Juan Enriquez: What will humans look like in 100 years?
フアン・エンリケス: 数百年後、人類はどんな姿だろうか?
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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手段をすべて入手し始めているからです
the tools together to evolve ourselves.
and we can evolve plants
where we really have to ask,
問題を提起すべき時期に来ています
and do we want to evolve human beings?
私達は人類を進化させたいか?
in the context of prosthetics,
お話ししましょう
in one of these battles.
戦いで腕を失いました
一揃いの甲冑を作り
of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
ここに由来しています
have been getting more and more useful,
ますます便利になり
皆さんが考えているうちに
and as you're thinking about that,
absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
開発してきましたからね
will go out and say,
外出する時こう言うでしょう
do I want to climb?
と言うでしょう
or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
社交ダンスをしたい人は?
is they've been coming inside the body.
人体内部に使えるようになりました
have now become artificial knees.
現在では 人工膝関節となりました
about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
一つの補装具とみなせば
that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
となってしまいます
becomes a symbiotic relationship
補装具は人の身体と
that I've ever met --
—
Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
ジョー・ジェイコブソン、ボブ・ランダー
for Extreme Bionics.
働いています
of what you're seeing here is
now get integrated into the bone.
しているのです
about how to connect the brain
fundamental aspects of humanity.
変化させ始めます
depends on the diameter of a nerve.
神経の直径に影響されます
that are external or prosthetic,
theoretically to the point where,
you could step out of the way of a bullet.
of changes you're talking about.
すでにお考えだったことでしょう
sort of level of prosthetics.
why these are so interesting
from where prosthetics are something
従来の補装具は
that somebody who is "normal"
which is really interesting,
going on over there.
You can have white noise.
ホワイトノイズを聞けて
さらには電話を埋め込むこともできます
they also put a phone into this.
and also as your phone.
want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
補装具を自ら求める人もでてくるでしょう
of loosely connected little pieces
ひとつになろうとしています
over the next century or two?
人類をどのように進化させたいですか?
to a great philosopher
despite being a Yankee fan.
どうやら ヤンキーズファンのようですが…
that it's very tough to make predictions,
「予測をすることはもちろん難しい
about the future to begin with,
with people like Tony Atala,
現在の取り組みに注目しましょう
再設計をおこなっている人物です
isn't having something external, titanium.
外部に金属を取り付けるようなことではく
is take your own gene code,
than any kind of a prosthetic.
はるかに役に立つはずです
the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
ハム・スミスが開発しており
that we've been doing
how to reprogram cells.
in those organs.
the cells in those organs,
more radiation-resistant.
that you don't want in your body.
排出できるかもしれません
George Church has been in the news a lot
よくニュースで見かけるジョージ・チャーチ氏は
one of these programmable cells
an entire human genome into a cell,
可能となれば
to enhance any of that genome?
『改良』したいのか?」
to enhance a human body?
to enhance a human body
to enhance a human body?
multidimensional chess board
human genetics by using viruses
遺伝子発現調節を変化させ
through gene therapy
遺伝情報を書き換えることで
of those genes in the epigenome
遺伝子発現を変化させ
引き渡すことができます
it's not just one little bit,
ほんの少しの変化にはとどまりません
to take little portions of it
that's very different.
are very scared by this stuff.
and there are risks to this stuff.
リスクもあります
ever want to do this stuff?
このような研究を望むのでしょう?
to alter the human body
is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
彼の好きな言葉です
any one of your bodies at random,
死にます
死にます
of Mercury, you die.
死にます
死にます
about 80 percent effective.
実際の悪意はせいぜい80%までです
upstream eddies of biology
逆らって秩序を作り出す渦である」
in this rapid torrent of entropy.
散逸させていきますが
that create biological order.
生物学的な秩序を生み出す渦があるのです
when the Earth becomes very hot,
地球がぐっと暑くなることによって
when you have supervolcanoes,
火山の大噴火によって
extinction-level events
you can have periodic extinctions.
繰り返し起きています
five times on Earth,
is going to go extinct someday.
but maybe 10,000 years after that.
あるいは1000年後かも
of the consequence of that,
are common and natural
to diversify our species.
道義的責務でしょう
really hard to live on Mars
modify the human body.
火星に住むことは不可能ですから
to make one cell,
一つの細胞を生み出し やがて
the gravity substantially,
to create your body.
our bodies as they currently are
大量の放射線に曝されたら
確かです
you have to really redesign things
of Neptune or Jupiter.
考えてもみないでください
in a series of scales.
縮尺をもとに考えてみましょう
to alter his or her looks.
変えることから始まります
for thousands of years.
人類が何千年とおこなってきたことです
and you've got this and you've got that.
take place for medical reasons.
手術は医療目的ではないようです
is a different civilization.
fundamental aspects of the body.
人体を基礎的な部分から変えてしまいます
the person grows taller,
成長ホルモンを注射したり
gets fatter or loses metabolism
何かしら取り入れたり
in a fundamental way.
「太陽系文明」へと進歩するため
a Life Three civilization,
from what we've got here.
遺伝子を導入して
Deinococcus radiodurans
after a lot of exposure to radiation.
細胞が新しい性質を持つかもしれません
flow through your blood
血液に酸素を取り込んで
really radical redesigns,
that's happened in the last decade
a whole lot of planets out there.
want to get to these planets,
and the rest of this stuff --
to the nearest solar system.
beaches somewhere else,
about something that is very different,
the timescale and the body of humans
absolutely unrecognizable.
変化させなければならないかも知れません
to imagine what that might look like,
出来ません
take us even that far.
フロイド・ロームズバーグ
that Floyd's been doing
with the basic chemistry of life.
根本的な化学反応への挑戦です
is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
つまり遺伝子からできています
all animals, all humans, all cows,
two of those base pairs,
2つを変えてしまいました
a parallel system to make life,
with most things on Earth
交配することができません
that are immune to all bacteria.
開発できるでしょう
that are immune to all viruses.
are not a unique solution.
唯一の正解ではないということです
alternate chemistries to us
化学反応系を持ち
adaptable to a very different planet
そこで生命を作り 子孫を遺すのに適した
第二の意味合いもあります
of this experiment,
is based on 20 amino acids.
成り立っていますが
if you say ATCG + XY,
「ATCG+XY」とするならば
20 building blocks to 172,
172種まで増やせるのです
172 building blocks of amino acids
in very different shapes.
is a really weird experiment
hundreds of mouse heads.
数百ものネズミの頭を移植してきました
heart transplants.
the wife or the daughter of the donor
この人を愛していますか?
Do you love this person?
the heart is a muscle,
心臓が筋肉であることは当たり前だから
or tens of thousands of years,
She took my heart. She broke my heart."
ハートを奪った ハートブレイク」と言って
were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
しかし 違いました
二つの可能性が考えられます
remembers what it's afraid of,
memory and consciousness.
可能だということです
interesting question is,
is the only input-output mechanism
脳活動の入出力系は
that consciousness into something
移植できるでしょうか?
tens of thousands of years,
for a long, long period of time?
意識を維持できるものに
all of humanity goes.
全人類も滅びます
to alter the human body
want a picture that says,
あそこにも あそこにも
言える写真が欲しいのです
survives long-term extinction.
絶滅を乗り越えられるのです
not to evolve the human body
even though it can be challenging,
たとえ困難でも
to allow us to explore, live
we can't even dream of today,
たどり着くことなのです
grandchildren might someday.
いつか行くかもしれない場所へ
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com