Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
راب نایت: چگونه میکروبها ما را آنچه که هستیم، میسازند
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
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about the health of our bodies,
at figuring out what's important.
تشخیص نبود چه چیزی مهم هست.
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
مرگ نیاز داشتند بسیار نگران بودند،
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
drained it out through the nose,
do for us anyway?
of neglected organ in our bodies
as important to who we are,
and treated with such disregard.
وبا آن بی توجهی می کردیم.
through new scientific advances,
از طریق پیشرفتهای علمی جدید
we think of ourselves.
ما درباره خودمان فکر می کنیم.
have something just like that:
in our gut that are important.
to a whole range of differences
way more often than others?
experience out camping is actually true.
تجربهی اردو زدن در واقع درسته.
get bitten by mosquitos,
attracts them in droves,
different microbes on our skin
that the mosquitos detect.
پشه ها تشخیص میدهند.
in the field of medicine.
you have in your gut
are toxic to your liver.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
برای قلب شما موثر است یا خیر.
who you want to have sex with.
با چه کسی رابطه جنسی داشته باشید.
before we find out. (Laughter)
a huge range of functions.
be affecting our behavior.
microbial communities look like?
for understanding biodiversity.
have different landscapes of organisms
ترکیب موجودات زنده متفاوتی دارند
of one place or another
although I've got to be honest with you:
اگر چه من باید با شما صادق باشم:
look the same under a microscope.
to identify them visually,
بشکل بصری شناسایی کنیم،
at their DNA sequences,
به ترتیب دی ای ان آنها را نگاه میکنیم،
the Human Microbiome Project,
of researchers came together
in the human body.
they look like this.
آنها این شکلی میشوند.
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
که چه کسی در کجا اکنون زندگی میکند، اینطور نیست؟
computational techniques that allow us
تکنیکهای محاسباتی است که به ما اجازه میدهد
of sequence data
that's a bit more useful as a map,
with the human microbiome data
مربوط به میکروب های۲۵۰ نفر
all the complex microbes
all look the same.
represents one microbial community
هرنقطه نمایندگی یک جامعه میکروبی
of one healthy volunteer.
parts of the map in different colors,
مختلف این نقشه رنگهای مختلفی دارند،
regions of the body,
the oral community up there in green.
میکروبهای دهانی به رنگ سبز در این بالاست.
we have the skin community in blue,
we have the fecal community in brown.
درون شکم را به رنگ قهوهای داریم.
in different parts of the body
those two microbial communities
بین این دو جامعه میکروبی
between the microbes in this reef
when you think about it.
of difference in the human body
to your microbial ecology
اکولوژی میکروبی دارد
look basically the same
in terms of our human DNA.
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your gut microbes.
مشترک در رودههایتان داشته باشید.
as the bacteria on this prairie
of functions that I told you about,
درموردشان به شما گفتم را دارا هستند،
in different kinds of diseases,
of those microbes in our gut,
you think of as our bodies.
of about 10 trillion human cells,
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
we're human because of our DNA,
ما به خاطر دی ان ای مان انسان هستیم،
about 20,000 human genes,
چه چیزی را دقیقا میشمارید،
to 20 million microbial genes.
we're vastly outnumbered
بطور گسترده ای تعداد ما کمتر از آنهاست و آنها بر ما
to traces of our human DNA,
of our microbial DNA
the palm of someone's hand up
that they use routinely
a few years ago,
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
این در سریال تلویزیونی CSI: Miami آمد
come from in the first place?
some dark suspicions about that,
you to your computer equipment
are relatively stable,
microbial identity
months, even years.
first microbial communities
the regular way,
like the vaginal community,
جامعه میکروب های واژن (مادر) هستند،
delivered by C-section,
look like skin.
مانند میکروبهای پوستی هستند.
with some of the differences
even more obesity,
to microbes now,
until recently, every surviving mammal
هر پستاندار زنده ای
of those protective microbes
might be really important
ممکن است که واقعا
that we now know involve the microbiome.
که ما میدانیم درگیر با میکروبیوم هستند مهم باشند.
a couple of years ago
with those vaginal microbes
whether this has had an effect
no matter how much we love her,
مهم نیست که چقدر او را دوست داشته باشید،
enough of a sample size
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
او هرگزعفونت گوش نداشته،
crossed on that one.
to do clinical trials with more children
بر روی کودکان بیشتری انجام دادن
this has a protective effect generally.
on what microbes we have initially,
از اینکه میکروبهای اولیه ما چه هستند دارد،
again here is this map
یک نقشه دیگر است
a sample from one body site
develop physically.
you're going to see
develop microbially.
ببینیم.
at this one baby's stool,
which represents the gut,
for almost two and a half years.
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
که این نوزاد از نقطه زرد رنگ شروع خواهد کرد،
basically in the vaginal community,
over these two and a half years
all the way down
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
داوطلب سالم را دراین پایین برسد.
and we'll see how that happens.
بگذارید ببینیم چه اتفاقی میافتد.
each step in this is just one week,
که هر نقطه فقط یک هفته هست،
of the feces of this one child,
are much greater
individual healthy adults
down at the bottom.
to approach the adult fecal community.
is about to happen here.
for an ear infection.
this huge change in the community,
در جامعه میکروبی است،
just over these few weeks,
of normal development,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
میکروبی مدفوع بزرگسالان می رسد،
because it raises fundamental questions
پرسشهای اساسی را درباره اینکه
at different ages in a child's life.
کودک مداخله( آنتیبیوتیکی) می کنیم.
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
که میکروبیوم به سرعت در حال تغییر هستند،
into a stormy sea,
that if you give children antibiotics
اگر به کودکانتان آنتی بیوتیک در
to become obese later on
or only get them later,
may have profound impacts
ممکن است اثرات بسیار عمیقی
and on later health
و سپس روی سلامتی فرد داشته باشد
in addition to the effects
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
باکترهای مقاوم به آنتی بیوتیک دارند،
our gut microbial ecosystems,
اکوسیستم میکروبی روده ما تیز تجریه کنند،
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
را با همان وحشت نگاه کنیم
for those metal tools
to mush up the brains
for embalming.
have all these important functions,
عملکردهای مهم را دارا هستند،
just over the past few years,
of different diseases,
large effect, as it turns out,
اثر بزرگی بر زندگی ما دارد،
whether you're lean or obese
as a medical test,
which of these people is obese
about their gut microbes,
if we sequence their complete genomes
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
of microbes that you carry around with you
for some health conditions
to all kinds of additional conditions,
تمامی شرایط( فیزیکی و روانی) وجود دارد،
these microbial differences
are cause or effect?
is we can raise some mice
که برخی از موش ها را بدون هیچ
in a germ-free bubble.
بدون جرم بزرگ میکنیم.
that we think are important,
که مهم هست را اضافه کنیم،
from an obese mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
with no microbes of its own,
from a regular mouse.
is absolutely amazing, though.
is that the microbes
more efficiently from the same diet,
from their food,
are actually affecting their behavior.
more than the normal mouse,
eat as much as they want.
به اندازه ای که میخواهند بخورند.
can affect mammalian behavior.
بر رفتار پستانداران تاثیر بگذارند.
also do this sort of thing across species,
اینکار را برای همه گونهها استفاده کنیم،
from an obese person
you've raised germ-free,
from a lean person,
that we inoculate them with
طراحی کنیم تا به آنها منتقل میکنیم
from gaining this weight.
by the Gates Foundation,
is children in Malawi
کودکانی در مالاوی هستند
a profound form of malnutrition,
community transplanted into them
(سوء تغذیه بسیار شدید)به آنها منتقل شده اند
the same peanut butter-based supplement
مواد غدایی کمکی کره بادام زمینی برگردانیم
the children in the clinic,
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
that we can pilot therapies
in a whole bunch of different mice
all the way down to the individual level.
that everyone has a chance
که هر فردی شانس این را دارد
called American Gut,
for yourself on this microbial map.
science project that we know of --
have signed up at this point.
they send in their samples,
and then release the results back to them.
و سپس نتیجه را به آنها بر می گردانیم.
to scientists, to educators,
دانشمندان و سیستم های آموزشی می فرستیم،
of the general public, and so forth,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
در موسسه بیو فرانتیرز میدهیم،
and lasers to look at poop,
برای دیدن مدفوع استفاده میکنیم،
everyone wants to know.
if you're interested
اگر علاقمند هستید
are not just important
in terms of our health,
we've been able to visualize
که ما میتوانیم تجسم کنیم
at the University of Minnesota.
of the human microbiome again.
of some people with C. diff.
انتروکولیت به آن اضافه کنم.
up to 20 times a day,
antibiotic therapy for two years
واجد شرایط شوند، عمل نکرده است.
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
do battle with the bad microbes
are about to get a transplant
in the gut community.
coming to resemble the donor's community,
و به جامعه میکروبی مدفوع دهنده میپیوندند،
of this discovery.
have implications
bowel disease to obesity,
a kind of microbial GPS,
برای میکروبها تهیه کنیم،
where we are currently
and what we need to do
to make this simple enough
این را به قدر کافی ساده کنیم
(Laughter)
(خنده تماشاگران)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com