing
a huge range of functions.
a huge range of functions.
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Dakle mikrobi izvode
ogroman raspon uloga.
ogroman raspon uloga.
02:17
They help us digest our food.
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Pomažu nam probaviti hranu.
02:19
They help educate our immune system.
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Pomažu nam obrazovati imunološki sustav.
02:21
They help us resist disease,
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Pomažu nam oduprijeti se bolestima,
02:23
and they may even
be affecting our behavior.
be affecting our behavior.
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a možda čak mogu
utjecati na naše ponašanje.
utjecati na naše ponašanje.
02:26
So what would a map of all these
microbial communities look like?
microbial communities look like?
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Pa kako bi mapa svih tih
mikrobnih zajednica izgledala?
mikrobnih zajednica izgledala?
02:30
Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this,
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Dobro, ne bi izgledala točno poput ovog,
02:32
but it's a helpful guide
for understanding biodiversity.
for understanding biodiversity.
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ali to je koristan vodič
za razumijevanje biološke raznolikosti.
za razumijevanje biološke raznolikosti.
02:35
Different parts of the world
have different landscapes of organisms
have different landscapes of organisms
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Različiti dijelovi svijeta imaju
različite pejzaže organizama
različite pejzaže organizama
02:39
that are immediately characteristic
of one place or another
of one place or another
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koji su odmah svojstveni
jednom mjestu ili drugom
jednom mjestu ili drugom
02:43
or another.
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ili drugom.
02:45
With microbiology, it's kind of the same,
although I've got to be honest with you:
although I've got to be honest with you:
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S mikrobiologijom, na neki je način isto,
iako moram vam biti iskren:
iako moram vam biti iskren:
02:49
All the microbes essentially
look the same under a microscope.
look the same under a microscope.
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Svi mikrobi u biti
izgledaju isto pod mikroskopom.
izgledaju isto pod mikroskopom.
02:52
So instead of trying
to identify them visually,
to identify them visually,
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Pa umjesto da ih pokušavamo
identificirati vizualno,
identificirati vizualno,
02:55
what we do is we look
at their DNA sequences,
at their DNA sequences,
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što činimo je gledamo
njihove slijedove DNA,
njihove slijedove DNA,
02:57
and in a project called
the Human Microbiome Project,
the Human Microbiome Project,
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a u projektu zvanom
Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,
Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,
03:00
NIH funded this $173 million project
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Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje
su financirali taj projekt od 137 mil. dolara
su financirali taj projekt od 137 mil. dolara
03:04
where hundreds
of researchers came together
of researchers came together
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gdje se stotine
istraživača sakupilo
istraživača sakupilo
03:06
to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's,
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kako bi mapiralo sve A-ove, T-ove, G-ove i C-ove,
03:09
and all of these microbes
in the human body.
in the human body.
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i to sve od tih mikroba u ljudskom tijelu.
03:11
So when we take them together,
they look like this.
they look like this.
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Pa kad ih uzmemo zajedno,
izgledaju ovako.
izgledaju ovako.
03:14
It's a bit more difficult
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
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Sad je malo teže
reći tko živi gdje, nije li?
reći tko živi gdje, nije li?
03:18
What my lab does is develop
computational techniques that allow us
computational techniques that allow us
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Što moj laboratorij radi je razvija
računalne tehnike koje nam omogućuju
računalne tehnike koje nam omogućuju
03:22
to take all these terabytes
of sequence data
of sequence data
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da uzmemo sve te terabajte
podataka iz slijedova
podataka iz slijedova
03:24
and turn them into something
that's a bit more useful as a map,
that's a bit more useful as a map,
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i pretvorimo ih u nešto
što je malo korisnije, poput mape,
što je malo korisnije, poput mape,
03:27
and so when we do that
with the human microbiome data
with the human microbiome data
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i tako dok to napravimo
sa podacimo ljudskog mikrobioma
sa podacimo ljudskog mikrobioma
03:30
from 250 healthy volunteers,
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od 250 zdravih dobrovoljaca,
03:32
it looks like this.
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to izgleda nekako ovako.
03:35
Each point here represents
all the complex microbes
all the complex microbes
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Svaka točka ovdje predstavlja
sve složene mikrobe
sve složene mikrobe
03:38
in an entire microbial community.
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u cjelokupnoj mikrobijalnoj zajednici.
03:40
See, I told you they basically
all look the same.
all look the same.
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Vidite, rekao sam vam kako oni
u osnovi svi izgledaju isto.
u osnovi svi izgledaju isto.
03:43
So what we're looking at is each point
represents one microbial community
represents one microbial community
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A ono što gledamo je svaka točka
predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu
predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu
03:46
from one body site
of one healthy volunteer.
of one healthy volunteer.
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sa jednog mjesta na tijelu
jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.
jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.
03:49
And so you can see that there's different
parts of the map in different colors,
parts of the map in different colors,
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I možete vidjeti kako su različiti
dijelovi mape u različitim bojama,
dijelovi mape u različitim bojama,
03:53
almost like separate continents.
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gotovo kao odvojeni kontinenti.
03:54
And what it turns out to be
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A što ispada
03:56
is that those, as the different
regions of the body,
regions of the body,
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je kako te, kao različite
regije na tijelu,
regije na tijelu,
03:58
have very different microbes in them.
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sadrže vrlo različite mikrobe.
04:00
So what we have is we have
the oral community up there in green.
the oral community up there in green.
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Tako da što imamo je
ima oralnu zajednicu tamo gore u zelenom
ima oralnu zajednicu tamo gore u zelenom
04:04
Over on the other side,
we have the skin community in blue,
we have the skin community in blue,
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Preko na drugoj strani
imam kožnu zajednicu u plavom,
imam kožnu zajednicu u plavom,
04:07
the vaginal community in purple,
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vaginalnu zajednicu u ljubičastom,
04:09
and then right down at the bottom,
we have the fecal community in brown.
we have the fecal community in brown.
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te potom točno dolje na dnu,
imamo fekalnu zajednicu u smeđem.
imamo fekalnu zajednicu u smeđem.
04:13
And we've just over the last few years
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A tek smo tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina
04:15
found out that the microbes
in different parts of the body
in different parts of the body
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otkrili kako su mikrobi
u različitim dijelovima tijela
u različitim dijelovima tijela
04:18
are amazingly different from one another.
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zapanjujuće različiti jedni od drugih.
04:20
So if I look at just one person's microbes
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Pa ako pogledam samo na mikrobe neke osobe
04:23
in the mouth and in the gut,
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u ustima i crijevima,
04:25
it turns out that the difference between
those two microbial communities
those two microbial communities
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ispada kako je razlika među
tim mikrobijalnim zajednicama
tim mikrobijalnim zajednicama
04:28
is enormous.
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ogromna.
04:30
It's bigger than the difference
between the microbes in this reef
between the microbes in this reef
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Veća je od razlike
mikroba ovog grebena
mikroba ovog grebena
04:33
and the microbes in this prairie.
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i mikroba ove prerije.
04:36
So this is incredible
when you think about it.
when you think about it.
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Tako da je nevjerojatno
kad razmislite o tome.
kad razmislite o tome.
04:38
What it means is that a few feet
of difference in the human body
of difference in the human body
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Što to znači je kako
par desetaka centimetara razlike po ljudskom tijelu
par desetaka centimetara razlike po ljudskom tijelu
04:42
makes more of a difference
to your microbial ecology
to your microbial ecology
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čini više razlike
vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji
vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji
04:44
than hundreds of miles on Earth.
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nego stotine milja po Zemlji.
04:46
And this is not to say that two people
look basically the same
look basically the same
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Ali to ne znači kako dvije osobe
izgledaju u osnovi isto
izgledaju u osnovi isto
04:49
in the same body habitat, either.
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u staništu istog dijela tijela.
04:51
So you probably heard
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Vjerojatno ste čuli
04:53
that we're pretty much all the same
in terms of our human DNA.
in terms of our human DNA.
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kako smo poprilično isti
u pogledu naše ljudske DNA.
u pogledu naše ljudske DNA.
04:56
You're 99.99 percent identical
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your human DNA
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Vi ste 99,99 posto identični
u pogledu vaše ljudske DNA
u pogledu vaše ljudske DNA
05:00
to the person sitting next to you.
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osobi koja sjedi do vas.
05:02
But that's not true of your gut microbes:
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Ali to nije tako kod mikroba crijeva:
05:04
you might only share 10 percent similarity
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možete dijeliti samo 10 postotnu sličnost
05:07
with the person sitting next to you
in terms of your gut microbes.
in terms of your gut microbes.
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sa osobom koja sjedi do vas
u pogledu crijevnih mikroba.
u pogledu crijevnih mikroba.
05:10
So that's as different
as the bacteria on this prairie
as the bacteria on this prairie
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A to je toliko različito
koliko i bakterije ove prerije
koliko i bakterije ove prerije
05:13
and the bacteria in this forest.
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od bakterija ove šume.
05:16
So these different microbes
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Tako ti različiti mikrobi
05:17
have all these different kinds
of functions that I told you about,
of functions that I told you about,
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imaju sve te različite vrste
uloga o kojima sam vam pričao
uloga o kojima sam vam pričao
05:21
everything from digesting food
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svašta od probavljanja hrane
05:22
to involvement
in different kinds of diseases,
in different kinds of diseases,
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do uključenosti u
različite vrste bolesti,
različite vrste bolesti,
05:25
metabolizing drugs, and so forth.
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preradi lijekova, i tako dalje.
05:27
So how do they do all this stuff?
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Pa kako oni čine sve te stvari?
05:29
Well, in part it's because
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Dobro, djelomično zato što
05:31
although there's just three pounds
of those microbes in our gut,
of those microbes in our gut,
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iako je samo kilogram i pol
tih mikroba u našem crijevu,
tih mikroba u našem crijevu,
05:34
they really outnumber us.
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zapravo nas nadmašuju u brojnosti.
05:36
And so how much do they outnumber us?
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A koliko nas nadmašuju?
05:38
Well, it depends on what
you think of as our bodies.
you think of as our bodies.
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Pa, po to ovisi o tome
što smatrate našim tijelima.
što smatrate našim tijelima.
05:41
Is it our cells?
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Jesu li ovo naše stanice?
05:43
Well, each of us consists
of about 10 trillion human cells,
of about 10 trillion human cells,
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Svatko se od nas sastoji
od 10 trilijuna ljudskih stanica,
od 10 trilijuna ljudskih stanica,
05:46
but we harbor as many
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
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ali skrivamo i do
100 trilijuna mikrobijalnih stanica.
100 trilijuna mikrobijalnih stanica.
05:49
So they outnumber us 10 to one.
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Tako da nas brojčano nadmašuju 10:1.
05:52
Now, you might think, well,
we're human because of our DNA,
we're human because of our DNA,
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Sad, možete misliti, dobro,
ljudi smo zbog naše DNA,
ljudi smo zbog naše DNA,
05:56
but it turns out that each of us has
about 20,000 human genes,
about 20,000 human genes,
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ali ispada kako svatko od nas ima
oko 20.000 ljudskih gena,
oko 20.000 ljudskih gena,
05:59
depending on what you count exactly,
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ovisno o tome što točno računate,
06:01
but as many as two million
to 20 million microbial genes.
to 20 million microbial genes.
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ali od čak dva milijuna
do 20 milijun mikrobijalnih gena.
do 20 milijun mikrobijalnih gena.
06:06
So whichever way we look at it,
we're vastly outnumbered
we're vastly outnumbered
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Tako da na koji god način da gledate,
vrlo smo brojčano nadmašeni
vrlo smo brojčano nadmašeni
06:08
by our microbial symbionts.
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od strane naših mikrobijalnih simbionata.
06:11
And it turns out that in addition
to traces of our human DNA,
to traces of our human DNA,
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A ispada kako u dodatku
tragovima naše ljudske DNA,
tragovima naše ljudske DNA,
06:15
we also leave traces
of our microbial DNA
of our microbial DNA
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također ostavljamo tragove
naše mikrobijalne DNA
naše mikrobijalne DNA
06:17
on everything we touch.
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na svemu što dotaknemo.
06:19
We showed in a study a few years ago
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Pokazali smo u istraživanju
prije nekoliko godina
prije nekoliko godina
06:20
that you can actually match
the palm of someone's hand up
the palm of someone's hand up
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da se zapravo može spojiti
dlan nečije ruke sa
dlan nečije ruke sa
06:23
to the computer mouse
that they use routinely
that they use routinely
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računalnim mičem
koji rutinski koristi
koji rutinski koristi
06:25
with up to 95 percent accuracy.
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sa sigurnošću od 95 posto.
06:28
So this came out in a scientific journal
a few years ago,
a few years ago,
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To je izašlo u znanstvenom časopisu
prije nekoliko godina,
prije nekoliko godina,
06:31
but more importantly,
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
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ali važnije,
bilo je upotrebljeno u "CSI:Miami"
bilo je upotrebljeno u "CSI:Miami"
06:33
so you really know it's true.
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tako da znate da je zbilja istina.
06:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:36
So where do our microbes
come from in the first place?
come from in the first place?
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A otkud uopće
naši mikrobi dolaze?
naši mikrobi dolaze?
06:40
Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids,
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Ako, kao ja, imate pse ili djecu,
06:43
you probably have
some dark suspicions about that,
some dark suspicions about that,
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vjerojatno imate
neke mračne sumnje o tome,
neke mračne sumnje o tome,
06:45
all of which are true, by the way.
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koje su sve istinite, usput.
06:47
So just like we can match
you to your computer equipment
you to your computer equipment
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Pa isto kako možemo spojiti
vas i vašu računalnu opremu
vas i vašu računalnu opremu
06:50
by the microbes you share,
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po mikrobima koje dijelite,
06:51
we can also match you up to your dog.
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možemo vas spojiti i sa vašim psom.
06:54
But it turns out that in adults,
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Ali ispada kako u odraslih,
06:56
microbial communities
are relatively stable,
are relatively stable,
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mikrobijalne su zajednice
relativno stabilne,
relativno stabilne,
06:58
so even if you live together with someone,
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pa čak i ako živite zajedno s nekim,
07:00
you'll maintain your separate
microbial identity
microbial identity
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održat ćete svoje odvojene
mikrobijalne identitete
mikrobijalne identitete
07:02
over a period of weeks,
months, even years.
months, even years.
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kroz razdoblja tjedana,
mjeseci, čak godina.
mjeseci, čak godina.
07:05
It turns out that our
first microbial communities
first microbial communities
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Ispada kako naše
prve mikrobijalne zajednice
prve mikrobijalne zajednice
07:08
depend a lot on how we're born.
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puno ovise o načinu na koji smo rođeni.
07:11
So babies that come out
the regular way,
the regular way,
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Tako bebe koje izađu
normalnim putem,
normalnim putem,
07:13
all of their microbes are basically
like the vaginal community,
like the vaginal community,
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svi su njihovi mikrobi u osnovi
poput vaginalne zajednice,
poput vaginalne zajednice,
07:16
whereas babies that are
delivered by C-section,
delivered by C-section,
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dok kod beba
rođenih carskim rezom,
rođenih carskim rezom,
07:18
all of their microbes instead
look like skin.
look like skin.
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svi njihovi mikrobi
izgledaju kao koža.
izgledaju kao koža.
07:21
And this might be associated
with some of the differences
with some of the differences
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A to može biti u vezi
sa nekim razlikama
sa nekim razlikama
07:24
in health associated with Cesarean birth,
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u zdravlju povezanih
sa carskim rezom,
sa carskim rezom,
07:27
such as more asthma, more allergies,
even more obesity,
even more obesity,
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poput više astme, više alergija,
čak i više pretilosti,
čak i više pretilosti,
07:30
all of which have been linked
to microbes now,
to microbes now,
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što je sve bilo povezano
sa mikrobima sada,
sa mikrobima sada,
07:33
and when you think about it,
until recently, every surviving mammal
until recently, every surviving mammal
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a kad o tome razmislite,
do nedavno, svaki je preživjeli sisavac
do nedavno, svaki je preživjeli sisavac
07:37
had been delivered by the birth canal,
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bio porođen kroz porođajni kanal,
07:39
and so the lack
of those protective microbes
of those protective microbes
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tako da bi nedostatak
tih zaštitinih mikroba
tih zaštitinih mikroba
07:41
that we've co-evolved with
might be really important
might be really important
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s kojima smo se surazvili
mogao biti zbilja važan
mogao biti zbilja važan
07:44
for a lot of these different conditions
that we now know involve the microbiome.
that we now know involve the microbiome.
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za puno tih različitih uvjeta
za koje sada znamo kako utječu na mikrobiom.
za koje sada znamo kako utječu na mikrobiom.
07:48
When my own daughter was born
a couple of years ago
a couple of years ago
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Kad je moja vlastita kćer rođena
prije nekoliko godina
prije nekoliko godina
07:51
by emergency C-section,
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hitnim carskim rezom,
07:53
we took matters into our own hands
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uzeli smo stvar u svoje ruke
07:55
and made sure she was coated
with those vaginal microbes
with those vaginal microbes
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i pobrinuli se da bude prekrivena
tim vaginalnim mikrobima
tim vaginalnim mikrobima
07:58
that she would have gotten naturally.
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koje bi dobila prirodno.
08:00
Now, it's really difficult to tell
whether this has had an effect
whether this has had an effect
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Sad, zbilaj je teško reći
je li to imalo utjecaja
je li to imalo utjecaja
08:03
on her health specifically, right?
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2002
baš na njeno zdravlje, jel tako?
08:05
With a sample size of just one child,
no matter how much we love her,
no matter how much we love her,
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Sa uzorkom veličine samo jednog djeteta,
bez obzira koliko je voljeli,
bez obzira koliko je voljeli,
08:09
you don't really have
enough of a sample size
enough of a sample size
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zapravo nemate
dovoljnu veličinu uzorka
dovoljnu veličinu uzorka
08:11
to figure out what happens on average,
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da shvatite što se dešava u prosjeku,
08:13
but at two years old,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
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2897
Ali sa dvije godine,
još nije imala upalu uha,
još nije imala upalu uha,
08:16
so we're keeping our fingers
crossed on that one.
crossed on that one.
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pa držimo prekrižene prste
da je to - to.
da je to - to.
08:18
And what's more, we're starting
to do clinical trials with more children
to do clinical trials with more children
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A još i više, počinjemo
raditi klinička ispitivanja s više djece
raditi klinička ispitivanja s više djece
08:22
to figure out whether
this has a protective effect generally.
this has a protective effect generally.
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kako bi shvatili ako
ovo ima općenit zaštitni učinak.
ovo ima općenit zaštitni učinak.
08:27
So how we're born has a tremendous effect
on what microbes we have initially,
on what microbes we have initially,
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To kako smo rođeni ima ogroman učinak
na koje mikrobe imamo u početku,
na koje mikrobe imamo u početku,
08:32
but where do we go after that?
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ali gdje idemo nakon toga?
08:34
What I'm showing you
again here is this map
again here is this map
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Što vam ponovo ovdje
pokazujem je mapa
pokazujem je mapa
08:36
of the Human Microbiome Project Data,
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1998
podataka Projekta ljudskog mikrobioma,
08:38
so each point represents
a sample from one body site
a sample from one body site
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pa svaka točka predstavlja
uzorak s jednog mjesta na tijelu
uzorak s jednog mjesta na tijelu
08:41
from one of 250 healthy adults.
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2540
jednog od 250 zdravih odraslih.
08:43
And you've seen children
develop physically.
develop physically.
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Vidjeli ste djecu
kako se razvijaju fizički.
kako se razvijaju fizički.
08:45
You've seen them develop mentally.
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Vidjeli ste ih
kako se razvijaju mentalno.
kako se razvijaju mentalno.
08:47
Now, for the first time,
you're going to see
you're going to see
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Sada, po prvi put,
vidjet ćete
vidjet ćete
08:50
one of my colleague's children
develop microbially.
develop microbially.
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3358
dijete jednog mog kolege
kako se razvija mikrobijalno.
kako se razvija mikrobijalno.
08:53
So what we are going to look at
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Dakle ono što ćemo gledati
08:54
is we're going to look
at this one baby's stool,
at this one baby's stool,
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je gledati ćemo
stolicu ove bebe,
stolicu ove bebe,
08:57
the fecal community,
which represents the gut,
which represents the gut,
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2449
fekalnu zajednicu,
koja predstavlja crijevo,
koja predstavlja crijevo,
09:00
sampled every week
for almost two and a half years.
for almost two and a half years.
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uzorkovanu svaki tjedan
kroz gotovo dvije i pol godine.
kroz gotovo dvije i pol godine.
09:03
And so we're starting on day one.
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1663
I tako krećemo od prvog dana.
09:04
What's going to happen is that the infant
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
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Što će se dogoditi je dijete će
započeti kao ova žuta točka,
započeti kao ova žuta točka,
09:08
and you can see that he's starting off
basically in the vaginal community,
basically in the vaginal community,
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i možete vidjeti kako kreće
u osnovi iz vaginalne zajednice,
u osnovi iz vaginalne zajednice,
09:12
as we would expect from his delivery mode.
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2026
kako bismo i očekivali iz njegovog oblika poroda.
09:14
And what's going to happen
over these two and a half years
over these two and a half years
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2714
A što će se dogoditi
tijekom ovih dvije i pol godine
tijekom ovih dvije i pol godine
09:17
is that he's going to travel
all the way down
all the way down
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je kako će otputovati
cijelim putem dolje
cijelim putem dolje
09:19
to resemble the adult fecal community from
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
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da odgovara odrasloj fekalnoj zajednici
zdravih dobrovoljaca dolje na dnu.
zdravih dobrovoljaca dolje na dnu.
09:23
So I'm just going to start this going
and we'll see how that happens.
and we'll see how that happens.
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Samo ću pokrenuti ovo
pa ćemo vidjeti kako se to dešava.
pa ćemo vidjeti kako se to dešava.
09:26
What you can see, and remember
each step in this is just one week,
each step in this is just one week,
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Što možete vidjeti, a zapamtite
svaki je korak ovoga samo jedan tjedan,
svaki je korak ovoga samo jedan tjedan,
09:30
what you can see is that week to week,
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što možeti vidjeti je
kako iz tjedna u tjedan,
kako iz tjedna u tjedan,
09:32
the change in the microbial community
of the feces of this one child,
of the feces of this one child,
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promjene u mikrobijalnoj zajednici
fekalija ovog djeteta,
fekalija ovog djeteta,
09:37
the differences week to week
are much greater
are much greater
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2551
razlike iz tjedna u tjedan
su puno veće
su puno veće
09:40
than the differences between
individual healthy adults
individual healthy adults
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2531
nego razlike između
pojedinih zdravih odraslih
pojedinih zdravih odraslih
09:42
in the Human Microbiome Project cohort,
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570580
1950
u grupi uključenoj u
Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,
Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,
09:44
which are those brown dots
down at the bottom.
down at the bottom.
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koji su ove smeđe točke
dolje na dnu.
dolje na dnu.
09:47
And you can see he's starting
to approach the adult fecal community.
to approach the adult fecal community.
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I možete vidjeti kako se počeo
približavati odrasloj fekalnoj zajednici.
približavati odrasloj fekalnoj zajednici.
09:50
This is up to about two years.
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1515
Ovdje smo na otprilke dvije godine.
09:51
But something amazing
is about to happen here.
is about to happen here.
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2170
Ali nešto zapanjujuće
će se dogoditi uskoro.
će se dogoditi uskoro.
09:53
So he's getting antibiotics
for an ear infection.
for an ear infection.
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3088
Dobija antibiotike
radi upale uha.
radi upale uha.
09:56
What you can see is
this huge change in the community,
this huge change in the community,
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2554
Što možete vidjeti je
ta ogromna promjena u zajednici,
ta ogromna promjena u zajednici,
09:59
followed by a relatively rapid recovery.
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nakon koje slijedi relativno brz oporavak.
10:01
I'll just rewind that for you.
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Premotat ću vam to.
10:05
And what we can see is that
just over these few weeks,
just over these few weeks,
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A ono što vidim je kako
samo tijekom tih nekoliko tjedana,
samo tijekom tih nekoliko tjedana,
10:08
we have a much more radical change,
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1933
imamo puno korjenitiju promjenu,
10:10
a setback of many months
of normal development,
of normal development,
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2530
Smetnja brojnim mjesecima
normalnog razvoja,
normalnog razvoja,
10:13
followed by a relatively rapid recovery,
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koju slijedi relativno brz oporavak.
10:15
and by the time he reaches day 838,
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4133
a do vremena kad dosegne dan 838,
10:19
which is the end of this video,
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1719
koji je kraj ovog videa,
10:21
you can see that he has essentially
reached the healthy adult stool community,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
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možete vidjeti kako je u biti
dosegao zdravu odraslu zajednicu u stolici,
dosegao zdravu odraslu zajednicu u stolici,
10:25
despite that antibiotic intervention.
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usprkos tom uplivu antibiotika.
10:27
So this is really interesting
because it raises fundamental questions
because it raises fundamental questions
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3328
Ovo je vrlo zanimljivo
jer podiže temeljna pitanja
jer podiže temeljna pitanja
10:30
about what happens when we intervene
at different ages in a child's life.
at different ages in a child's life.
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o tome što se događa kad se upletemo
u različitim dobima djetetovog života.
u različitim dobima djetetovog života.
10:35
So does what we do early on, where
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
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3611
Je li ono što činimo u ranoj dobi,
gdje se mikrobiom mijenja tako brzo
gdje se mikrobiom mijenja tako brzo
10:38
actually matter,
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1300
zbilja nešto znači,
10:39
or is it like throwing a stone
into a stormy sea,
into a stormy sea,
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2483
ili je to poput bacanja kamena
u olujno more,
u olujno more,
10:42
where the ripples will just be lost?
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1742
gdje će mreškanje
jednostavno nestati?
jednostavno nestati?
10:45
Well, fascinatingly, it turns out
that if you give children antibiotics
that if you give children antibiotics
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4291
Dobro, fascinantno, ispada da
ako djeci date antibiotike
ako djeci date antibiotike
10:49
in the first six months of life,
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1650
u prvih šest mjeseci života,
10:50
they're more likely
to become obese later on
to become obese later on
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veća je vjerojatnost
da će kasnije postati pretili
da će kasnije postati pretili
10:53
than if they don't get antibiotics then
or only get them later,
or only get them later,
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3127
nego ako ne dobiju antibiotike tada
ili ih dobiju kasnije,
ili ih dobiju kasnije,
10:56
and so what we do early on
may have profound impacts
may have profound impacts
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2946
tako da što činimo u ranoj dobi
može izvršiti značajne utjecaje
može izvršiti značajne utjecaje
10:59
on the gut microbial community
and on later health
and on later health
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3497
na mikrobijalnu zajednicu crijeva
i na kasnije zdravlje
i na kasnije zdravlje
11:03
that we're only beginning to understand.
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2326
koje tek počinjemo shvaćati.
11:05
So this is fascinating, because one day,
in addition to the effects
in addition to the effects
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4156
Dakle ovo je očaravajuće jer jednog dana,
u dodatku poslijedicama
u dodatku poslijedicama
11:09
that antibiotics have
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
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2646
antibiotika na
bakterije otporne na antibiotike,
bakterije otporne na antibiotike,
11:12
which are very important,
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1696
koje su vrlo važne,
11:14
they may also be degrading
our gut microbial ecosystems,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
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2903
možda također slabe
mikrobijalne ekosustave naših crijeva,
mikrobijalne ekosustave naših crijeva,
11:17
and so one day we may come
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
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pa ćemo se možda jednog dana
odnositi prema antibioticima sa istom stravom
odnositi prema antibioticima sa istom stravom
11:20
that we currently reserve
for those metal tools
for those metal tools
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koju trenutno čuvamo
za onaj metalni alat
za onaj metalni alat
11:22
that the Egyptians used to use
to mush up the brains
to mush up the brains
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koji su Egipćani koristili
za usitnjavanje mozgova
za usitnjavanje mozgova
11:25
before they drained them out
for embalming.
for embalming.
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prije nego bi ih izvukli
tijekom balzamiranja.
tijekom balzamiranja.
11:27
So I mentioned that microbes
have all these important functions,
have all these important functions,
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Spomenuo sam kako mikrobi
imaju sve te bitne uloge,
imaju sve te bitne uloge,
11:30
and they've also now,
just over the past few years,
just over the past few years,
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A također su sada,
baš tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina,
baš tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina,
11:32
been connected to a whole range
of different diseases,
of different diseases,
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bili povezani sa cijelim rasponom
različitih bolesti,
različitih bolesti,
11:35
including inflammatory bowel disease,
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uključujući upalnu bolest crijeva,
11:37
heart disease, colon cancer,
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srčane bolesti, rak debelog crijeva,
11:39
and even obesity.
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i čak pretilost.
11:41
Obesity has a really
large effect, as it turns out,
large effect, as it turns out,
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Pretilost ima zbilja veliku poveznicu,
kako ispada,
kako ispada,
11:44
and today, we can tell
whether you're lean or obese
whether you're lean or obese
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i danas, možemo reći
jeste li mršav i ili pretili
jeste li mršav i ili pretili
11:46
with 90 percent accuracy
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sa 90 postotnom točnošću
11:48
by looking at the microbes in your gut.
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gledajući mikrobe vaših crijeva.
11:50
Now, although that might sound impressive,
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Sad, iako to može zvučati upečatljivo,
11:52
in some ways it's a little bit problematic
as a medical test,
as a medical test,
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na neki je način malo problematično
kao medicinski test,
kao medicinski test,
11:56
because you can probably tell
which of these people is obese
which of these people is obese
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jer vjerojatno možete reći
koji su od tih ljudi pretili
koji su od tih ljudi pretili
11:59
without knowing anything
about their gut microbes,
about their gut microbes,
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bez da znate išta
o mikrobima njihovih crijeva,
o mikrobima njihovih crijeva,
12:01
but it turns out that even
if we sequence their complete genomes
if we sequence their complete genomes
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ali ispada da čak i kad bi
izvukli potpune slijedove njihovih genoma
izvukli potpune slijedove njihovih genoma
12:04
and had all their human DNA,
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i imali sam njihov ljudski DNA,
12:06
we could only predict which one
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
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mogli bi predvidjeti koji je pretio
sa samo oko 60 posto točnosti.
sa samo oko 60 posto točnosti.
12:10
So that's amazing, right?
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Tako da to je zapanjujuće, jel tako?
12:12
What it means that the three pounds
of microbes that you carry around with you
of microbes that you carry around with you
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Što to znači je kako kilogram i pol
mikroba koje nosite uokolo sa sobom
mikroba koje nosite uokolo sa sobom
12:16
may be more important
for some health conditions
for some health conditions
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mogu biti važniji
za neke zdravstvene prilike
za neke zdravstvene prilike
12:18
than every single gene in your genome.
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nego svaki pojedini gen vašeg genoma.
12:23
And then in mice, we can do a lot more.
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A onda u miševa,
možemo učiniti toliko toga više.
možemo učiniti toliko toga više.
12:25
So in mice, microbes have been linked
to all kinds of additional conditions,
to all kinds of additional conditions,
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U miševa, mikrobi su povezani
sa svim vrstama dodatnih prilika,
sa svim vrstama dodatnih prilika,
12:29
including things like multiple sclerosis,
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2716
uključujući stvari poput multiple skleroze,
12:32
depression, autism, and again, obesity.
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depresije, autizma, te ponovo, pretilosti.
12:35
But how can we tell whether
these microbial differences
these microbial differences
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Ali kako možemo reći
jesu li te mikrobijalne razlike
jesu li te mikrobijalne razlike
12:38
that correlate with disease
are cause or effect?
are cause or effect?
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koje uzajamno odgovaraju bolestima
uzroci ili posljedice?
uzroci ili posljedice?
12:41
Well, one thing we can do
is we can raise some mice
is we can raise some mice
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Dobro, jedna stvar koju možemo
je možemo uzgojiti nešto miševa
je možemo uzgojiti nešto miševa
12:44
without any microbes of their own
in a germ-free bubble.
in a germ-free bubble.
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bez ikakvih vlastiti mikroba
u mjehuru bez klica.
u mjehuru bez klica.
12:46
Then we can add in some microbes
that we think are important,
that we think are important,
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Tad možemo dodati neke mikrobe
za koje mislimo kako su važni,
za koje mislimo kako su važni,
12:49
and see what happens.
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2082
i gledati što se događa.
12:51
When we take the microbes
from an obese mouse
from an obese mouse
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Kad uzmemo mikrobe
sa pretilog miša
sa pretilog miša
12:54
and transplant them
into a genetically normal mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
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2504
i presadimo ih
u genetski normalnog miša
u genetski normalnog miša
12:56
that's been raised in a bubble
with no microbes of its own,
with no microbes of its own,
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koji je uzgojen u mjehuru
bez vlastitih mikroba,
bez vlastitih mikroba,
12:59
it becomes fatter than if it got them
from a regular mouse.
from a regular mouse.
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3353
postaje deblji nego ako ih dobije
od običnog miša.
od običnog miša.
13:04
Why this happens
is absolutely amazing, though.
is absolutely amazing, though.
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772142
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Zašto se ovo događa
je posve zapanjujuće, ipak.
je posve zapanjujuće, ipak.
13:06
Sometimes what's going on
is that the microbes
is that the microbes
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774461
2200
Nekad je ono što se događa
kako im mikrobi
kako im mikrobi
13:08
are helping them digest food
more efficiently from the same diet,
more efficiently from the same diet,
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3058
pomažu probaviti hranu
učinkovitije iz iste prehrane,
učinkovitije iz iste prehrane,
13:11
so they're taking more energy
from their food,
from their food,
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779719
2204
pa dobijaju više energije
iz svoje hrane,
iz svoje hrane,
13:13
but other times, the microbes
are actually affecting their behavior.
are actually affecting their behavior.
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3231
no u drugim slučajevima, mikrobi
zapravo utječu na njihovo ponašanje.
zapravo utječu na njihovo ponašanje.
13:17
What they're doing is they're eating
more than the normal mouse,
more than the normal mouse,
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785154
3040
Što čine je kako jedu
više nego normalan miš,
više nego normalan miš,
13:20
so they only get fat if we let them
eat as much as they want.
eat as much as they want.
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3170
pa postaju debeli samo ako im
pustimo da jedu onoliko koliko bi željeli.
pustimo da jedu onoliko koliko bi željeli.
13:24
So this is really remarkable, right?
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792614
2686
Ovo je zbilja izvanredno, zar ne?
13:27
The implication is that microbes
can affect mammalian behavior.
can affect mammalian behavior.
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795300
4364
Ukazuje kako mikrobi
mogu utjecati na ponašanje sisavaca.
mogu utjecati na ponašanje sisavaca.
13:33
So you might be wondering whether we can
also do this sort of thing across species,
also do this sort of thing across species,
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801224
4158
Pa se možda pitate možemo li
učiniti ovakve stvari i među vrstama,
učiniti ovakve stvari i među vrstama,
13:37
and it turns out that if you take microbes
from an obese person
from an obese person
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805382
3270
i ispada da ako uzmete mikrobe
iz pretile osobe
iz pretile osobe
13:40
and transplant them into mice
you've raised germ-free,
you've raised germ-free,
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808652
3063
i presadite ih u miševe
koje ste uzgojili bez klica,
koje ste uzgojili bez klica,
13:43
those mice will also become fatter
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811715
2090
ti će miševi također postati deblji
13:45
than if they received the microbes
from a lean person,
from a lean person,
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813805
3041
nego ako su primili klice
iz mršave osobe,
iz mršave osobe,
13:48
but we can design a microbial community
that we inoculate them with
that we inoculate them with
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816846
3345
ali možemo osmisliti mikrobijalnu zajednicu
kojom ih možemo cijepiti
kojom ih možemo cijepiti
13:52
that prevents them
from gaining this weight.
from gaining this weight.
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820191
2554
kako bismo spriječili
takvo debljanje.
takvo debljanje.
13:55
We can also do this for malnutrition.
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823545
2055
To također možemo učiniti i sa pothranjenošću.
13:57
So in a project funded
by the Gates Foundation,
by the Gates Foundation,
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825600
3088
Tako u projektu kojeg
financira zaklada Gates,
financira zaklada Gates,
14:00
what we're looking at
is children in Malawi
is children in Malawi
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828688
2183
što gledamo su
djeca u Malawiju
djeca u Malawiju
14:02
who have kwashiorkor,
a profound form of malnutrition,
a profound form of malnutrition,
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830871
2658
koja imaju kvašiorkor,
dubok oblik pothranjenosti,
dubok oblik pothranjenosti,
14:05
and mice that get the kwashiorkor
community transplanted into them
community transplanted into them
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833529
3123
a miševi kojima usadimo
zajednicu kvašiorkora
zajednicu kvašiorkora
14:08
lose 30 percent of their body mass
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836652
2370
izgube 30 posto tjelesne mase
14:11
in just three weeks,
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839022
1179
u samo tri tjedna,
14:12
but we can restore their health by using
the same peanut butter-based supplement
the same peanut butter-based supplement
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840201
3818
ali možemo im vratiti zdravlje koristeći
taj isti dodatak temeljen na maslacu od kikirikija
taj isti dodatak temeljen na maslacu od kikirikija
14:16
that is used for
the children in the clinic,
the children in the clinic,
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844019
2113
koji se koristi za
djecu u klinici,
djecu u klinici,
14:18
and the mice that receive the community
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846132
1856
a miševi koji prime zajednicu
14:19
from the healthy identical twins
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
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847988
3247
od zdravih identičnih blizanaca
djece sa kvašiorkorom su u redu.
djece sa kvašiorkorom su u redu.
14:24
This is truly amazing because it suggests
that we can pilot therapies
that we can pilot therapies
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852035
3941
Ovo je zbilja zapanjujuće jer nagoviješta
kako možemo provoditi terapije
kako možemo provoditi terapije
14:27
by trying them out
in a whole bunch of different mice
in a whole bunch of different mice
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855976
2507
iskušavajući ih na
čitavoj hrpi različitih miševa
čitavoj hrpi različitih miševa
14:30
with individual people's gut communities
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858483
1930
sa crijevnim zajednicama pojedinih ljudi
14:32
and perhaps tailor those therapies
all the way down to the individual level.
all the way down to the individual level.
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860413
4599
i možda krojiti te terapije
sve do razine pojedinca.
sve do razine pojedinca.
14:38
So I think it's really important
that everyone has a chance
that everyone has a chance
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866262
2915
Mislim kako je zbilja važno
da svatko ima priliku
da svatko ima priliku
14:41
to participate in this discovery.
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869177
2706
sudjelovati u ovom otkriću-
14:43
So, a couple of years ago,
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871883
1248
Tako, prije par godina,
14:45
we started this project
called American Gut,
called American Gut,
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873131
2071
počeli smo ovaj projekt
nazvan Američko crijevo,
nazvan Američko crijevo,
14:47
which allows you to claim a place
for yourself on this microbial map.
for yourself on this microbial map.
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875202
4204
koji vam omogućuje da zauzmete
mjesto za sebe na ovoj mikrobijalnoj mapi.
mjesto za sebe na ovoj mikrobijalnoj mapi.
14:51
This is now the largest crowd-funded
science project that we know of --
science project that we know of --
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879406
3357
To je sada najveći grupno financirani
znanstveni projekt za koji znamo --
znanstveni projekt za koji znamo --
14:54
over 8,000 people
have signed up at this point.
have signed up at this point.
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882763
2888
preko 8.000 ljudi
je potpisalo do sada.
je potpisalo do sada.
14:57
What happens is,
they send in their samples,
they send in their samples,
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885651
2578
Što se događa jest,
oni pošalju svoje uzorke,
oni pošalju svoje uzorke,
15:00
we sequence the DNA of their microbes
and then release the results back to them.
and then release the results back to them.
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888229
3785
mi izvučemo slijedove DNA njihovih mikroba
te im potom šaljemo rezultate nazad.
te im potom šaljemo rezultate nazad.
15:04
We also release them, de-identified,
to scientists, to educators,
to scientists, to educators,
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892014
3691
Također ih šaljemo, lišene identiteta,
znanstvenicima, prosvjetiteljima,
znanstvenicima, prosvjetiteljima,
15:07
to interested members
of the general public, and so forth,
of the general public, and so forth,
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895705
3019
zainteresiranim članovima
šire javnosti, i tako dalje,
šire javnosti, i tako dalje,
15:10
so anyone can have access to the data.
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898724
3155
tako da svatko može imati pristup podacima.
15:13
On the other hand,
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901879
1171
U drugu ruku,
15:15
when we do tours of our lab
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
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903050
3282
kada radimo obilaske
našeg laboratorija u institutu Biofrontiers,
našeg laboratorija u institutu Biofrontiers,
15:18
and we explain that we use robots
and lasers to look at poop,
and lasers to look at poop,
326
906332
3560
i objasnimo da koristimo robote
i lasere kako bi gledali u kakicu,
i lasere kako bi gledali u kakicu,
15:21
it turns out that not
everyone wants to know.
everyone wants to know.
327
909892
3112
ispada kako to
ne želi znati svatko.
ne želi znati svatko.
15:25
(Laughter)
328
913004
1282
(Smijeh)
15:26
But I'm guessing that many of you do,
329
914286
1921
Ali nagađam da puno vas želi,
15:28
and so I brought some kits here
if you're interested
if you're interested
330
916207
2659
pa sam donio nešto opreme
ovdje ako vas zanima
ovdje ako vas zanima
15:30
in trying this out for yourself.
331
918866
2730
da je i sami iskušate.
15:35
So why might we want to do this?
332
923046
1947
Dakle zašto bismo mogli željeti ovo?
15:36
Well, it turns out that microbes
are not just important
are not just important
333
924993
2570
Pa, ispada kako mikrobi
nisu samo važni
nisu samo važni
15:39
for finding out where we are
in terms of our health,
in terms of our health,
334
927563
2901
za otkrivanje gdje smo
u pogledu zdravlja,
u pogledu zdravlja,
15:42
but they can actually cure disease.
335
930464
2408
već i da zapravo mogu liječiti bolesti.
15:44
This is one of the newest things
we've been able to visualize
we've been able to visualize
336
932872
2925
Ovo je jedna od najnovijih stvari
koje smo bili u stanju vizualizirati
koje smo bili u stanju vizualizirati
15:47
with colleagues
at the University of Minnesota.
at the University of Minnesota.
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935797
2739
sa kolegama
sa Sveučilišta Minnesote.
sa Sveučilišta Minnesote.
15:50
So here's that map
of the human microbiome again.
of the human microbiome again.
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938536
2617
Dakle eto mape
ljudskog mikrobioma ponovo.
ljudskog mikrobioma ponovo.
15:53
What we're looking at now --
339
941153
1457
Što gledamo trenutno --
15:54
I'm going to add in the community
of some people with C. diff.
of some people with C. diff.
340
942610
3370
Dodat ću zajednicu
nekih ljudi sa C. diff.
nekih ljudi sa C. diff.
15:57
So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea
341
945980
2279
Dakle, to je strašan oblik proljeva
16:00
where you have to go
up to 20 times a day,
up to 20 times a day,
342
948259
2345
gdje morate ići
do 20 puta dnevno,
do 20 puta dnevno,
16:02
and these people have failed
antibiotic therapy for two years
antibiotic therapy for two years
343
950604
3111
a ovi ljudi nisu koristili
terapiju antibioticima kroz dvije godine
terapiju antibioticima kroz dvije godine
16:05
before they're eligible for this trial.
344
953715
2299
prije nego što su postali
kvalificirani za ovu probu.
kvalificirani za ovu probu.
16:08
So what would happen if we transplanted
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
345
956014
4413
Dakle što bi se dogodilo ako bi presadili
nešto stolice iz zdravog davaoca,
nešto stolice iz zdravog davaoca,
16:12
that star down at the bottom,
346
960427
1857
one zvijezde dolje na dnu,
16:14
into these patients.
347
962284
1416
u ove pacijente.
16:15
Would the good microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
348
963700
2609
Bi li se dobri mikrobi
borili sa lošim mikrobima
borili sa lošim mikrobima
16:18
and help to restore their health?
349
966309
2079
i pomogli im vratiti zdravlje?
16:20
So let's watch exactly what happens there.
350
968388
2316
Pa pogledajmo točno što se tamo događa.
16:22
Four of those patients
are about to get a transplant
are about to get a transplant
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970704
2516
Četirima od tih pacijenata
će upravo biti presađen uzorak
će upravo biti presađen uzorak
16:25
from that healthy donor at the bottom,
352
973220
1904
od zdravog davaoca na dnu,
16:27
and what you can see is that immediately,
353
975124
1957
a što možete vidjeti je kako odmah,
16:29
you have this radical change
in the gut community.
in the gut community.
354
977081
2405
imate tu temeljitu promjenu
u zajednici crijeva.
u zajednici crijeva.
16:31
So one day after you do that transplant,
355
979486
2069
Dakle jedan dan nakon što izvršite presađivanje,
16:33
all those symptoms clear up,
356
981555
1649
svi se ti simptomi raščiste,
16:35
the diarrhea vanishes,
357
983204
1555
proljev nestaje,
16:36
and they're essentially healthy again,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
358
984759
3772
i ona je u biti ponovno zdrava,
počinje nalikovati na davateljevu zajednicu
počinje nalikovati na davateljevu zajednicu
16:40
and they stay there.
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988531
2062
i ostaje takva.
16:42
(Applause)
360
990593
4797
(Pljesak)
16:49
So we're just at the beginning
of this discovery.
of this discovery.
361
997290
2375
Tek smo na početku ovog otkrića.
16:51
We're just finding out that microbes
have implications
have implications
362
999665
2540
Tek otkrivamo
da mikrobi utječu
da mikrobi utječu
16:54
for all these different kinds of diseases,
363
1002205
2173
na sve te različite vrste bolesti,
16:56
ranging from inflammatory
bowel disease to obesity,
bowel disease to obesity,
364
1004378
2468
od upalne bolesti crijeva
do pretilosti,
do pretilosti,
16:58
and perhaps even autism and depression.
365
1006846
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te možda i autizma te depresije.
17:01
What we need to do, though,
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Što trebamo uraditi, ipak,
17:03
is we need to develop
a kind of microbial GPS,
a kind of microbial GPS,
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moramo razviti
nešto kao mikrobijalni GPS,
nešto kao mikrobijalni GPS,
17:05
where we don't just know
where we are currently
where we are currently
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gdje nije da samo znamo
gdje smo trenutno
gdje smo trenutno
17:07
but also where we want to go
and what we need to do
and what we need to do
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nego i gdje želimo stići
i što trebamo učiniti
i što trebamo učiniti
17:11
in order to get there,
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kako bismo tamo i stigli,
17:12
and we need to be able
to make this simple enough
to make this simple enough
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i moramo biti u stanju
učiniti to dovoljno jednostavnim
učiniti to dovoljno jednostavnim
17:15
that even a child can use it.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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da ga čak i dijete može koristiti.
(Smijeh)
(Smijeh)
17:17
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Pljesak)
17:20
(Applause)
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1028058
3204
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com