Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are
रॉंब नाईट: आपले जीवाणू कसे ठरवितात आपण कोण आहोत
Rob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies. Full bio
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about the health of our bodies,
आपण नेहमीच काळजी करीत असतो .
at figuring out what's important.
हे मात्र अनेकदा जाणून घेत नाही.
they thought they'd need in the afterlife,
मृत्युनंतरही त्याची गरज पडेल.
preserved the stomach, the lungs,
ते काळजीपूर्वक जतन करीत.
ते काळाच्या खूप पुढे होते.
drained it out through the nose,
do for us anyway?
of neglected organ in our bodies
दुर्लक्षित अवयव
as important to who we are,
and treated with such disregard.
आपण त्यांच्याकडे दुर्लक्ष करतो.
through new scientific advances,
we think of ourselves.
have something just like that:
in our gut that are important.
ते केवळ आपल्या आतड्यातच नसतात
to a whole range of differences
way more often than others?
experience out camping is actually true.
हा अनुभव बाहेर शिबिरात आढळतो.
get bitten by mosquitos,
attracts them in droves,
चावण्यास ते थव्याने येतात.
different microbes on our skin
असलेले भिन्न जीवाणू,
that the mosquitos detect.
डास ते टिपतो.
in the field of medicine.
महत्वाचा सहभाग आहे.
you have in your gut
are toxic to your liver.
तुमच्या यकृतास दुषित करते .
drugs will work for your heart condition.
औषध हृदयासाठी काम करेल काय ?
who you want to have sex with.
कोणाशी प्रणय करावा हे ठरविते.
सिद्धता केलेली नाही.
before we find out. (Laughter)
(हशा)
a huge range of functions.
be affecting our behavior.
microbial communities look like?
for understanding biodiversity.
have different landscapes of organisms
of one place or another
although I've got to be honest with you:
look the same under a microscope.
to identify them visually,
at their DNA sequences,
the Human Microbiome Project,
डोलरची मदत केली होती
of researchers came together
क्रम जाणून घेण्यासाठी .
in the human body.
they look like this.
to tell who lives where now, isn't it?
सांगणे जरा कठिण होते
computational techniques that allow us
संगणक प्रणाली विकसित केली
of sequence data
that's a bit more useful as a map,
with the human microbiome data
सर्व माहिती आम्हाला
all the complex microbes
वसाहत दर्शवितो
all look the same.
हे सर्व एकसारखे दिसतात
represents one microbial community
एकप्रकारच्या जीवाणूंची वसाहत आहे
of one healthy volunteer.
एका बाजूच्या शरीराची आहे .
parts of the map in different colors,
नकाशाचे विविध भाग .
regions of the body,
the oral community up there in green.
जीवाणूंचा आहे .
we have the skin community in blue,
जीवाणूंची वसाहत दाखवितो
जीवाणूंच्या वास अह्तीचा आहे
we have the fecal community in brown.
चेहर्यावरील जीवाणूच्या वसाहतीचा आहे .
in different parts of the body
those two microbial communities
between the microbes in this reef
जीवाणूंच्या फरका पेक्षा जास्त आहे
when you think about it.
of difference in the human body
काही फुटावरील भागात दिसतो
to your microbial ecology
look basically the same
दोन व्यक्ती एक सारखी दिसते
in terms of our human DNA.
एकसारखे आहोत
in terms of your human DNA
जीवाणूबाबत हे खरे नाही
in terms of your gut microbes.
आतड्यातील जीवाणू मध्ये
as the bacteria on this prairie
of functions that I told you about,
in different kinds of diseases,
of those microbes in our gut,
वजना इतके असले तरी
you think of as our bodies.
विचार करता यावर ठरते
of about 10 trillion human cells,
दहा त्रीलीयन पेशी असतात
as 100 trillion microbial cells.
१०० त्रीलीयन जीवाणूंना राहू देतो
we're human because of our DNA,
आम्ही मनुष्य प्राणी आहोत .
about 20,000 human genes,
प्रत्येकाकडे २०००० मानवी जीन्स असतात
to 20 million microbial genes.
२० दशलक्ष जिवाणूंचे जीन्स असतात
we're vastly outnumbered
आपल्याहून अधिक आहे .
to traces of our human DNA,
of our microbial DNA
the palm of someone's hand up
that they use routinely
जीवाणूंच्या दि एन ए शी
a few years ago,
नियतकालिकेत असे आले होते
it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"
असे भवितव्य वर्तवले होते
come from in the first place?
पाळता काय?
some dark suspicions about that,
जीवाणू पसरतील दाट संशय वाटेल
you to your computer equipment
प्रसारित झालेले आढळतील
are relatively stable,
microbial identity
months, even years.
first microbial communities
पहिली जीवाणूंची वसाहत
the regular way,
like the vaginal community,
जीवाणूंची वसाहत असते
delivered by C-section,
look like skin.
with some of the differences
even more obesity,
to microbes now,
until recently, every surviving mammal
यापुढील बालके
of those protective microbes
आपण सह उत्क्रांत असतो त्यांचा अभाव
might be really important
that we now know involve the microbiome.
जीवाणूंचा सहभाग असतो
a couple of years ago
with those vaginal microbes
जिवाणूंचे अच्छादन मिळेल.
whether this has had an effect
उपयोग किती झाला
no matter how much we love her,
enough of a sample size
she hasn't had an ear infection yet,
crossed on that one.
to do clinical trials with more children
चाचणीघेत हेत आहोत
this has a protective effect generally.
जिवाणूंचे अच्छादन सर्वांसाठी उपयोगी आहे
on what microbes we have initially,
मिळाले हे खूप महत्वाचे आहे
again here is this map
a sample from one body site
एका भागाचे आहे
develop physically.
शारीरिक वाढ झाली आहे
you're going to see
develop microbially.
जीवाणूंच्या मदतीने वाढली
at this one baby's stool,
which represents the gut,
for almost two and a half years.
आठवड्यात अडीच वर्षे तपासली
is going to start off as this yellow dot,
रंगाच्या भागात दिसते
basically in the vaginal community,
over these two and a half years
all the way down
healthy volunteers down at the bottom.
चेहऱ्यावरील जीवाणू वसाहतीचे आहेत
and we'll see how that happens.
each step in this is just one week,
प्रत्येक पायरी म्हणजे एकेक आठवडा .
of the feces of this one child,
are much greater
individual healthy adults
आढळणाऱ्या फरकाहून जास्त आहे
प्रकल्पातील सहकार्यानमध्ये
down at the bottom.
आढळणाऱ्या जीवाणूंच्या वसाहतीकडे चालला आहे.
to approach the adult fecal community.
is about to happen here.
for an ear infection.
प्रतिजैविक त्यास मिळाले आहे
this huge change in the community,
वसाहतीत झालेल्या बदलामुळे दिसतो
just over these few weeks,
of normal development,
reached the healthy adult stool community,
जीवाणूंच्या वसाहतीजवळ तो पोहचला.
because it raises fundamental questions
मुलभूत प्रश्न निर्माण करणारे आहे
at different ages in a child's life.
हस्तक्षेप करतो तेव्हा काय घडते?
the microbiome is changing so rapidly,
हालचाल होते तेव्हा आपण काय करावे.
into a stormy sea,
फेकण्या सारखे आहे.ज्यामुळे
that if you give children antibiotics
प्रतिजैविके दिली तर
to become obese later on
लठ्ठ होण्याची शक्यता आहे
or only get them later,
नाही किवा नंतर दिली तर
may have profound impacts
and on later health
तसेच भविष्यातील आरोग्यवर
in addition to the effects
काही दिवसांनी
on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
जीवाणू
our gut microbial ecosystems,
जीवाणूंच्या परी सस्थेला हानी होईल.
to regard antibiotics with the same horror
आपल्याला भयावह वाटतील.
for those metal tools
to mush up the brains
मधील लोक काढून फेकत
for embalming.
have all these important functions,
सांगितली आहेत.
just over the past few years,
of different diseases,
large effect, as it turns out,
whether you're lean or obese
सडपातळ आहात की लठ्ठ
as a medical test,
which of these people is obese
हे शक्यतेच्या आधारे सांगाल.
about their gut microbes,
if we sequence their complete genomes
was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.
of microbes that you carry around with you
जे तुमच्या शरीरात आहेत
for some health conditions
to all kinds of additional conditions,
निगडीत असतात .
यास ही ते कारणीभूत असतात
these microbial differences
are cause or effect?
is we can raise some mice
in a germ-free bubble.
अशा न्र्जन्तुक वातावरणात
that we think are important,
महत्वाचे जीवाणू टाकू
from an obese mouse
into a genetically normal mouse
with no microbes of its own,
निर्जंतुक अवस्थेत आहे
from a regular mouse.
नेहमीच्या उंदराहून
is absolutely amazing, though.
is that the microbes
more efficiently from the same diet,
आधी कार्यक्षमतेने पचविण्यास
from their food,
are actually affecting their behavior.
more than the normal mouse,
eat as much as they want.
खाऊ दिले तितके ते खातात .
can affect mammalian behavior.
जीवाणू वर्तनात बदल करतात.
also do this sort of thing across species,
करता येईल काय याची उत्सुकता तुम्हाला असेल
from an obese person
you've raised germ-free,
from a lean person,
that we inoculate them with
जीवाणूंची वसाहत करू शकतो
from gaining this weight.
by the Gates Foundation,
आर्थिक सहाय्य केले आहे .
is children in Malawi
a profound form of malnutrition,
क्वाशिओर्कर रोगाने कुपोषित आहेत.
community transplanted into them
उंदरांत संक्रमित केल्यावर .
the same peanut butter-based supplement
आहाराने पूर्ववत करू शकतो
the children in the clinic,
of the kwashiorkor children do fine.
that we can pilot therapies
नवी उपचार पद्धत विकसित होईल
in a whole bunch of different mice
प्रयोग करावे लागतील
आतड्यातील जीवाणू समूहाबरोबर
all the way down to the individual level.
व्यग्क्तीग त पातळीवर कार्य करेल
that everyone has a chance
called American Gut,
for yourself on this microbial map.
स्थान मिळवू शकता
science project that we know of --
असलेला हा प्रकल्प आहे.
have signed up at this point.
they send in their samples,
and then release the results back to them.
त्यांना परत पाठविला
to scientists, to educators,
of the general public, and so forth,
at the BioFrontiers Institute,
आघडीच्या संस्थेस भेट द्याल तेव्हा
and lasers to look at poop,
कसे काम करतात हे स्पष्ट करेन
everyone wants to know.
जाणून घेण्यास तयार नाही
if you're interested
तयारी असल्यास सहभाही व्हा
are not just important
in terms of our health,
we've been able to visualize
at the University of Minnesota.
सहकार्यांनी मदत केली
of the human microbiome again.
of some people with C. diff.
सहभागी करणार आहोत
up to 20 times a day,
antibiotic therapy for two years
some of the stool from a healthy donor,
संक्रमित केली तर काय होईल?
do battle with the bad microbes
पुन्हा प्राप्त होईल
are about to get a transplant
in the gut community.
जीवाणू समूहातील बदल
coming to resemble the donor's community,
of this discovery.
have implications
उपयुक्तता कळाली आहे
bowel disease to obesity,
a kind of microbial GPS,
where we are currently
एवढेच कळणार नाही तर
and what we need to do
आणि काय करावयाचे आहे
to make this simple enough
(Laughter)
(हशा)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Knight - Microbial ecologistRob Knight explores the unseen microbial world that exists literally right under our noses -- and everywhere else on (and in) our bodies.
Why you should listen
Using scatological research methods that might repel the squeamish, microbial researcher Rob Knight uncovers the secret ecosystem (or "microbiome") of microbes that inhabit our bodies -- and the bodies of every creature on earth. In the process, he’s discovered a complex internal ecology that affects everything from weight loss to our susceptibility to disease. As he said to Nature in 2012, "What motivates me, from a pragmatic standpoint, is how understanding the microbial world might help us improve human and environmental health.”
Knight’s recent projects include the American Gut, an attempt to map the unique microbiome of the United States using open-access data mining tools and citizen-scientists to discover how lifestyle and diet affect our internal flora and fauna, and our overall health.
Knight is the author of the TED Book, Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes.
Rob Knight | Speaker | TED.com