Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Knight: Cómo nuestros microbios nos hacen lo que somos
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
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about the health of our bodies,
mucho por la salud del cuerpo,
at figuring out what's important.
para entender lo importante.
egipcios, por ejemplo:
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
cuerpo en el más allá, les preocupaba,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
el estómago, los pulmones,
drained it out through the nose,
lo drenaban por la nariz
do for us anyway?
el cerebro de todos modos?
of neglected organ in our bodies
órgano olvidado en el cuerpo
as important to who we are,
muy importante para nosotros
and treated with such disregard.
y lo tratáramos con esa indiferencia.
through new scientific advances,
el avance científico,
we think of ourselves.
para la forma de pensarnos.
have something just like that:
in our gut that are important.
los microbios del intestino.
to a whole range of differences
una gama de diferencias
personas que somos.
way more often than others?
a algunas personas que a otras?
experience out camping is actually true.
del camping son ciertas.
get bitten by mosquitos,
me pican los mosquitos,
attracts them in droves,
los atrae en masa.
different microbes on our skin
diferentes microbios en la piel
that the mosquitos detect.
que los mosquitos detectan.
in the field of medicine.
en el campo de la medicina.
you have in your gut
que uno tiene en el intestino
are toxic to your liver.
analgésico para el hígado.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
medicamento para una enfermedad cardiaca.
de la fruta,
who you want to have sex with.
con quién quiere tener sexo.
esto en humanos
before we find out. (Laughter)
hasta que lo descubramos. (Risas)
a huge range of functions.
amplia gama de funciones.
be affecting our behavior.
nuestro comportamiento.
microbial communities look like?
estas comunidades microbianas?
for understanding biodiversity.
comprender la biodiversidad.
have different landscapes of organisms
diferentes paisajes de organismos
of one place or another
a un lugar o a otro,
although I've got to be honest with you:
pasa lo mismo, pero seré honesto:
look the same under a microscope.
son iguales bajo el microscopio.
to identify them visually,
identificarlos visualmente,
at their DNA sequences,
the Human Microbiome Project,
Proyecto Microbioma Humano,
de USD 173 millones
of researchers came together
de investigadores--
in the human body.
they look like this.
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
decir dónde vive cada uno, ¿no?
computational techniques that allow us
informáticas que nos permiten
of sequence data
de secuencias de datos
that's a bit more useful as a map,
más útil como un mapa,
with the human microbiome data
del microbioma humano
all the complex microbes
a los complejos microbios
todos tienen el mismo aspecto.
all look the same.
represents one microbial community
la comunidad microbiana
of one healthy volunteer.
parts of the map in different colors,
partes del mapa en distintos colores,
regions of the body,
the oral community up there in green.
la comunidad oral.
we have the skin community in blue,
tenemos la comunidad de la piel,
we have the fecal community in brown.
tenemos la comunidad fecal.
de distintas partes del cuerpo
in different parts of the body
de solo una persona
those two microbial communities
esas 2 comunidades microbianas
entre los microbios de este arrecife
between the microbes in this reef
when you think about it.
of difference in the human body
de distancia en el cuerpo humano
para nuestra ecología microbiana
to your microbial ecology
para la de la Tierra.
look basically the same
tengan básicamente el mismo aspecto
in terms of our human DNA.
en materia de ADN humano.
in terms of your human DNA
en términos de ADN humano
un 10 % de similitud
in terms of your gut microbes.
materia microbiana intestinal.
as the bacteria on this prairie
entre las bacterias de esta pradera
of functions that I told you about,
de funciones que les conté,
in different kinds of diseases,
tipos de enfermedades,
of those microbes in our gut,
de estos microbios en el intestino,
you think of as our bodies.
of about 10 trillion human cells,
10 billones de células humanas,
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
de células microbianas.
we're human because of our DNA,
somos humanos por nuestro ADN,
about 20,000 human genes,
de 20 000 genes humanos,
to 20 million microbial genes.
de genes microbianos.
we're vastly outnumbered
nos superan en número
to traces of our human DNA,
de trazas de ADN humano,
of our microbial DNA
the palm of someone's hand up
entre la palma de alguien
that they use routinely
que usa habitualmente
a few years ago,
hace unos años,
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
se presentó en "CSI: Miami",
come from in the first place?
some dark suspicions about that,
de dónde vienen,
you to your computer equipment
entre Uds. y sus computadoras
entre Uds. y sus perros.
son relativamente estables,
are relatively stable,
microbial identity
months, even years.
first microbial communities
the regular way,
like the vaginal community,
de la comunidad vaginal.
delivered by C-section,
que nacen por cesárea
look like skin.
de la comunidad de la piel.
with some of the differences
con algunas diferencias
el parto por cesárea,
even more obesity,
incluso más la obesidad,
to microbes now,
until recently, every surviving mammal
los mamíferos que sobrevivían
of those protective microbes
esos microbios protectores
might be really important
podría ser muy importante
that we now know involve the microbiome.
ahora sabemos involucran al microbioma.
a couple of years ago
with those vaginal microbes
de esos microbios vaginales
whether this has had an effect
si esto causó algún efecto
no matter how much we love her,
no importa cuánto la queramos,
enough of a sample size
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
una infección de oído todavía,
crossed on that one.
to do clinical trials with more children
ensayos clínicos con más niños
this has a protective effect generally.
un efecto protector en general.
on what microbes we have initially,
en los microbios que tenemos al inicio,
again here is this map
Microbioma Humano.
a sample from one body site
la muestra de un cuerpo
desarrollarse físicamente.
develop physically.
desarrollarse mentalmente.
you're going to see
desarrollarse microbiológicamente.
develop microbially.
at this one baby's stool,
which represents the gut,
que representa al intestino,
for almost two and a half years.
casi 2 años y medio.
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
este punto amarillo,
basically in the vaginal community,
en la comunidad vaginal,
over these two and a half years
all the way down
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
de los adultos sanos, abajo.
and we'll see how that happens.
each step in this is just one week,
esto avanza de a una semana,
of the feces of this one child,
microbiana de las heces de un niño,
are much greater
son mucho mayores
individual healthy adults
entre adultos sanos
Microbioma Humano,
down at the bottom.
de la parte inferior.
to approach the adult fecal community.
a la comunidad fecal adulta.
is about to happen here.
algo asombroso.
for an ear infection.
por una infección de oído.
this huge change in the community,
en la comunidad
relativamente rápida.
just over these few weeks,
of normal development,
del desarrollo normal,
relativamente rápida,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
la comunidad fecal de un adulto sano,
de los antibióticos.
because it raises fundamental questions
plantea cuestiones fundamentales
at different ages in a child's life.
diferentes edades de la vida infantil.
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
el microbioma cambia tan rápidamente,
into a stormy sea,
en un mar revuelto,
that if you give children antibiotics
le damos antibióticos a los niños
to become obese later on
or only get them later,
o que si los reciben más adelante,
may have profound impacts
tiene un impacto profundo
and on later health
y en la salud posterior,
in addition to the effects
además de los efectos
bacterias resistentes a ellos,
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
los ecosistemas microbianos,
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
los veamos como el mismo terror
para esas herramientas metálicas
for those metal tools
to mush up the brains
para hacer puré el cerebro
for embalming.
have all these important functions,
tienen funciones importantes,
just over the past few years,
of different diseases,
de diferentes enfermedades,
inflamatoria intestinal,
el cáncer de colon,
large effect, as it turns out,
tiene un gran efecto,
whether you're lean or obese
es delgado u obeso
as a medical test,
problemático, como prueba médica,
which of these people is obese
pueda determinar la obesidad
about their gut microbes,
microbios intestinales,
if we sequence their complete genomes
secuenciando el genoma completo
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
es obeso con 60 % de precisión.
of microbes that you carry around with you
de microbios que llevamos a cuesta
for some health conditions
para algunas enfermedades
podemos hacer mucho más.
to all kinds of additional conditions,
a todo tipo de enfermedades adicionales,
y, de nuevo, la obesidad.
these microbial differences
diferencias microbianas
are cause or effect?
enfermedades son causa o efecto?
is we can raise some mice
in a germ-free bubble.
burbuja libre de gérmenes.
that we think are important,
microbios que pensamos importantes,
from an obese mouse
de un ratón obeso
into a genetically normal mouse
genéticamente normal
with no microbes of its own,
sin microbios propios,
from a regular mouse.
los de un ratón común.
is absolutely amazing, though.
is that the microbes
más eficiente para la misma dieta,
more efficiently from the same diet,
from their food,
are actually affecting their behavior.
afectan su comportamiento.
more than the normal mouse,
eat as much as they want.
comer todo lo que quieren.
can affect mammalian behavior.
afectar el comportamiento mamífero.
also do this sort of thing across species,
hacer esto entre especies,
from an obese person
de una persona obesa
you've raised germ-free,
criado libre de gérmenes,
from a lean person,
de una persona delgada,
that we inoculate them with
microbiana para inocularlos
from gaining this weight.
para la desnutrición.
by the Gates Foundation,
por la Fundación Gates,
is children in Malawi
a profound form of malnutrition,
profunda de desnutrición,
community transplanted into them
les trasplantamos kwashiorkor
the same peanut butter-based supplement
suplemento a base de mantequilla de maní
the children in the clinic,
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
los niños con kwashiorkor, progresan.
that we can pilot therapies
que podemos hacer terapias piloto
in a whole bunch of different mice
all the way down to the individual level.
a medida de las personas.
that everyone has a chance
que todos tengamos la posibilidad
called American Gut,
llamado American Gut,
for yourself on this microbial map.
un lugar en este mapa microbiano.
science project that we know of --
financiado por la comunidad que conozco
have signed up at this point.
registradas hasta el momento.
they send in their samples,
and then release the results back to them.
y luego les enviamos los resultados.
to scientists, to educators,
identidad, a científicos y educadores
of the general public, and so forth,
público en general, etc.
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
del Instituto BioFrontiers,
and lasers to look at poop,
y láseres para estudiar la caca,
everyone wants to know.
conocer los detalles.
de Uds. sí quieren saber,
if you're interested
are not just important
no son solo importantes
in terms of our health,
we've been able to visualize
at the University of Minnesota.
Universidad de Minnesota.
of the human microbiome again.
humano, otra vez.
of some people with C. diff.
de personas con C. dif.
up to 20 times a day,
hasta 20 veces al día.
antibiotic therapy for two years
antibióticos durante 2 años
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
fecales de un donante sano,
do battle with the bad microbes
combatirían a los malos
are about to get a transplant
recibirán un trasplante
in the gut community.
su comunidad intestinal.
coming to resemble the donor's community,
comunidades parecidas a las del donante
of this discovery.
de este descubrimiento.
los microbios traen consecuencias
have implications
bowel disease to obesity,
intestinal hasta obesidad,
a kind of microbial GPS,
de GPS microbiano,
where we are currently
dónde estamos ahora,
and what we need to do
y qué tenemos que hacer
to make this simple enough
(Laughter)
(Risas)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com