Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
חואן אנריקז: איך ייראו אנשים בעוד 100 שנים?
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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the tools together to evolve ourselves.
לשכלל את עצמנו.
and we can evolve plants
where we really have to ask,
צריכים לשאול את עצמנו,
and do we want to evolve human beings?
והאם אנחנו רוצים לשכלל בני אדם?
in the context of prosthetics,
in one of these battles.
of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
have been getting more and more useful,
תותבות אלו הפכו ליותר ויותר שימושיות,
and as you're thinking about that,
וכשחושבים על כך,
absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
will go out and say,
do I want to climb?
"על איזה סוג מצוק אני רוצה לטפס?"
or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
או לרקוד ריקודים סלוניים?"
is they've been coming inside the body.
מתחילות להכנס לתוך הגוף
have now become artificial knees.
הפכו לברכיים מלאכותיות.
about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
לא רק, "חסרה לי רגל,"
becomes a symbiotic relationship
that I've ever met --
שפגשתי אי פעם --
Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
ג'ו ג'ייקובסון, בוב לנדר --
for Extreme Bionics.
of what you're seeing here is
now get integrated into the bone.
about how to connect the brain
fundamental aspects of humanity.
היבטים בסיסיים של האנושות.
depends on the diameter of a nerve.
that are external or prosthetic,
או פרוטזות,
theoretically to the point where,
עד לנקודה בה,
you could step out of the way of a bullet.
תספיקו לסטות ממסלולו.
of changes you're talking about.
של השינויים עליהם אנו מדברים.
sort of level of prosthetics.
why these are so interesting
from where prosthetics are something
פרוטזות המיועדות לאדם "מוגבל"
that somebody who is "normal"
אולי ירצה שיהיו לו,
which is really interesting,
שזה באמת מעניין,
going on over there.
You can have white noise.
מאפשר רעש לבן.
they also put a phone into this.
הם גם מתקינים טלפון לתוכו.
and also as your phone.
want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
להתקין לעצמו פרוטזה מבחירה.
of loosely connected little pieces
over the next century or two?
במהלך מאה או מאתיים השנים הבאות?
to a great philosopher
despite being a Yankee fan.
למרות היותו אוהד של ה"יאנקיז".
that it's very tough to make predictions,
שקשה מאוד לבצע תחזיות,
about the future to begin with,
with people like Tony Atala,
אצל אנשים כמו טוני אטלה,
isn't having something external, titanium.
אינה התקנה של משהו חיצוני, טיטניום.
is take your own gene code,
היא לקחת את הקוד הגנטי שלכם,
than any kind of a prosthetic.
the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
על העבודה של קרייג ונטר והאם סמית'.
that we've been doing
how to reprogram cells.
in those organs.
the cells in those organs,
more radiation-resistant.
הללו ליותר חסיני- קרינה.
that you don't want in your body.
George Church has been in the news a lot
ג'ורג' צ'רץ' הופיע הרבה בחדשות
one of these programmable cells
אחד מהתאים האלה שניתנים לתכנות
an entire human genome into a cell,
גנום אנושי שלם לתוך תא,
to enhance any of that genome?
to enhance a human body?
to enhance a human body
to enhance a human body?
multidimensional chess board
human genetics by using viruses
תוך שימוש בוירוסים
through gene therapy
באמצעות ריפוי גני
of those genes in the epigenome
it's not just one little bit,
to take little portions of it
that's very different.
are very scared by this stuff.
and there are risks to this stuff.
ever want to do this stuff?
to alter the human body
is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
היא שהיקום הוא 100 אחוז מרושע.
any one of your bodies at random,
of Mercury, you die.
about 80 percent effective.
היקום יעיל רק בכ-80 אחוזים.
upstream eddies of biology
הנעות נגד כיוון הזרם,
in this rapid torrent of entropy.
that create biological order.
שיוצרות סדר ביולוגי.
when the Earth becomes very hot,
כשכדור הארץ מתחמם,
when you have supervolcanoes,
כשיש הרי געש מאסיביים,
extinction-level events
you can have periodic extinctions.
five times on Earth,
על כדור הארץ,
is going to go extinct someday.
but maybe 10,000 years after that.
of the consequence of that,
are common and natural
הם נפוצים וטבעיים
to diversify our species.
בבני המין שלנו.
really hard to live on Mars
modify the human body.
to make one cell,
the gravity substantially,
אם נשנה את כוח הכבידה באופן משמעותי,
to create your body.
our bodies as they currently are
כפי שהוא כרגע,
you have to really redesign things
אז אנחנו באמת צריכים לתכנן מחדש דברים
of Neptune or Jupiter.
in a series of scales.
to alter his or her looks.
לשנות את המראה שלה.
for thousands of years.
and you've got this and you've got that.
take place for medical reasons.
בגלל סיבות רפואיות.
is a different civilization.
היא ציוויליזציה שונה.
fundamental aspects of the body.
את ההיבטים הבסיסיים של הגוף.
the person grows taller,
והאדם גדל להיות גבוה יותר,
gets fatter or loses metabolism
והאדם נעשה שמן יותר או מאבד את המטבוליזם,
in a fundamental way.
a Life Three civilization,
from what we've got here.
Deinococcus radiodurans
after a lot of exposure to radiation.
אחרי חשיפה מוגברת לקרינה.
flow through your blood
כך שהחמצן יזרום דרך הדם
really radical redesigns,
על עיצובים מחדש ממש רדיקליים,
that's happened in the last decade
a whole lot of planets out there.
want to get to these planets,
להגיע לפלנטות האלו,
and the rest of this stuff --
to the nearest solar system.
beaches somewhere else,
לחקור חופים במקומות אחרים,
about something that is very different,
the timescale and the body of humans
של הזמן והגוף האנושי
absolutely unrecognizable.
to imagine what that might look like,
take us even that far.
that Floyd's been doing
with the basic chemistry of life.
is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
ארבע האותיות של ה-DNA.
all animals, all humans, all cows,
כל החיות, כל האנשים, כל הפרות,
two of those base pairs,
a parallel system to make life,
מערכת מקבילה ליצירת חיים,
with most things on Earth
that are immune to all bacteria.
that are immune to all viruses.
are not a unique solution.
alternate chemistries to us
adaptable to a very different planet
of this experiment,
is based on 20 amino acids.
מבוססות על 20 חומצות אמינו.
if you say ATCG + XY,
20 building blocks to 172,
172 building blocks of amino acids
של חומצות אמינו
in very different shapes.
is a really weird experiment
hundreds of mouse heads.
heart transplants.
the wife or the daughter of the donor
יוכל לענות על שאלות הרופאים,
Do you love this person?
האם אתה אוהב את האדם הזה?
the heart is a muscle,
כי כבר ידוע שהלב הוא שריר,
or tens of thousands of years,
או עשרות אלפי שנים,
She took my heart. She broke my heart."
היא שברה את ליבי."
were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
remembers what it's afraid of,
memory and consciousness.
interesting question is,
is the only input-output mechanism
האם מכניזם הקלט פלט היחיד
that consciousness into something
tens of thousands of years,
for a long, long period of time?
לתקופות זמן ממש ממש ארוכות?
all of humanity goes.
to alter the human body
want a picture that says,
survives long-term extinction.
תשרוד הכחדה לטווח ארוך.
not to evolve the human body
שלא לשכלל את גוף האדם,
even though it can be challenging,
to allow us to explore, live
we can't even dream of today,
שאי אפשר אפילו לחלום עליהם כיום,
grandchildren might someday.
יוכלו להגיע אליהם.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com