TED2014
Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
Rob Knight: Como definen os nosos microbios quen somos
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Rob Knight é un pioneiro no estudo dos microbios humanos, a comunidade de diminutos organismos unicelulares que viven dentro dos nosos corpos e que ten un gran, e en grande parte descoñecido, papel na nosa saúde. "O 1,5 kg de microbios que levas contigo pode ter máis importancia que todos e cada un dos xenes que tes no teu xenoma", afirma. Descubre porque.
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologist
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
We humans have always been very concerned
about the health of our bodies,
about the health of our bodies,
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Os humanos sempre estivemos preocupados
pola saúde dos nosos corpos
pola saúde dos nosos corpos
00:17
but we haven't always been that good
at figuring out what's important.
at figuring out what's important.
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pero non sempre fomos tan bos á hora
de decatármonos do que é importante.
de decatármonos do que é importante.
Vexamos os antigos exipcios, por exemplo.
00:21
Take the ancient Egyptians, for example:
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Moi preocupados polas partes do corpo
que pensaban que necesitarían no máis alá
que pensaban que necesitarían no máis alá
00:23
very concerned about the body parts
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
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00:27
but they left some parts out.
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pero deixaban de lado algunhas partes.
00:29
This part, for example.
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Esta parte, por exemplo.
Se ben conservaban con esmero
00:32
Although they very carefully
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
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o estómago, os pulmóns,
o fígado, etc.,
00:35
the liver, and so forth,
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00:36
they just mushed up the brain,
drained it out through the nose,
drained it out through the nose,
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simplemente facían puré o cerebro,
sacábano polo nariz
sacábano polo nariz
00:39
and threw it away,
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e tirábano,
o que en realidade ten sentido,
00:41
which makes sense, really,
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00:42
because what does a brain
do for us anyway?
do for us anyway?
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pois que fai o cerebro por nós
á fin e ao cabo?
á fin e ao cabo?
Pero imaxinade que houbese unha especie
de órgano esquecido no noso corpo,
de órgano esquecido no noso corpo,
00:45
But imagine if there were a kind
of neglected organ in our bodies
of neglected organ in our bodies
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00:48
that weighed just as much as the brain
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que pesase tanto coma o cerebro
e que dalgún xeito fose
tan importante para sermos quen somos
tan importante para sermos quen somos
00:50
and in some ways was just
as important to who we are,
as important to who we are,
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pero do que soubésemos tan pouco e
que tratásemos sen consideración ningunha.
que tratásemos sen consideración ningunha.
00:53
but we knew so little about
and treated with such disregard.
and treated with such disregard.
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00:57
And imagine if,
through new scientific advances,
through new scientific advances,
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Imaxinade que,
mediante novos avances científicos,
mediante novos avances científicos,
estivésemos tan só comezando a entender
01:00
we were just beginning to understand
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01:01
its importance to how
we think of ourselves.
we think of ourselves.
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a súa importancia no que
consideramos que somos.
consideramos que somos.
Non vos gustaría saber máis?
01:04
Wouldn't you want to know more about it?
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01:07
Well, it turns out that we do
have something just like that:
have something just like that:
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Ben, pois resulta que si
que temos algo xustamente así:
que temos algo xustamente así:
01:10
our gut,
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os nosos intestinos,
01:12
or rather, its microbes.
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ou mellor dito, os seus microbios.
01:15
But it's not just the microbes
in our gut that are important.
in our gut that are important.
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Pero non só son importantes
os microbios dos intestinos.
os microbios dos intestinos.
Os microbios de todo o noso corpo
01:18
Microbes all over our body
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01:19
turn out to be really critical
to a whole range of differences
to a whole range of differences
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resultan ser moi importantes
para unha chea de diferenzas
para unha chea de diferenzas
01:22
that make different people who we are.
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que nos fan distintos entre nós.
01:25
So for example, have you ever noticed
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Por exemplo, decatástesvos de que
01:27
how some people get bitten by mosquitos
way more often than others?
way more often than others?
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a algunha xente a pican os mosquitos
moito máis que a outra?
moito máis que a outra?
01:31
It turns out that everyone's anecdotal
experience out camping is actually true.
experience out camping is actually true.
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Parece que as anécdotas
de acampada son certas despois de todo.
de acampada son certas despois de todo.
01:36
For example, I seldom
get bitten by mosquitos,
get bitten by mosquitos,
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Por exemplo, a min rara vez
me pican os mosquitos,
me pican os mosquitos,
pero a miña parella Amanda
atráeos a moreas.
atráeos a moreas.
01:38
but my partner Amanda
attracts them in droves,
attracts them in droves,
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01:41
and the reason why is that we have
different microbes on our skin
different microbes on our skin
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O motivo é que temos
diferentes microbios na pel
diferentes microbios na pel
01:44
that produce different chemicals
that the mosquitos detect.
that the mosquitos detect.
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que producen compostos químicos diferentes
que os mosquitos detectan.
que os mosquitos detectan.
01:48
Now, microbes are also really important
in the field of medicine.
in the field of medicine.
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Os microbios tamén son moi importantes
no eido da medicina.
no eido da medicina.
01:51
So, for example, what microbes
you have in your gut
you have in your gut
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Por exemplo, os microbios
que teñas nos intestinos
que teñas nos intestinos
01:54
determine whether particular painkillers
are toxic to your liver.
are toxic to your liver.
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determinan se algúns analxésicos
son tóxicos para o teu fígado.
son tóxicos para o teu fígado.
Tamén se outras menciñas van ser
eficaces para os teus problemas cardíacos.
eficaces para os teus problemas cardíacos.
01:58
They also determine whether or not other
drugs will work for your heart condition.
drugs will work for your heart condition.
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02:02
And, if you're a fruit fly, at least,
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E, de seres unha mosca da froita,
os teus microbios ata determinan
con quen queres deitarte.
con quen queres deitarte.
02:05
your microbes determine
who you want to have sex with.
who you want to have sex with.
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02:08
We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet
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Aínda non demostramos isto nos humanos
pero ao mellor descubrírmolo
é só cuestión de tempo.
é só cuestión de tempo.
02:10
but maybe it's just a matter of time
before we find out. (Laughter)
before we find out. (Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:15
So microbes are performing
a huge range of functions.
a huge range of functions.
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Os microbios teñen
un enorme abano de funcións.
un enorme abano de funcións.
Axúdannos a dixerir a comida.
02:17
They help us digest our food.
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02:19
They help educate our immune system.
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Axúdannos a educar o noso sistema inmune.
02:21
They help us resist disease,
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Axúdannos a resistir enfermidades,
e até poden afectar ao noso comportamento.
02:23
and they may even
be affecting our behavior.
be affecting our behavior.
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02:26
So what would a map of all these
microbial communities look like?
microbial communities look like?
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Como sería un mapa de todas estas
comunidades microbianas?
comunidades microbianas?
Ben, non sería exactamente así,
02:30
Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this,
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pero é unha guía útil
para entendermos a biodiversidade.
para entendermos a biodiversidade.
02:32
but it's a helpful guide
for understanding biodiversity.
for understanding biodiversity.
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02:35
Different parts of the world
have different landscapes of organisms
have different landscapes of organisms
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As diferentes partes do mundo
teñen distintas paisaxes de organismos
teñen distintas paisaxes de organismos
que caracterizan de inmediato
un lugar ou outro
un lugar ou outro
02:39
that are immediately characteristic
of one place or another
of one place or another
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02:43
or another.
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ou outro.
02:45
With microbiology, it's kind of the same,
although I've got to be honest with you:
although I've got to be honest with you:
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Na microbioloxía, é algo semellante,
pero vouvos ser sincero:
pero vouvos ser sincero:
Todos os microbios parecen basicamente
iguais baixo un microscopio.
iguais baixo un microscopio.
02:49
All the microbes essentially
look the same under a microscope.
look the same under a microscope.
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Por iso, en vez de intentar
identificalos visualmente,
identificalos visualmente,
02:52
So instead of trying
to identify them visually,
to identify them visually,
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o que se fai é analizar
as súas secuencias de ADN.
as súas secuencias de ADN.
02:55
what we do is we look
at their DNA sequences,
at their DNA sequences,
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02:57
and in a project called
the Human Microbiome Project,
the Human Microbiome Project,
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Nun proxecto chamado
o Proxecto do Microbioma Humano,
o Proxecto do Microbioma Humano,
03:00
NIH funded this $173 million project
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financiado con 173 millóns
de dólares polo NIH
de dólares polo NIH
03:04
where hundreds
of researchers came together
of researchers came together
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no cal centos de
investigadores se xuntaron
investigadores se xuntaron
para facer un mapa de todos
os As, Tes, Gues e Ces
os As, Tes, Gues e Ces
03:06
to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's,
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e todos os microbios do corpo humano.
03:09
and all of these microbes
in the human body.
in the human body.
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03:11
So when we take them together,
they look like this.
they look like this.
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Cando os poñemos todos xuntos
teñen este aspecto.
teñen este aspecto.
03:14
It's a bit more difficult
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
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Agora é un chisco máis complicado
dicir onde vive cada un, non si?
dicir onde vive cada un, non si?
O que fai o meu laboratorio é desenvolver
técnicas informáticas que permiten
técnicas informáticas que permiten
03:18
What my lab does is develop
computational techniques that allow us
computational techniques that allow us
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03:22
to take all these terabytes
of sequence data
of sequence data
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coller todos estes terabytes
de datos de secuencias
de datos de secuencias
03:24
and turn them into something
that's a bit more useful as a map,
that's a bit more useful as a map,
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e convertelos en algo
un pouco máis útil como mapa.
un pouco máis útil como mapa.
03:27
and so when we do that
with the human microbiome data
with the human microbiome data
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Cando facemos isto
con datos do microbioma humano,
con datos do microbioma humano,
03:30
from 250 healthy volunteers,
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de 250 voluntarios sans,
03:32
it looks like this.
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o aspecto que ten é este.
Cada un dos puntos representa
os microbios complexos
os microbios complexos
03:35
Each point here represents
all the complex microbes
all the complex microbes
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dunha comunidade bacteriana ao completo.
03:38
in an entire microbial community.
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Vedes? Díxenvos que basicamente
parecen todos iguais.
parecen todos iguais.
03:40
See, I told you they basically
all look the same.
all look the same.
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03:43
So what we're looking at is each point
represents one microbial community
represents one microbial community
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Cada punto que vemos
representa unha comunidade de microbios
representa unha comunidade de microbios
dun lugar do corpo
dun voluntario con boa saúde.
dun voluntario con boa saúde.
03:46
from one body site
of one healthy volunteer.
of one healthy volunteer.
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03:49
And so you can see that there's different
parts of the map in different colors,
parts of the map in different colors,
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Pódese ver que hai diferentes
partes do mapa con diferentes cores,
partes do mapa con diferentes cores,
case coma continentes separados.
03:53
almost like separate continents.
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03:54
And what it turns out to be
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O que pasa
é que ao ser diferentes partes do corpo
03:56
is that those, as the different
regions of the body,
regions of the body,
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03:58
have very different microbes in them.
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teñen microbios moi diferentes.
Aquí arriba, en verde,
está a comunidade oral.
está a comunidade oral.
04:00
So what we have is we have
the oral community up there in green.
the oral community up there in green.
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Arriba na outra marxe, en azul,
está a comunidade da pel,
está a comunidade da pel,
04:04
Over on the other side,
we have the skin community in blue,
we have the skin community in blue,
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a comunidade vaxinal en violeta,
04:07
the vaginal community in purple,
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04:09
and then right down at the bottom,
we have the fecal community in brown.
we have the fecal community in brown.
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e logo abaixo de todo
temos a comunidade fecal en marrón.
temos a comunidade fecal en marrón.
No transcurso dos últimos anos descubrimos
04:13
And we've just over the last few years
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04:15
found out that the microbes
in different parts of the body
in different parts of the body
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que os microbios
de distintas partes do corpo
de distintas partes do corpo
son asombrosamente diferentes
uns dos outros.
uns dos outros.
04:18
are amazingly different from one another.
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04:20
So if I look at just one person's microbes
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Se miro os microbios dunha soa persoa
04:23
in the mouth and in the gut,
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na boca e nos intestinos,
04:25
it turns out that the difference between
those two microbial communities
those two microbial communities
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resulta que a diferenza
entre estas dúas comunidades microbianas
entre estas dúas comunidades microbianas
04:28
is enormous.
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é xigantesca.
É maior que a diferenza
entre os microbios deste arrecife
entre os microbios deste arrecife
04:30
It's bigger than the difference
between the microbes in this reef
between the microbes in this reef
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04:33
and the microbes in this prairie.
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e os microbios desta pradeira.
04:36
So this is incredible
when you think about it.
when you think about it.
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Se o pensades, isto é incrible.
04:38
What it means is that a few feet
of difference in the human body
of difference in the human body
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Significa que un metro de distancia
no corpo humano
no corpo humano
04:42
makes more of a difference
to your microbial ecology
to your microbial ecology
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ten máis impacto
na nosa ecoloxía microbiana
na nosa ecoloxía microbiana
que centos de quilómetros para a da Terra.
04:44
than hundreds of miles on Earth.
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Isto tampouco quere dicir
que dúas persoas sexan case iguais
que dúas persoas sexan case iguais
04:46
And this is not to say that two people
look basically the same
look basically the same
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no mesmo hábitat corporal.
04:49
in the same body habitat, either.
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04:51
So you probably heard
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É probable que escoitásedes
que somos máis ou menos iguais
en termos do noso ADN humano.
en termos do noso ADN humano.
04:53
that we're pretty much all the same
in terms of our human DNA.
in terms of our human DNA.
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04:56
You're 99.99 percent identical
in terms of your human DNA
in terms of your human DNA
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Somos 99,99 % idénticos
en termos de ADN humano
en termos de ADN humano
á persoa que temos ao lado.
05:00
to the person sitting next to you.
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Pero iso non é certo
para os microbios intestinais.
para os microbios intestinais.
05:02
But that's not true of your gut microbes:
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05:04
you might only share 10 percent similarity
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Pode que só compartamos
un 10% de similitude
un 10% de similitude
05:07
with the person sitting next to you
in terms of your gut microbes.
in terms of your gut microbes.
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coa persoa que temos ao lado,
en canto aos microbios intestinais.
en canto aos microbios intestinais.
Iso é igual á diferenza que hai
entre as bacterias desta pradeira
entre as bacterias desta pradeira
05:10
So that's as different
as the bacteria on this prairie
as the bacteria on this prairie
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05:13
and the bacteria in this forest.
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e as bacterias deste bosque.
05:16
So these different microbes
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Estes diferentes microbios
05:17
have all these different kinds
of functions that I told you about,
of functions that I told you about,
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teñen todos estes tipos de funcións
que vos contei,
que vos contei,
dende dixerir comida
05:21
everything from digesting food
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a participar en diferentes
tipos de enfermidades,
tipos de enfermidades,
05:22
to involvement
in different kinds of diseases,
in different kinds of diseases,
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metabolizar medicamentos, etc.
05:25
metabolizing drugs, and so forth.
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05:27
So how do they do all this stuff?
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Pero como fan todas estas cousas?
05:29
Well, in part it's because
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En parte é debido a que,
05:31
although there's just three pounds
of those microbes in our gut,
of those microbes in our gut,
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aínda tendo pouco máis de 1,5 kg,
destes microbios nos intestinos,
destes microbios nos intestinos,
05:34
they really outnumber us.
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en realidade supérannos en número.
05:36
And so how much do they outnumber us?
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E en canto nos superan?
05:38
Well, it depends on what
you think of as our bodies.
you think of as our bodies.
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Iso depende do que consideremos
que é o noso corpo.
que é o noso corpo.
05:41
Is it our cells?
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Fórmano as células?
05:43
Well, each of us consists
of about 10 trillion human cells,
of about 10 trillion human cells,
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Cada un de nós ten aproximadamente
10 billóns de células humanas
10 billóns de células humanas
05:46
but we harbor as many
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
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pero albergamos ata 100 billóns
de células microbianas.
de células microbianas.
05:49
So they outnumber us 10 to one.
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Son 10 veces máis ca nós.
05:52
Now, you might think, well,
we're human because of our DNA,
we're human because of our DNA,
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Poderiamos pensar que somos humanos
polo noso ADN,
polo noso ADN,
05:56
but it turns out that each of us has
about 20,000 human genes,
about 20,000 human genes,
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pero resulta que cada un de nós
ten sobre uns 20.000 xenes humanos,
ten sobre uns 20.000 xenes humanos,
05:59
depending on what you count exactly,
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dependendo do que se conte exactamente,
06:01
but as many as two million
to 20 million microbial genes.
to 20 million microbial genes.
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pero entre 2 e 20 millóns
de xenes microbianos.
de xenes microbianos.
06:06
So whichever way we look at it,
we're vastly outnumbered
we're vastly outnumbered
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Así que mírese como se mire,
estamos amplamente superados
estamos amplamente superados
06:08
by our microbial symbionts.
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polos nosos simbiontes microbianos.
Resulta que ademais de deixar
rastros de ADN humano,
rastros de ADN humano,
06:11
And it turns out that in addition
to traces of our human DNA,
to traces of our human DNA,
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tamén deixamos rastros
do noso ADN microbiano
do noso ADN microbiano
06:15
we also leave traces
of our microbial DNA
of our microbial DNA
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06:17
on everything we touch.
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en todo aquilo que tocamos.
Demostramos nun estudo hai uns anos
06:19
We showed in a study a few years ago
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que realmente se pode emparellar
a palma da man dunha persoa
a palma da man dunha persoa
06:20
that you can actually match
the palm of someone's hand up
the palm of someone's hand up
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co rato do ordenador
que usa habitualmente
que usa habitualmente
06:23
to the computer mouse
that they use routinely
that they use routinely
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con ata un 95% de precisión.
06:25
with up to 95 percent accuracy.
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Isto apareceu nunha revista científica
hai uns anos,
hai uns anos,
06:28
So this came out in a scientific journal
a few years ago,
a few years ago,
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pero aínda máis importante,
apareceu en CSI: Miami,
apareceu en CSI: Miami,
06:31
but more importantly,
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
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así que sabedes de verdade que é certo.
06:33
so you really know it's true.
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06:35
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
06:36
So where do our microbes
come from in the first place?
come from in the first place?
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En primeiro lugar, de onde veñen
os microbios que temos?
os microbios que temos?
06:40
Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids,
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Se, coma min, tedes cans ou nenos,
é probable que teñades
algunha sospeita ao respecto,
algunha sospeita ao respecto,
06:43
you probably have
some dark suspicions about that,
some dark suspicions about that,
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06:45
all of which are true, by the way.
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393384
1979
e todas son correctas, por certo.
Igual que podemos emparellarte
co equipamento do teu ordenador
co equipamento do teu ordenador
06:47
So just like we can match
you to your computer equipment
you to your computer equipment
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06:50
by the microbes you share,
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1703
polos microbios compartidos,
tamén te podemos emparellar co teu can.
06:51
we can also match you up to your dog.
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06:54
But it turns out that in adults,
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O que sucede é que en adultos
as comunidades microbianas son
relativamente estables,
relativamente estables,
06:56
microbial communities
are relatively stable,
are relatively stable,
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así que aínda que vivas con alguén,
06:58
so even if you live together with someone,
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vas manter a túa identidade microbiana
07:00
you'll maintain your separate
microbial identity
microbial identity
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por un período de semanas,
meses, incluso anos.
meses, incluso anos.
07:02
over a period of weeks,
months, even years.
months, even years.
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07:05
It turns out that our
first microbial communities
first microbial communities
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Resulta que as nosas primeiras
comunidades microbianas
comunidades microbianas
dependen en boa medida
do xeito en que nacemos.
do xeito en que nacemos.
07:08
depend a lot on how we're born.
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2150
07:11
So babies that come out
the regular way,
the regular way,
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Os bebés que nacen de parto natural
07:13
all of their microbes are basically
like the vaginal community,
like the vaginal community,
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basicamente teñen microbios
coma os da comunidade vaxinal,
coma os da comunidade vaxinal,
mentres que os bebés
nacidos por cesárea
nacidos por cesárea
07:16
whereas babies that are
delivered by C-section,
delivered by C-section,
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teñen, pola contra, microbios
moi semellantes aos da pel.
moi semellantes aos da pel.
07:18
all of their microbes instead
look like skin.
look like skin.
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07:21
And this might be associated
with some of the differences
with some of the differences
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3037
Isto pode asociarse con
algunhas das diferenzas
algunhas das diferenzas
07:24
in health associated with Cesarean birth,
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2788
na saúde asociadas ás cesáreas
07:27
such as more asthma, more allergies,
even more obesity,
even more obesity,
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3216
como máis asma, máis alerxias
ou incluso ata máis obesidade,
ou incluso ata máis obesidade,
07:30
all of which have been linked
to microbes now,
to microbes now,
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2530
todas asociadas agora a microbios.
07:33
and when you think about it,
until recently, every surviving mammal
until recently, every surviving mammal
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Se o pensas, ata hai pouco,
todos os mamíferos vivos
todos os mamíferos vivos
07:37
had been delivered by the birth canal,
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2556
naceron de parto natural,
07:39
and so the lack
of those protective microbes
of those protective microbes
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así que a falta destes
microbios protectores
microbios protectores
que evolucionaron connosco
pode ser realmente importante
pode ser realmente importante
07:41
that we've co-evolved with
might be really important
might be really important
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2450
07:44
for a lot of these different conditions
that we now know involve the microbiome.
that we now know involve the microbiome.
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para unha chea de enfermidades que agora
sabemos que se relacionan co microbioma.
sabemos que se relacionan co microbioma.
07:48
When my own daughter was born
a couple of years ago
a couple of years ago
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2737
Cando a miña propia filla naceu
hai un par de anos
hai un par de anos
07:51
by emergency C-section,
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por cesárea de emerxencia,
07:53
we took matters into our own hands
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1841
tomamos cartas no asunto
07:55
and made sure she was coated
with those vaginal microbes
with those vaginal microbes
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2680
e asegurámonos de que se cubrise
cos microbios vaxinais
cos microbios vaxinais
que debería adquirir de forma natural.
07:58
that she would have gotten naturally.
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2040
08:00
Now, it's really difficult to tell
whether this has had an effect
whether this has had an effect
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Pero é moi difícil dicir
se tivo algún efecto
se tivo algún efecto
na súa saúde, non?
08:03
on her health specifically, right?
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2002
08:05
With a sample size of just one child,
no matter how much we love her,
no matter how much we love her,
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3681
Unha mostra de tan só unha cativa,
por moito que a queiramos,
por moito que a queiramos,
08:09
you don't really have
enough of a sample size
enough of a sample size
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2217
non é grande abondo
para saber que acontece como media,
08:11
to figure out what happens on average,
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479813
1946
pero con dous anos,
aínda non tivo ningunha infección de oído,
aínda non tivo ningunha infección de oído,
08:13
but at two years old,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
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2897
08:16
so we're keeping our fingers
crossed on that one.
crossed on that one.
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2285
así que seguimos cruzando os dedos.
Ademais, estamos comezando
ensaios clínicos con máis nenos
ensaios clínicos con máis nenos
08:18
And what's more, we're starting
to do clinical trials with more children
to do clinical trials with more children
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3457
08:22
to figure out whether
this has a protective effect generally.
this has a protective effect generally.
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490398
2922
para determinar se isto
ten un efecto protector xeral.
ten un efecto protector xeral.
08:27
So how we're born has a tremendous effect
on what microbes we have initially,
on what microbes we have initially,
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5323
O modo de nacer ten un tremendo efecto
nos microbios que temos inicialmente
nos microbios que temos inicialmente
08:32
but where do we go after that?
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1917
pero, que acontece despois?
08:34
What I'm showing you
again here is this map
again here is this map
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O que aquí vos mostro outra vez é un mapa
dos datos do Proxecto do
Microbioma Humano,
Microbioma Humano,
08:36
of the Human Microbiome Project Data,
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504541
1998
08:38
so each point represents
a sample from one body site
a sample from one body site
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2763
no que cada punto representa
unha mostra dun sitio do corpo
unha mostra dun sitio do corpo
08:41
from one of 250 healthy adults.
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2540
dun dos 250 adultos sans.
08:43
And you've seen children
develop physically.
develop physically.
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2067
Vimos nenos desenvolverse fisicamente.
08:45
You've seen them develop mentally.
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513909
2056
Vímolos desenvolverse mentalmente.
E agora, por primeira vez,
08:47
Now, for the first time,
you're going to see
you're going to see
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515965
2075
imos ver os fillos dun compañeiro meu
desenvolverse microbianamente.
desenvolverse microbianamente.
08:50
one of my colleague's children
develop microbially.
develop microbially.
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518040
3358
08:53
So what we are going to look at
191
521398
1565
O que estamos a piques de ver
son as feces dun bebé,
08:54
is we're going to look
at this one baby's stool,
at this one baby's stool,
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522963
2687
a súa comunidade fecal,
que representa os intestinos,
que representa os intestinos,
08:57
the fecal community,
which represents the gut,
which represents the gut,
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525650
2449
09:00
sampled every week
for almost two and a half years.
for almost two and a half years.
194
528099
3169
recollida cada semana durante
case dous anos e medio.
case dous anos e medio.
09:03
And so we're starting on day one.
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1663
Imos comezar no día un.
09:04
What's going to happen is that the infant
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
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532931
3918
O neno vai empezar neste punto amarelo,
09:08
and you can see that he's starting off
basically in the vaginal community,
basically in the vaginal community,
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536849
3480
podedes ver que está comezando
basicamente na comunidade vaxinal,
basicamente na comunidade vaxinal,
como é de esperar dado o seu parto.
09:12
as we would expect from his delivery mode.
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540329
2026
09:14
And what's going to happen
over these two and a half years
over these two and a half years
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2714
O que acontece durante
estes dous anos e medio
estes dous anos e medio
é que se vai trasladando cara a abaixo
09:17
is that he's going to travel
all the way down
all the way down
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545069
2142
até asemellarse á comunidade fecal adulta
de voluntarios sans, aquí abaixo.
de voluntarios sans, aquí abaixo.
09:19
to resemble the adult fecal community from
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
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3814
09:23
So I'm just going to start this going
and we'll see how that happens.
and we'll see how that happens.
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3348
Vouno iniciar e poderedes ver
como sucede isto.
como sucede isto.
09:26
What you can see, and remember
each step in this is just one week,
each step in this is just one week,
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554913
4036
Como vedes, e recordade que cada paso
é só unha semana,
é só unha semana,
09:30
what you can see is that week to week,
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558949
1866
semana tras semana,
o cambio na comunidade microbiana
das feces deste neno,
das feces deste neno,
09:32
the change in the microbial community
of the feces of this one child,
of the feces of this one child,
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560815
4683
09:37
the differences week to week
are much greater
are much greater
206
565498
2551
as diferenzas, semana a semana,
son moito maiores
son moito maiores
cás diferenzas entre adultos sans
09:40
than the differences between
individual healthy adults
individual healthy adults
207
568049
2531
na poboación do Proxecto
do Microbioma Humano,
do Microbioma Humano,
09:42
in the Human Microbiome Project cohort,
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570580
1950
09:44
which are those brown dots
down at the bottom.
down at the bottom.
209
572530
2476
que son os puntos marróns
abaixo de todo.
abaixo de todo.
09:47
And you can see he's starting
to approach the adult fecal community.
to approach the adult fecal community.
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575006
3197
Podedes ver que comeza a achegarse
á comunidade fecal adulta.
á comunidade fecal adulta.
Isto representa arredor de dous anos.
09:50
This is up to about two years.
211
578203
1515
09:51
But something amazing
is about to happen here.
is about to happen here.
212
579718
2170
Pero algo sorprendente
está por ocorrer aquí.
está por ocorrer aquí.
09:53
So he's getting antibiotics
for an ear infection.
for an ear infection.
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3088
Está tomando antibióticos
para unha infección de oído.
para unha infección de oído.
O que vedes é unha alteración enorme
na comunidade,
na comunidade,
09:56
What you can see is
this huge change in the community,
this huge change in the community,
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2554
seguida dunha recuperación
relativamente rápida.
relativamente rápida.
09:59
followed by a relatively rapid recovery.
215
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2058
10:01
I'll just rewind that for you.
216
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2182
Vouno rebobinar para que o vexades mellor.
10:05
And what we can see is that
just over these few weeks,
just over these few weeks,
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3589
O que vemos é que nestas poucas semanas
10:08
we have a much more radical change,
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596929
1933
hai un cambio moito máis radical,
unha recuada de varios meses
no desenvolvemento normal,
no desenvolvemento normal,
10:10
a setback of many months
of normal development,
of normal development,
219
598862
2530
10:13
followed by a relatively rapid recovery,
220
601392
2252
seguida dunha recuperación
relativamente rápida,
relativamente rápida,
10:15
and by the time he reaches day 838,
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4133
e no tempo que chega ao día 838,
o remate deste vídeo,
10:19
which is the end of this video,
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1719
vedes que alcanzou a comunidade fecal
dun adulto san,
dun adulto san,
10:21
you can see that he has essentially
reached the healthy adult stool community,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
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609496
3697
a pesar da intervención dos antibióticos.
10:25
despite that antibiotic intervention.
224
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2448
10:27
So this is really interesting
because it raises fundamental questions
because it raises fundamental questions
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3328
Isto é realmente interesante,
xa que suscita preguntas vitais
xa que suscita preguntas vitais
sobre que acontece cando intervimos
na vida dun neno a diferentes idades.
na vida dun neno a diferentes idades.
10:30
about what happens when we intervene
at different ages in a child's life.
at different ages in a child's life.
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4099
10:35
So does what we do early on, where
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
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3611
Realmente importa o que fagamos
nas primeiras etapas,
cando o microbioma cambia tan rápido,
cando o microbioma cambia tan rápido,
10:38
actually matter,
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626679
1300
ou é como tirar unha pedra
ao mar revolto,
ao mar revolto,
10:39
or is it like throwing a stone
into a stormy sea,
into a stormy sea,
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2483
onde non podemos ver as ondas que produce?
10:42
where the ripples will just be lost?
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1742
10:45
Well, fascinatingly, it turns out
that if you give children antibiotics
that if you give children antibiotics
231
633044
4291
Pois, dun xeito fascinante, resulta que
se lles damos antibióticos aos nenos,
se lles damos antibióticos aos nenos,
10:49
in the first six months of life,
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1650
nos primeiros seis meses de vida
10:50
they're more likely
to become obese later on
to become obese later on
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638985
2785
teñen maiores probabilidades de
padecer obesidade no futuro
padecer obesidade no futuro
10:53
than if they don't get antibiotics then
or only get them later,
or only get them later,
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641770
3127
que se non toman antibióticos daquela
ou se os toman máis adiante,
ou se os toman máis adiante,
10:56
and so what we do early on
may have profound impacts
may have profound impacts
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2946
polo que o que fagamos nestas
primeiras etapas pode ter un efecto
primeiras etapas pode ter un efecto
10:59
on the gut microbial community
and on later health
and on later health
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647843
3497
na comunidade microbiana dos intestinos
e na saúde posterior
e na saúde posterior
que aínda estamos empezando a entender.
11:03
that we're only beginning to understand.
237
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2326
11:05
So this is fascinating, because one day,
in addition to the effects
in addition to the effects
238
653666
4156
Isto é fascinante, porque a maiores
dos efectos que os antibióticos teñen
dos efectos que os antibióticos teñen
11:09
that antibiotics have
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
239
657822
2646
sobre as bacterias
que son capaces de resistilos,
que son capaces de resistilos,
11:12
which are very important,
240
660468
1696
que son moi importantes,
poden estar tamén a degradar
os ecosistemas microbianos dos intestinos
os ecosistemas microbianos dos intestinos
11:14
they may also be degrading
our gut microbial ecosystems,
our gut microbial ecosystems,
241
662164
2903
11:17
and so one day we may come
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
242
665067
3272
e pode ser que un día miremos
os antibióticos co mesmo pánico
os antibióticos co mesmo pánico
11:20
that we currently reserve
for those metal tools
for those metal tools
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668339
2463
que agora reservamos
para as ferramentas de metal
para as ferramentas de metal
que os exipcios empregaban
para facer puré os cerebros,
para facer puré os cerebros,
11:22
that the Egyptians used to use
to mush up the brains
to mush up the brains
244
670802
2459
11:25
before they drained them out
for embalming.
for embalming.
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673261
2064
antes de sacalos para embalsamar.
Mencionei que os microbios teñen
todas estas funcións importantes
todas estas funcións importantes
11:27
So I mentioned that microbes
have all these important functions,
have all these important functions,
246
675325
3021
11:30
and they've also now,
just over the past few years,
just over the past few years,
247
678346
2649
e que, nos últimos anos,
están sendo relacionados
cun amplo rango de enfermidades,
cun amplo rango de enfermidades,
11:32
been connected to a whole range
of different diseases,
of different diseases,
248
680995
2833
incluída a enfermidade
inflamatoria intestinal,
inflamatoria intestinal,
11:35
including inflammatory bowel disease,
249
683828
2085
11:37
heart disease, colon cancer,
250
685913
1724
enfermidades cardíacas, cancro de colon,
11:39
and even obesity.
251
687637
1830
e ata coa obesidade.
Sobre a obesidade teñen un grande efecto,
segundo semella,
segundo semella,
11:41
Obesity has a really
large effect, as it turns out,
large effect, as it turns out,
252
689467
2646
e hoxe podemos afirmar
se alguén é delgado ou obeso
se alguén é delgado ou obeso
11:44
and today, we can tell
whether you're lean or obese
whether you're lean or obese
253
692113
2393
11:46
with 90 percent accuracy
254
694506
1879
cunha precisión do 90 %
analizando os microbios do intestino.
11:48
by looking at the microbes in your gut.
255
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2112
11:50
Now, although that might sound impressive,
256
698497
2289
Aínda que isto pareza impresionante,
11:52
in some ways it's a little bit problematic
as a medical test,
as a medical test,
257
700786
3331
en certo modo, como proba médica
é un chisco problemática,
é un chisco problemática,
11:56
because you can probably tell
which of these people is obese
which of these people is obese
258
704117
2997
xa que probablemente se pode dicir
quen destas persoas é obesa
quen destas persoas é obesa
11:59
without knowing anything
about their gut microbes,
about their gut microbes,
259
707114
2752
sen saber nada sobre
os seus microbios intestinais.
os seus microbios intestinais.
12:01
but it turns out that even
if we sequence their complete genomes
if we sequence their complete genomes
260
709866
3043
Pero resulta que aínda secuenciando
o seu xenoma completo
o seu xenoma completo
12:04
and had all their human DNA,
261
712909
1657
e tendo o seu ADN humano,
12:06
we could only predict which one
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
262
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4366
só poderíamos predicir quen é obeso
cunha precisión de aproximadamente o 60%.
cunha precisión de aproximadamente o 60%.
12:10
So that's amazing, right?
263
718932
1374
É abraiante, non é?
12:12
What it means that the three pounds
of microbes that you carry around with you
of microbes that you carry around with you
264
720306
3812
Isto significa que o 1,5 kg de microbios
que levamos connosco
que levamos connosco
pode ter máis importancia
para algunhas enfermidades
para algunhas enfermidades
12:16
may be more important
for some health conditions
for some health conditions
265
724118
2342
que calquera xene no noso xenoma.
12:18
than every single gene in your genome.
266
726460
3665
12:23
And then in mice, we can do a lot more.
267
731555
2237
Con ratos, podemos facer
moitas máis cousas.
moitas máis cousas.
12:25
So in mice, microbes have been linked
to all kinds of additional conditions,
to all kinds of additional conditions,
268
733792
3645
Nos ratos, os microbios relacionáronse
con moitas outras enfermidades,
con moitas outras enfermidades,
12:29
including things like multiple sclerosis,
269
737437
2716
como a esclerose múltiple,
12:32
depression, autism, and again, obesity.
270
740153
3738
a depresión, o autismo e, de novo,
a obesidade.
a obesidade.
12:35
But how can we tell whether
these microbial differences
these microbial differences
271
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2764
Pero, como podemos saber
se estas diferenzas microbianas
se estas diferenzas microbianas
relacionadas coas enfermidades
son a causa ou o efecto?
son a causa ou o efecto?
12:38
that correlate with disease
are cause or effect?
are cause or effect?
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Unha cousa que podemos facer é
criar algúns ratos
criar algúns ratos
12:41
Well, one thing we can do
is we can raise some mice
is we can raise some mice
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sen ningún microbio de seu
nunha burbulla libre de xermes.
nunha burbulla libre de xermes.
12:44
without any microbes of their own
in a germ-free bubble.
in a germ-free bubble.
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12:46
Then we can add in some microbes
that we think are important,
that we think are important,
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Logo podemos engadir algúns microbios
que consideremos importantes,
que consideremos importantes,
12:49
and see what happens.
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e ver que pasa.
12:51
When we take the microbes
from an obese mouse
from an obese mouse
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Cando collemos os microbios
dun rato obeso
dun rato obeso
12:54
and transplant them
into a genetically normal mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
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e llos transplantamos
a un rato xeneticamente normal,
a un rato xeneticamente normal,
12:56
that's been raised in a bubble
with no microbes of its own,
with no microbes of its own,
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criado nunha burbulla,
sen microbios propios,
sen microbios propios,
12:59
it becomes fatter than if it got them
from a regular mouse.
from a regular mouse.
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engorda máis que se os recibira
dun rato normal.
dun rato normal.
13:04
Why this happens
is absolutely amazing, though.
is absolutely amazing, though.
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Aínda que a razón pola que
isto pasa é sorprendente.
isto pasa é sorprendente.
13:06
Sometimes what's going on
is that the microbes
is that the microbes
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Ás veces, o que pasa
é que os microbios
é que os microbios
lles axudan a dixerir a mesma comida
cunha maior eficiencia
cunha maior eficiencia
13:08
are helping them digest food
more efficiently from the same diet,
more efficiently from the same diet,
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13:11
so they're taking more energy
from their food,
from their food,
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e obteñen así máis enerxía
da mesma alimentación,
da mesma alimentación,
13:13
but other times, the microbes
are actually affecting their behavior.
are actually affecting their behavior.
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pero noutras ocasións, os microbios
modifican o seu comportamento.
modifican o seu comportamento.
13:17
What they're doing is they're eating
more than the normal mouse,
more than the normal mouse,
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Comen máis do que o faría
un rato normal
un rato normal
así que só engordan se os deixamos
comer tanto como queren.
comer tanto como queren.
13:20
so they only get fat if we let them
eat as much as they want.
eat as much as they want.
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13:24
So this is really remarkable, right?
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Isto é algo extraordinario, verdade?
13:27
The implication is that microbes
can affect mammalian behavior.
can affect mammalian behavior.
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A conclusión é que os microbios poden
modificar o comportamento dos mamíferos.
modificar o comportamento dos mamíferos.
13:33
So you might be wondering whether we can
also do this sort of thing across species,
also do this sort of thing across species,
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Estarédesvos preguntando se se poden facer
estas cousas noutras especies.
estas cousas noutras especies.
13:37
and it turns out that if you take microbes
from an obese person
from an obese person
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De collermos microbios dunha persoa obesa
13:40
and transplant them into mice
you've raised germ-free,
you've raised germ-free,
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e transplantármolos en ratos
que foron criados sen xermes,
que foron criados sen xermes,
13:43
those mice will also become fatter
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eses ratos acabarán tamén
por engordar máis
por engordar máis
13:45
than if they received the microbes
from a lean person,
from a lean person,
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813805
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que se recibisen os microbios
dunha persoa delgada.
dunha persoa delgada.
Pero podemos deseñar a comunidade
microbiana coa que inoculalos
microbiana coa que inoculalos
13:48
but we can design a microbial community
that we inoculate them with
that we inoculate them with
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13:52
that prevents them
from gaining this weight.
from gaining this weight.
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para evitar que engorden.
Isto tamén se pode facer
para a desnutrición.
para a desnutrición.
13:55
We can also do this for malnutrition.
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13:57
So in a project funded
by the Gates Foundation,
by the Gates Foundation,
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Nun proxecto financiado
pola Fundación Gates,
pola Fundación Gates,
14:00
what we're looking at
is children in Malawi
is children in Malawi
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estamos estudando a nenos de Malawi
que padecen kwashiorkor,
unha forma grave de desnutrición.
unha forma grave de desnutrición.
14:02
who have kwashiorkor,
a profound form of malnutrition,
a profound form of malnutrition,
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830871
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14:05
and mice that get the kwashiorkor
community transplanted into them
community transplanted into them
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3123
Os ratos aos que se lles transplanta
a comunidade do kwashiorkor
a comunidade do kwashiorkor
14:08
lose 30 percent of their body mass
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836652
2370
perden o 30% da súa masa corporal
en tan só tres semanas,
14:11
in just three weeks,
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1179
14:12
but we can restore their health by using
the same peanut butter-based supplement
the same peanut butter-based supplement
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840201
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pero podemos curalos usando o mesmo
suplemento a base de manteiga de cacahuete
suplemento a base de manteiga de cacahuete
14:16
that is used for
the children in the clinic,
the children in the clinic,
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que se emprega cos nenos na clínica.
14:18
and the mice that receive the community
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846132
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Os ratos que reciben a comunidade
do xemelgo san dos nenos con kwashiorkor
non teñen ningún problema.
non teñen ningún problema.
14:19
from the healthy identical twins
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
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14:24
This is truly amazing because it suggests
that we can pilot therapies
that we can pilot therapies
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852035
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Isto é realmente asombroso porque suxire
que podemos ensaiar distintas terapias
que podemos ensaiar distintas terapias
probándoas nunha morea de ratos
14:27
by trying them out
in a whole bunch of different mice
in a whole bunch of different mice
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2507
con comunidades intestinais
dunha persoa en concreto
dunha persoa en concreto
14:30
with individual people's gut communities
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858483
1930
14:32
and perhaps tailor those therapies
all the way down to the individual level.
all the way down to the individual level.
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e talvez adaptar estas terapias
á medida de cada persoa.
á medida de cada persoa.
Penso que é moi importante
que todo o mundo teña a oportunidade
que todo o mundo teña a oportunidade
14:38
So I think it's really important
that everyone has a chance
that everyone has a chance
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2915
14:41
to participate in this discovery.
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2706
de participar neste descubrimento.
14:43
So, a couple of years ago,
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Hai un par de anos
comezamos un proxecto
comezamos un proxecto
14:45
we started this project
called American Gut,
called American Gut,
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873131
2071
chamado Intestinos Americanos,
14:47
which allows you to claim a place
for yourself on this microbial map.
for yourself on this microbial map.
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que permite que calquera reclame para si
un lugar neste mapa microbiano.
un lugar neste mapa microbiano.
14:51
This is now the largest crowd-funded
science project that we know of --
science project that we know of --
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879406
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É o proxecto con financiación colectiva
máis grande que se coñece.
máis grande que se coñece.
14:54
over 8,000 people
have signed up at this point.
have signed up at this point.
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2888
De momento, xa se incribiron
máis de 8.000 persoas.
máis de 8.000 persoas.
14:57
What happens is,
they send in their samples,
they send in their samples,
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885651
2578
Funciona do seguinte xeito.
A xente mándanos mostras,
A xente mándanos mostras,
nós secuenciamos o ADN dos seus microbios
e entregámoslles os resultados.
e entregámoslles os resultados.
15:00
we sequence the DNA of their microbes
and then release the results back to them.
and then release the results back to them.
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888229
3785
15:04
We also release them, de-identified,
to scientists, to educators,
to scientists, to educators,
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892014
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Tamén enviamos eses datos,
anonimamente, a científicos, docentes,
anonimamente, a científicos, docentes,
15:07
to interested members
of the general public, and so forth,
of the general public, and so forth,
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895705
3019
membros interesados
do público xeral, etc.,
do público xeral, etc.,
15:10
so anyone can have access to the data.
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898724
3155
para que todos
poidan ter acceso aos datos.
poidan ter acceso aos datos.
15:13
On the other hand,
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901879
1171
Por outro lado, cando lles ensinamos
o noso laboratorio ás visitas
o noso laboratorio ás visitas
15:15
when we do tours of our lab
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
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903050
3282
no Instituto BioFrontiers,
15:18
and we explain that we use robots
and lasers to look at poop,
and lasers to look at poop,
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906332
3560
e lles explicamos que usamos robots
e láseres para analizar feces
e láseres para analizar feces
15:21
it turns out that not
everyone wants to know.
everyone wants to know.
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909892
3112
non todo o mundo quere
saber os detalles.
saber os detalles.
(Risas)
15:25
(Laughter)
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913004
1282
Pero supoño que moitos de vós
si que queredes,
si que queredes,
15:26
But I'm guessing that many of you do,
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914286
1921
15:28
and so I brought some kits here
if you're interested
if you're interested
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916207
2659
así que trouxen uns cantos kits
por se estades interesados
por se estades interesados
15:30
in trying this out for yourself.
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918866
2730
en probar isto en vós mesmos.
15:35
So why might we want to do this?
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923046
1947
Pero para que iades querer facer isto?
15:36
Well, it turns out that microbes
are not just important
are not just important
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924993
2570
Os microbios non só son importantes
para saber como estamos de saúde
15:39
for finding out where we are
in terms of our health,
in terms of our health,
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927563
2901
15:42
but they can actually cure disease.
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930464
2408
senón que tamén poden curar enfermidades.
15:44
This is one of the newest things
we've been able to visualize
we've been able to visualize
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932872
2925
Isto é unha das cousas máis recentes
que descubrimos
que descubrimos
xunto a compañeiros
da Univerisdade de Minnesota.
da Univerisdade de Minnesota.
15:47
with colleagues
at the University of Minnesota.
at the University of Minnesota.
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935797
2739
15:50
So here's that map
of the human microbiome again.
of the human microbiome again.
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938536
2617
Aquí está de novo
o mapa do microbioma humano
o mapa do microbioma humano
15:53
What we're looking at now --
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941153
1457
O que imos ver agora,
15:54
I'm going to add in the community
of some people with C. diff.
of some people with C. diff.
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942610
3370
vou engadir á comunidade algunhas persoas
con Clostridium difficile,
con Clostridium difficile,
15:57
So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea
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945980
2279
Este é un tipo horrible de diarrea
16:00
where you have to go
up to 20 times a day,
up to 20 times a day,
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948259
2345
coa que tes que ir ao baño
ata 20 veces por día.
ata 20 veces por día.
16:02
and these people have failed
antibiotic therapy for two years
antibiotic therapy for two years
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950604
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Esta xente recibiu un tratamento
con antibióticos durante dous anos
con antibióticos durante dous anos
16:05
before they're eligible for this trial.
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953715
2299
sen mellorar para seren
elixibles para o ensaio.
elixibles para o ensaio.
16:08
So what would happen if we transplanted
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
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956014
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Que pasaría se se lles transplantase parte
dos microbios fecais dun doador san,
dos microbios fecais dun doador san,
16:12
that star down at the bottom,
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960427
1857
esta estreliña na parte inferior,
a estes pacientes?
16:14
into these patients.
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962284
1416
Loitarían os microbios bos
contra os microbios malos
contra os microbios malos
16:15
Would the good microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
do battle with the bad microbes
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963700
2609
axudándolles aos pacientes a recuperarse?
16:18
and help to restore their health?
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966309
2079
16:20
So let's watch exactly what happens there.
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968388
2316
Ímoslle botar un ollo ao que pasa aquí.
Catro deles están a piques
de recibir un transplante
de recibir un transplante
16:22
Four of those patients
are about to get a transplant
are about to get a transplant
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970704
2516
deste doador san de aquí abaixo,
16:25
from that healthy donor at the bottom,
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1904
e o que podedes ver, deseguida,
16:27
and what you can see is that immediately,
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975124
1957
16:29
you have this radical change
in the gut community.
in the gut community.
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977081
2405
é un cambio radical
na comunidade intestinal.
na comunidade intestinal.
16:31
So one day after you do that transplant,
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2069
Un día despois do transplante
16:33
all those symptoms clear up,
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1649
todos os síntomas melloran,
16:35
the diarrhea vanishes,
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983204
1555
a diarrea desaparece
16:36
and they're essentially healthy again,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
coming to resemble the donor's community,
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984759
3772
e basicamente están de novo sans,
con comunidades semellantes ás do doador,
con comunidades semellantes ás do doador,
16:40
and they stay there.
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988531
2062
que fican aí.
16:42
(Applause)
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990593
4797
(Aplausos)
16:49
So we're just at the beginning
of this discovery.
of this discovery.
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997290
2375
Estamos aínda no comezo
deste descubrimento.
deste descubrimento.
Estamos empezando a saber
que os microbios interveñen
que os microbios interveñen
16:51
We're just finding out that microbes
have implications
have implications
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999665
2540
en todas estas diferentes enfermidades,
16:54
for all these different kinds of diseases,
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1002205
2173
dende a enfermidade inflamatoria intestinal
á obesidade
á obesidade
16:56
ranging from inflammatory
bowel disease to obesity,
bowel disease to obesity,
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1004378
2468
16:58
and perhaps even autism and depression.
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1006846
3083
e quizais incluso
no autismo e a depresión.
no autismo e a depresión.
17:01
What we need to do, though,
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1338
Porén, o que fai falla
17:03
is we need to develop
a kind of microbial GPS,
a kind of microbial GPS,
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2258
é desenvolver unha especie
de GPS dos microbios,
de GPS dos microbios,
17:05
where we don't just know
where we are currently
where we are currently
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2321
co que non só saibamos onde estamos
senón tamén cara a onde
queremos ir e que cómpre facer
queremos ir e que cómpre facer
17:07
but also where we want to go
and what we need to do
and what we need to do
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3551
17:11
in order to get there,
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1019397
1486
para chegarmos alí,
e temos que ser capaces de
facelo abondo sinxelo
facelo abondo sinxelo
17:12
and we need to be able
to make this simple enough
to make this simple enough
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2345
para que incluso un neno o poida usar.
(Risas)
(Risas)
17:15
that even a child can use it.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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2601
Grazas.
17:17
Thank you.
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2229
(Aplausos)
17:20
(Applause)
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3204
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com